Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦t♦❢ís✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❢✐❧♠❡s ❢✐♥♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠✐ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✭❖▲❊❉s✮✳
■✈❡ ❙✐❧✈❡str❡ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✉✐③ ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ❈✉r②
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦t♦❢ís✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❢✐❧♠❡s ❢✐♥♦s ❞❡
♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡
❣❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s
❡♠✐ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✭❖▲❊❉s✮✳
■✈❡ ❙✐❧✈❡str❡ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✉✐③ ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ❈✉r②
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ ❡❧❡s ✈ê♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✱ s✉ss✉rr❛♥❞♦ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✳ ▲❡t ✐t ❜❡✳✳✳ ❊ ♥❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝✉r✐❞ã♦ ❡❧❡s ❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♣é✱ ❜❡♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✱ s✉ss✉rr❛♥❞♦ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✳ ▲❡t ✐t ❜❡✳✳✳
✧◆❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ✈❛✐ s❡r ♣♦♥t♦ ✜♥❛❧✳✧ ❖s✇❛❧❞♦ ▼♦♥t❡♥❡❣r♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ♣❡ss♦❛s tã♦ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♣♦r s❡r ❡ss❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠✐stér✐♦ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❢❛③ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r✱ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉✐r✳✳✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❙í❧✈✐♦ ❡ ❍❡❧❡♥✐❝❡✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❧✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛✳ P♦r ❡ss❡ ❛♠♦r q✉❡ ♥♦s ❡♠❜❛❧❛ ❞✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s♦❜❡r❛♥♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ✐rr❡str✐t♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♠❡♠♦r❛r❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈✐tór✐❛ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛♠♦✿ ❑❡❧❧② ❡ ❏ú♥✐♦r✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✉♣♦rt❛r❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s ♥❡✉r❛s ❞✐ár✐❛s ❡ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ♠❡✉s ✜é✐s ❡s❝✉❞❡✐r♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❧❤❛r❡s ♣r♦t❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✐r♠ã♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧❤♦s✳ ◗✉❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês ❞♦✐s✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✿ ❆✈ó✱ t✐♦s✱ ♣r✐♠♦s✳✳✳P♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❡ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛s ❡ tr♦♣❡ç♦s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r ❘♦❞r✐❣♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❛❜r❛ç♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦s♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐✳ P❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢♦rt♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s s❛❝♦❧❡❥♦s✦ ❈♦♠♦ ❡✉ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞✐❣♦✱ tê✲❧♦ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ é ✉♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ s❡♠ ♣r❡ç♦✳ ❚❡ ❛♠♦✦
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ▲✉✐③ ❆❧❜❡rt♦✱ ♣♦r t♦r♥❛r ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛✱ ❈✉r②✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❞❡ ✧P❛✐ ❈✐❡♥tí✲ ✜❝♦✧✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❞✐③❡r ❞✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡r ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛ à ✈❛✐❞❛❞❡✱ tã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ♠❡✐♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛çã♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ♠❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❛ ❝✐♠❛✳ ❙✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥ós✱ s❡♠♣r❡✦✦
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❆❧é♠✲▼❛r ❡ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❇r❡t❛s✳ P♦r t♦r♥❛r❡♠ ♠❡✉s ❞✐❛s ♠❛✐s ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛❞♦s✳ ❊✉ t❡♥❤♦ ❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ✈♦❝ês✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ s❛❧❛✿ ✧♦s ❞❛q✉✐ ♠❡s♠♦✧✱ ✧♦s ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✧✱ ✧P✐❛✉ís✧✳ ❙ã♦ ❡ss❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♠❡❞♦s ❡ ❛♥s✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ às ♠❡♥✐♥❛s✿ ❇♦❜✱ ❏✉✱ ▲✐✈✐♥❤❛ ❡ ❆♥❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s r✐s❛❞❛s✳
➚ ❈❛♠✐❧❧❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ tã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✳
❆♦ ❉✐❡❣♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞✐ár✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢r❛s❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✿ ✧❈❛❧♠❛ ❋✐❧❤♦t❛✱ t✉❞♦ ✈❛✐ ❞❛r ❝❡rt♦✦✧
❆♦s ♠❡✉s q✉❡r✐❞♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✲❛♥❥♦s P❛✉❧❛ ❡ ❏ú❧✐♦ ▲❛♠❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❞✐s✲ tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ✈♦❝ês ♥✉♥❝❛ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛✉s❡♥t❡s✳
➚ ▼❛r✐❛ ❈❧❛r❛ ❡ ❋r❡❞ ▲✐♠❛✳ ▼✉✐t❛s s❛✉❞❛❞❡s✦
❆♦s ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ♥❛ ♣r❛❝✐♥❤❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ❞❛q✉✐ ♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛✳
❆♦s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ▼ár✐♦ ❙ér❣✐♦✱ P❛✉❧♦ ❙ér❣✐♦✱ ❇♦❜ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✱ ❋r❛♥❦❧✐♥ ❡ ❊❧♠♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❛q✉✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ❙❤✐r❧❡② ✭❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✮✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤❡✐r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛✳
