▲❊❖◆❆❘❉❖ ❉❆◆■❊▲ ❚❆❱❆❘❊❙
❯▼ ❙■▼❯▲❆❉❖❘ ❉❊ ❚❘➪❋❊●❖ ❯❘❇❆◆❖
❇❆❙❊❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❆❯❚0▼❆❚❖❙ ❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙
❯♥✐✈❡%&✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡%❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛& ●❡%❛✐&
❊&❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛%✐❛
2%♦❣%❛♠❛ ❞❡ 24&✲●%❛❞✉❛78♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛%✐❛ ❊❧9:%✐❝❛
❯▼ ❙■▼❯▲❆❉❖❘ ❉❊ ❚❘➪❋❊●❖ ❯❘❇❆◆❖
❇❆❙❊❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❆❯❚0▼❆❚❖❙ ❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙
❉✐""❡$%❛'(♦ ❛♣$❡"❡♥%❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉$"♦ ❞❡ /0"✲ ●$❛❞✉❛'(♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛$✐❛ ❊❧8%$✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡$"✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡$❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛" ●❡$❛✐" ❝♦♠♦ $❡>✉✐"✐%♦ ♣❛$❝✐❛❧ ♣❛$❛ ❛ ♦❜%❡♥'(♦ ❞♦ ❣$❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡"%$❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛$✐❛ ❊❧8%$✐❝❛✳
▲❊❖◆❆❘❉❖ ❉❆◆■❊▲ ❚❆❱❆❘❊❙
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙
❋❖▲❍❆ ❉❊ ❆'❘❖❱❆➬➹❖
❯▼ ❙■▼❯▲❆❉❖❘ ❉❊ ❚❘➪❋❊●❖ ❯❘❇❆◆❖ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❖
❊▼ ❆❯❚0▼❆❚❖❙ ❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙
▲❊❖◆❆❘❉❖ ❉❆◆■❊▲ ❚❆❱❆❘❊❙
❉✐..❡01❛34♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ❛♣0♦✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦0❛ ❝♦♥.1✐1✉A❞❛ ♣♦0✿
❈D❉❊❊ ✲ ❯❋▼● ❉♦✉❣❧❛& ❆❧❡①❛♥❞,❡ ●♦♠❡& ❱✐❡✐,❛ ✕ ❖0✐❡♥1❛❞♦0 D❍✳ ❉
❈D❉❊❊ ✲ ❯❋▼● ❘♦❞♥❡② ❘❡③❡♥❞❡ ❙❛❧❞❛♥❤❛ ✕ ❈♦✲♦0✐❡♥1❛❞♦0 ❉❖❯❚❖❘
❈D❉❊❊ ✲ ❯❋▼● ❲❛❧♠✐, ▼❛8♦& ❈❛♠✐♥❤❛& ✕ ❈♦✲♦0✐❡♥1❛❞♦0 ❉❖❯❚❖❘
❉❈❈ ✲ ❯❋▼● ●❡,❛❧❞♦ ❘♦❜&♦♥ ▼❛8❡✉& D❍✳ ❉
❉❊❚● ✲ ❯❋▼● ▲❡✐&❡ ❑❡❧❧✐ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐,❛ ❉❖❯❚❖❘❆
❈D❉❊❊ ✲ ❯❋▼● ❆❞,✐❛♥♦ ❈❤❛✈❡& ▲✐&❜♦❛ D❍✳ ❉
❘❡"✉♠♦
❊♥"#❡ ♦& #❡❝✉#&♦& ✐♠♣♦#"❛♥"❡& ♣❛#❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡❝♦♥/♠✐❝❛ ❡ &♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛1&✱ ♦ ❙✐&"❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚#❛♥&♣♦#"❡ ♣♦&&✉✐ ❣#❛♥❞❡ ❞❡