➚s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦♠❡♥t♦✿ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ❈◆Pq✱ ❋❆P❊▼■● ❡ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞♦ ▼✐❧ê♥✐♦ ❞❡ P♦❧í♠❡r♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛✉①í❧✐♦s ❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✐✐✐
❘❊❙❯▼❖ ①✐
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚ ①✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✺
✷✳✶ P♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s✿ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s π✲❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✷ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ó♣t✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛sπ✲❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✷✳✶ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❊❧❡tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✐♦❞♦s ❡♠✐ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈r♦♠❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸ P♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ✷✹
✸✳✶ ❊♠✐ssã♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❣✉✐❛s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡
♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ♥♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❆❙❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▼♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✹ ❖▲❊❉s ✹✶
✹✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠✐ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❖▲❊❉s ♥❛ ❯❋▼● ✲ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✐stór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❖▲❊❉s ❞❡ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❖▲❊❉s ❞❡ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❖▲❊❉s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱ ❡ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✽✵
❆ ▼ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ✽✷
❆✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❡①❛t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
❇ ❆rt✐❣♦ ✽✺
❘❡✈✐st❛ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ P❤②s✐❝s ▲❡tt❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✽✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ Pr♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❡ t❡❧❡✈✐s♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❙❛♠s✉♥❣ ❡ ❙♦♥②✱ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ é ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦✲ ❣✐❛ ❥á ❡st❡❥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✵✳ P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡ ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❬✸✱✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ▲❊❉s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s tê♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠ét♦✲
❞♦s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✿ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✿ ❡♠ ❛✮ ❞❡✲
♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❜✮ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s✱ ❡♠ ❝✮ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❧❛②s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❡ ❡♠ ❞✮ ❢❛❜✲ r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✉❧tr❛ ✜♥♦s ❬✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦t❡ ❛ ❛❧✲ t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞✉♣❧❛s ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ss❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❤✐❜r✐❞✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ át♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s✿
✭❛✮ s♣3✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s σ ❡ ✭❜✮ s♣2✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝ã♦ ❞❡ três ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ♣z✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝ã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣✲
❛çã♦ π ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❛
r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✸ ❊♠ ❛✮ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♦r❜✐t❛✐spz ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s
❢r❛❝❛s ❡ ❞❡❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊t❡♥♦✳ ❊ss❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s π sã♦ ❛s r❡s♣♦♥✲
sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❡♠ ❜✮ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♦r❜✐t❛✐sπq✉❡ s❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡♠ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠♦♥ô♠❡r♦✱
♥♦ ❇❡♥③❡♥♦✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛s r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ ❆❝✐♠❛✱ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛♥t✐✲❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐❣✲
❛çã♦ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦s ❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❍❖▼❖ ❡ ▲❯▼❖ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣✲ t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛çã♦ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣♦ç♦s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❧❛r✲ ❣♦s ❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣♦ç♦s ♠❛✐s ❡str❡✐t♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✐♥❢❡r✐r s♦❜r❡ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ó♣t✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✹❪✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❋r❛♥❝❦✲❈♦♥❞♦♥ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ✈✐✲
❜rô♥✐❝♦s ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s S0 ❡ S1✳ ❆ s❡t❛ ✶ ❝♦r✲ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢ót♦♥✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❧étr♦♥ ❛ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ✈✐❜r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦ S1✳ ❆ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✷ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à r❡❧❛①❛çã♦ ✈✐❜rô♥✐❝❛✱ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ✸ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦ ❞❡❝❛✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡①❝✐t❛❞❛✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✹ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡rs✐st❡♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✼ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❋örst❡r ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r✲
❡♥t❡s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝❛✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✽ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦ ❇❊❍✲PP❱✳ ◆♦t❛✲s❡
❛ ❢♦rt❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✈✐❜rô♥✐❝❛ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✾ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐♦❞♦ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✵ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ■❚❖✴▼❊❍✲PP❱✴❈❛
♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡❧❡tr♦❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✶ (Xc, Yc, Zc)✳ ❈♦❧♦r✲♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❈■❊
✶✾✸✶✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✹✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✶✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r♦♠❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✭①✱②✮ ❈■❊ ✶✾✸✶✳ ❈♦r❡s ♠♦♥♦❝r♦♠át✐❝❛s sã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦ ❡ ❛ ❧✉③ ❜r❛♥❝❛ é ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✹✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✈✐❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲ ♥❛❞❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✭s❡t❛ ❣r♦ss❛ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛✮ é ❢❛✈♦r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à r❡ss♦♥â♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✜❧♠❡s ✜♥♦s ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ♣❧❛♥❛r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✜❧♠❡
❞❡ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦✳ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❢r❛çã♦ ♥❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✱ ❛ ❧✉③ ❡♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛r ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝❛✳ ❆ ♦♥❞✉❧❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s✉❜str❛t♦✴♣♦❧í♠❡r♦ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛✮ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦❞❡r✐❛ à ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❛s❡rs ❉❋❇ ✭❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❋❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ▲❛s❡rs✮ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❡st❡ ♥ã♦ é ♥♦ss♦ ❝❛s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸ ❊♠ ❛✮ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦t♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
❜♦r❞❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡♥t❡ ❝✐❧í♥❞r✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❢❡♥❞❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r✲ ♠❛♠ ♦ ♣✉❧s♦ ❧❛s❡r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t✐r❛ ❧❛s❡r✳ ❊♠ ❜✮ ♦ ❢❡✐①❡ ❧❛s❡r ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ t✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ▲ ❡ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ✇✱ ✐♥❝✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞♦ ✜❧♠❡ ❞❡ ❇❊❍✲PP❱✳ ❆ ❧✉③ ❡♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❜♦r❞❛ é ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✹ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦r❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✜❧♠❡ ❞❡ ❇❊❍✲PP❱ s♦❜ ❡①❝✐✲
t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✐r❛ ❧❛s❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ▲ ❂ ✵✳✸ ❝♠✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜♦♠❜❡✐♦✱ ❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦❞♦ ✈✐❜r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛✲s❡✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❆❙❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✺ ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦Iout✈❡rs✉s ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡I ❞❡ ❜♦♠❜❡✐♦
♣❛r❛ três ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ▲ ❞❛ t✐r❛✲❧❛s❡r ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦r❛✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡s✲ s✉r❛ ❞❛ t✐r❛ ❢♦✐ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✵✳✵✷ ❝♠✳ ❆s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❝❤❡✐❛s sã♦ ♦s ❛❥✉st❡s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✸✳✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✻ P❛râ♠❡tr♦sb ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❛❥✉st❡s ❞❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ Iout ① I ♣❛r❛
❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ▲ ❞❛ t✐r❛✲❧❛s❡r ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ 0.03 ❛ 0.3 ❝♠✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ✈✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♣♦❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✼ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ▲ ❞❛ t✐r❛ ❧❛s❡r ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❜♦♠❜❡✐♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❡rr♦✱ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ t❡r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✵✳✶✺ ❁ ▲ ❁ ✵✳✸ ❝♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✽ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♠✐❛rI0 ❝♦♠♦
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ▲ ❞❛ t✐r❛✲❧❛s❡r✳ ❖ ❡✐①♦ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ às ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡s ❧✐♠✐❛r❡s ♣♦r ♣✉❧s♦ ❧❛s❡r✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡I0 ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡I0✴♣✉❧s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✾ ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣✐❝♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à ❆❙❊ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❜♦♠❜❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲ ❂ 0.3❝♠✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ I0 ∼ 28♠❲✴cm2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✵ ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣✐❝♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à ❆❙❊ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❜♦♠❜❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲ ❂ 0.12❝♠ ❡ ▲ ❂ 0.03❝♠✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ I0 ∼ 70 ❡ 260 ♠❲✴cm2✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝❛♣❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❋❚❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✷ ❈â♠❛r❛ s❡❝❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛✲
♠❛❞❛s ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥❡rt❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ P❊❉❖❚✿P❙❙✱ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
❡♠ ❖▲❊❉s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❛♥♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈❛✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡r✲ ê♥❝✐❛ ❬✻✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛✲
♠❛❞❛ ❡♠✐ss♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❖▲❊❉s✳ ❆s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✻✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✺ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❖▲❊❉ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ➚ ❡sq✳
❋❚❖ ❧✐♠♣♦✱ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ P❊❉❖❚✲P❙❙ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ▼❊❍✲PP❱ à ❞✐r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻ ❆s♣❡❝t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❖▲❊❉s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❋▼●✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✼ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ■①❱ ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❖▲❊❉s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s
♥♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❋▼●✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✽ ▲✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❋❚❖✴P❊❉❖❚✿P❙❙✴▼❊❍✲
PP❱✴ ❆❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✾ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❖❧❡❞s ♥❛ ❯❋▼● ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✷✵✵✻✲✷✵✵✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶✵ ■♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s
❖▲❊❉s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❯❋▼●✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶✶ ❊♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❖▲❊❉ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶✷ ▼ás❝❛r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s tr✐❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ✭❛✮ q✉❡ ❞✐s✲
tr✐❜✉❡♠ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛♥♦❞♦ ✭❋❚❖✮ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦ ✭❜✮✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛t♦❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✸ ❆s♣❡❝t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠❛❞❛
❛t✐✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s ✭s❡♠ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✮ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❋❚❖✱ ▲✐❋ ❡ ❆❧ ❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❍❖▼❖ ❡ ▲❯▼❖ ❞♦ ❇❉▼❖✲ PP❱ ❬✸✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✻ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❞❡ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✼ ❆❝✐♠❛✱ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❈■❊✲1931 ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❞❡ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱ ♥❛s t❡♥✲
sõ❡s✿ ✽✳✺✱ ✶✵✳✺ ❡ ✶✹✳✵ ❱ ❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ P▲ ❡ ❊▲ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✽ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠❛❞❛
❛t✐✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s ✭s❡♠ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✮ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❋❚❖✱ ▲✐❋ ❡ ❆❧ ❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❍❖▼❖ ❡ ▲❯▼❖ ❞♦ P❉❍❋✲ ❊❈③ ❬✹✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷✵ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❞❡ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❆❝✐♠❛✱ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s ♥ã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧✲ ❤♦r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✷✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r♦♠❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❖❧❡❞s ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ♥❛s
t❡♥sõ❡s✿ ✽✱ ✾✱ ✶✵ ❡ ✶✶❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✷✷ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ P▲ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ s♦❜r❡ s✐❧í❝✐♦ ❡ ❊▲ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ à ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✷✸ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ P▲ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❋❍✲❊❈ s♦❜r❡ s✐❧í❝✐♦ ❛♥t❡s ❡
❛♣ós ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛200◦ ❈✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹✳✷✹ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❳ t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❋❚❖✴P❊❉❖❚✿P❙❙✴P❉❍❋✲ ❊❈③✴▲✐❋✴❆❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✹✳✷✺ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❝✉❥❛s ❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✷✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦s ❖▲❊❉s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛s✿ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❆✱
❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉r❛❝♦s s❡♥❞♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱ ✭❛✮ ❡ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❇✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉r❛❝♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ✭❜✮✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❡①tr❛ ❞❡ ▲✐❋ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s t❡♠ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡✲ ❣❡r ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❡ ❛t✉❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉r❛❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❋❚❖✱
▲✐❋ ❡ ❆❧ ❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❍❖▼❖ ❡ ▲❯▼❖ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✷✽ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❢♦t♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✷✾ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❆✳ ❆s
❝✉r✈❛s ❡stã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛❞❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✸✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r♦♠❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❆✳ ❚❡♥sõ❡s✿ ✼✱ ✾ ❡ ✶✵✳✺ ❱✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✸✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱
❡ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉r❛❝♦s s❡ ❞á ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❇❉▼❖✲ PP❱ ✭❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❆✮✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲✐❋ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉r❛❝♦s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣ró①✐♠❛ à ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❇❉▼❖✲PP❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸✷ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ P▲ ❡ ❊▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✿ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❆✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s ❝✉r✈❛s
❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✹✳✸✸ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❳ t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❋❚❖✴P❊❉❖❚✿P❙❙✴❇❉▼❖✲ PP❱✴▲✐❋✴P❋❍✲❊❈✴▲✐❋✴❆❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✳✸✹ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❢♦t♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✹✳✸✺ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖▲❊❉ ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✸✻ ❆❝✐♠❛✱ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝r♦♠❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❇ ♥❛s t❡♥sõ❡s✿
✼✳✺✱ ✽✳✵✱ ✾✳✵✱ ✶✷✳✵ ❡ ✶✺✳✵ ❱ ❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉r❛❝♦s s❡ ❞á ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ P❉❍❋✲❊❈③✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲✐❋ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉r❛❝♦s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✸✼ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ P▲ ❡ ❊▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❇✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s
❝✉r✈❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✸✽ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❳ t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❇ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✲
✐t✐✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✸✾ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❇ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s P❉❍❋✲❊❈③ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
❘❡s✉♠♦
◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡st✉❞❛♠♦s ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✜❧♠❡ ❞♦ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦ ❬P♦❧✐✭✷✱✺✲❜✐s✭✷✬✲❡t❤②❧✲❤❡①②❧✮✲✶✱✹✲♣❤❡♥②❧❡♥❡✈✐♥②❧❡♥❡❪ ✭❇❊❍✲PP❱✮ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ s✉❜str❛t♦ ❞❡Si✴SiO2✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à ❆♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊♠✐ssã♦ ❊s♣♦♥tâ♥❡❛ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❆❙❊✲ ❆♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ❙♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❊♠✐ss✐♦♥✮ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐t❛çã♦ é ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❧❛s❡r ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ t✐r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦t♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜♦r❞❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❧✉③ ❡♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ❝❧✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ r❡❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❡ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝trô♠❡tr♦✳ ❖s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦r❞❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ▲ ❞❛ t✐r❛ ❧❛s❡r✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜♦♠❜❡✐♦ ❛té ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧t♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❆❙❊ s❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛✳ ❯♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛❥✉s✲ t❛r ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♦❜t✐❞❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥✜r♠❛r❛♠ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ t✐r❛ ❧❛s❡r✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ▲ ❞❛ t✐r❛ ❧❛s❡r ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦r❛✳
❈♦♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♠♦s ❞✐♦❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ❡♠✐ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✭❖▲❊❉s✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❬P♦❧✐ ✭✷✱✺✲❜✐s✭✸✬✱✼✬✲❞✐♠❡t❤②❧✲♦❝t②❧♦①②✮✲✶✱✹✲♣❤❡♥②❧❡✲ ♥❡✲✈✐♥②❧❡♥❡✮❪ ✭❇❉▼❖✲PP❱✮ ❡ ❬P♦❧✐✭✾✱✾✲❞✐❤❡①②❧✢✉♦r❡♥✲✷✱✼✲❞✐②❧✮✲❝♦✲✭✾✲❡t❤②❧❝❛r❜❛③♦❧✲ ✷✱✼✲❞✐②❧✮❪ ✭P❉❍❋✲❊❈③✮✳ ❖▲❊❉s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❛t✐✈❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ó♣✲ t✐❝❛s ❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❖▲❊❉s ❞❡ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞♦s ✈✐❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❢♦t♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆s ❝✉r✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ✈❡rs✉s t❡♥sã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❛ ❧✉♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛s ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❖▲❊❉s ❞❡ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♥♦❝❛♠❛❞❛s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts st✉❞✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛✐♥ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❛ t❤✐♥ ✜❧♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛t❡❞ ♣♦❧②♠❡r ❬P♦❧✐✭✷✱✺✲❜✐s✭✷✬✲❡t❤②❧✲❤❡①②❧✮✲✶✱✹✲♣❤❡♥②❧❡♥❡✈✐♥②❧❡♥❡❪ ✭❇❊❍✲ PP❱✮ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ Si✴SiO2 s✉❜str❛t❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠s ❛ ✇❛✈❡❣✉✐❞❡✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❆♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙♣♦♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❊♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✭❆❙❊✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♣t✐❝❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❣✉✲ r❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❡❞❣❡ ♣❤♦t♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ s❡t✉♣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ✜❧♠ ✐s ❡①❝✐t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❧❛s❡r s❤❛♣❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❛ str✐♣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡♠✐tt❡❞ ❧✐❣❤t ✐s ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❧❡❛✈❡❞ ❡❞❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡❞❣❡ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥ s♣❡❝tr❛ ✇❡r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❧❡♥❣t❤s ▲ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❝✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛s❡r str✐♣❡✳ ❋♦r ❡❛❝❤ ▲✱ t❤❡ ❧❛s❡r ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ✇❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② s♠❛❧❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❆❙❊ ❡✛❡❝t✳ ❆ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❛✐♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✜t t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♥✜r♠❡❞ ♥♦t ♦♥❧② ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛✐♥ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❛s❡r ✐♥t❡♥s✐t② ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ▲ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❝✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❧❛s❡r str✐♣❡✳
❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛t❡❞ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝ ❧✐❣❤t ❡♠✐tt✐♥❣ ❞✐♦❞❡s ✭❖▲❊❉s✮ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②✲ ♠❡rs ❬P♦❧✐✭✷✱✺✲❜✐s✭✸✬✱✼✬✲❞✐♠❡t❤②❧✲♦❝t②❧♦①②✮✲✶✱✹✲♣❤❡♥②❧❡♥❡✲✈✐♥②❧❡♥❡✮❪ ✭❇❉▼❖✲PP❱✮ ❛♥❞ ❬P♦❧✐✭✾✱✾✲❞✐❤❡①②❧✢✉♦r❡♥✲✷✱✼✲❞✐②❧✮✲❝♦✲✭✾✲❡t❤②❧❝❛r❜❛③♦❧✲✷✱✼✲❞✐②❧✮❪ ✭P❉❍❋✲❊❈③✮ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ t❤❡✐r t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡❞ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❧❛②❡rs ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❜✐❧❛②❡r str✉❝t✉r❡s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡s❡ ♣♦❧②♠❡rs✳ ■♥ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❖▲❊❉s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜✐❧❛②❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥t❡r✲ ♣r❡t❡❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❤❛r❣❡ ❝❛rr✐❡rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣♦❧②♠❡rs✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛s ❡❧❡❝tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✭❊▲✮ ❛♥❞ ♣❤♦t♦❧✉✲ ♠✐♥❡s❝❡♥❝❡ ✭P▲✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✈❡rs✉s ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❝✉r✈❡s ✇❡r❡ ❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❢♦r s❛❦❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✉♠✐♥❛♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛t❡❞ ❖▲❊❉s ✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞✱ ❡♥❛❜❧✐♥❣ ✉s t♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❛t ❜✐❧❛②❡r str✉❝t✉r❡s s❤♦✇ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝✐❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦s sã♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❧ást✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❡stã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s às ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ♦✉ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ▼❡♥♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ é ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❜♦❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❡♠✐t✐r ❧✉③✳ ❊ss❡s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s s❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ✈ê♠ ✐♥tr✐❣❛♥❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❤á ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✹✵ ❛♥♦s✱ sã♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❛s ✈❡❞❡t❡s ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳
❊ss❡ q✉❛❞r♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ s❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛r ❡♠ ✶✾✼✼✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❆❧❛♥ ❏✳ ❍❡❡❣❡r✱ ❆❧❛♥ ▼❛❝❉✐❛r♠✐❞ ❡ ❍✐❞❡❦✐ ❙❤✐r❛❦❛✇❛ r❡♣♦rt❛r❛♠ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✜❧♠❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧✐❛❝❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ❞♦♣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♦❞♦ ❬✶❪✳ ❊ss❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❝✐❡♥✲ tí✜❝♦ tã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ r❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛♦s três ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ♦ Prê♠✐♦ ◆♦❜❡❧ ❞❡ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ s❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛r❛♠✱ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♥♦✈❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦♣❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ às ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛s ❞❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✾✵✱ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❘✳ ❍✳ ❋r✐❡♥❞✱ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❜r✐❣❞❡✱ ❢❛❜r✐❝♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ✉♠ ❞✐♦❞♦ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ PP❱ ❬♣♦❧✐✭❢❡♥✐❧❡♥♦✲✈✐♥✐❧❡♥♦✮❪ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈❛✳ ❚❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✺✺✵ ♥♠ ✭✈❡r❞❡✲❛♠❛r❡❧❛❞♦✮ ❬✷❪✳
✧❖❧❤♦s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✦✧✳ ❏á ♥♦ ❛♥♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❛ P❤✐❧✐♣s✱ ❣✐❣❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣✐❧♦t♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ▲❊❉s ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦s✳ ❖✉tr❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❙♦♥②✱ P✐♦♥❡❡r✱ ❑♦❞❛❦ ❡ ❙❛♠s✉♥❣ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥tr❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ❝♦rr✐❞❛✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❡❧❡✈✐s♦r❡s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ✭♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ♦✉ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s ❡✈❛♣♦r❛❞❛s✮ ❥á é ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♠♦str❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡♥tr❛r ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❥á ❡♠ ✷✵✶✵✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ Pr♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❡ t❡❧❡✈✐s♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❙❛♠s✉♥❣ ❡ ❙♦♥②✱ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ é ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❥á ❡st❡❥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✵✳ P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✉❧t❡ ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❬✸✱✹❪✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❥á s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❧â♠♣❛❞❛s ✐♥❝❛♥❞❡s❝❡♥t❡s ♣♦r ▲❊❉s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❜r❛♥❝❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❞✉rá✈❡✐s ❡ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡t♦s✳ ❆❜❛✐①♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❝✐t❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ s✐t❡ ❞❛ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ P❤✐❧✐♣s ❬✺❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ▲❊❉s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s tê♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✿ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❬✺❪✳
❆ r❛③ã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s✱ é q✉❡ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r✳ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥s✐s✲
t❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s✿ ❡❧❡tr♦❞♦s✱ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❡♠✐ss♦r❛s✱ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛s ♦✉ ✐s♦❧❛♥t❡s ❡ é ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛s ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❖s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ♣♦❞❡♠✦ ❊ss❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s✳ ◆ã♦ ❜❛st❛ss❡ ✐ss♦✱ ❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s sã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ s✉❜str❛t♦s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦♠❡ss❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✜♥♦s ❡ ♣♦rtát❡✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✿ ❡♠ ❛✮ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❜✮ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s✱ ❡♠ ❝✮ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❧❛②s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❡ ❡♠ ❞✮ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✉❧tr❛ ✜♥♦s ❬✻❪✳
❖✉tr❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s é ❛ ♣♦ss✐✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛r ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜t❡r ♠❛t❡r✐❛s q✉❡ ❡♠✐t❡♠ ❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ ✈✐sí✈❡❧✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ▲❊❉s t❡r❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦ ❝❛rr♦✲❝❤❡❢❡ ❞❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛♠ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝❛s ❬✼✕✶✵❪✱ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❬✶✶✕✶✸❪✱ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❬✶✹✱✶✺❪✱ ❡t❝✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s s❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡①✐❜❡♠ ❣❛♥❤♦ s♦❜ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡①❝✐t❛çã♦✱
♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛s❡rs ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ❬✶✻✱✶✼❪✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✱ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❖ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❝❛♠❛❞❛s tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉â♥t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦✳ ❆ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢♦t♦✲♦①✐❞❛çã♦ s♦❢r✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s t❛♠❜é♠ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s ❢r❡♥t❡ à t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✐❧í❝✐♦✱ ❥á ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❜ás✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✜❧♠❡ ❞❡ ❇❊❍✲PP❱✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①❝✐t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❧❛s❡r ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ t✐r❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá tr❛t❛r ♦ ✜❧♠❡ ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣✉✐❛ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✲ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡s♣♦♥tâ♥❡❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡s♣♦♥tâ♥❡❛ ✭❆❙❊✮✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠✐ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦s t❡✈❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❋▼● ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❛♥♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✿ ✉♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞♦ PP❱ ❬♣♦❧✐✭❢❡♥✐❧❡♥♦✲✈✐♥✐❧❡♥♦✮❪ ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞♦s P❋✬s ✭♣♦❧✐✲✢✉♦r❡♥♦s✮✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛r❡♠♦s ❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛✳ ❊st✉❞❛r❡♠♦s ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ss❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❢♦t♦❧✉♠✐♥❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
✷✳✶ P♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s✿ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧
P♦❧í♠❡r♦s✱ ❞♦ ❣r❡❣♦✿ ♣♦❧✐ ✲ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡ ♠❡r♦s ✲ ♣❛rt❡s✱ sã♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s r❡♣❡t✐❞❛s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♠♦♥ô♠❡r♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ át♦♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❛♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❧✐❣❛♠✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ át♦♠♦s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❡t❝✳
▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♦ss♦s✱ ♠❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ❝♦✉r♦✱ ✜❜r❛s ❡ ♣✐❣♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ✈❡❧❤♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣ré✲❤✐stór✐❝♦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛ ❖r❣â♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛t❛ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■■ ❡ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❛♣♦✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡♠❡r❣✐✉ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s 20✳ ❊♠ 1977✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♣♦❧✐❛❝❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ❬✶❪✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s✉r❣✐✉✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡①❝✐t❛♥t❡✳ ❊ss❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s é ❤♦❥❡ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r ❡♥tr❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❢ís✐❝♦s ❞❛ ▼❛tér✐❛ ❈♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞❛ ❡ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ ♣♦r ❣❡r❛r ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ♦♣t♦❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ❢♦tô♥✐❝❛✱ ❡t❝✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐❣❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞❛s ♥❡ss❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣♦❧✐♠ér✐❝♦s s❡ r❡❞✉③❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ àq✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞✉♣❧❛s ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♠♦♥ô♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦t❡ ❛ ❛❧t❡r♥â♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞✉♣❧❛s ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ss❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✽❪✳
❆♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❡st❛✈❛ ❢♦❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s s❛t✉r❛❞❛s✱ ✐st♦
é✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♦s 4 ❡❧étr♦♥s ❞❡ ✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s át♦♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✭❡❧étr♦♥s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s q✉í♠✐❝❛s✮ ❡s✲ tã♦ ❡♠ ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❤✐❜r✐❞✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ s♣3 ❡ ❝❛❞❛ át♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ 4 ♦✉tr♦s át♦♠♦s ❬✭✈❡r ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✷ ❛✮❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ♦s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s❛t✉r❛❞♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❡❧étr♦♥s ♠ó✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✱ ❞❛í ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s✱ 3 ❞❡ss❡s ❡❧étr♦♥s ❞❡ ✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❤✐❜r✐❞✐③❛❞♦s t✐♣♦ s♣2 ✭❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞♦s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s s✱ p
x ❡ py✮ ❡ ✐rã♦ s❡ ❧✐❣❛r ❛ ✸ ❡❧étr♦♥s ❞❡
át♦♠♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s σ✳ ❙ã♦ ❡ss❛s ❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛s
♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ❞❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❝♦✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡❧étr♦♥ r❡st❛♥t❡✱ ♦❝✉♣❛ ♦ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ❛tô♠✐❝♦ ♣z ✐♥❛❧t❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛
❝❛❞❡✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✷ ❜✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❤✐❜r✐❞✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ át♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s✿ ✭❛✮ s♣3✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s σ ❡ ✭❜✮ s♣2✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝ã♦ ❞❡ três ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❤í❜r✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ♣z✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❝ã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦π ❡ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ❛♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✷✶❪✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ♣z ❞❡ át♦♠♦s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♦♥❞❡
❡ss❡s ❡❧étr♦♥s ✭❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡❧étr♦♥s π✮ ❡stã♦ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡s sã♦ ♦s
❡❧étr♦♥s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s π✱ ♠❛✐s ❢r❛❝❛s ❡ ❞❡❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❬✶✾✱✷✵❪✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ σ ❡
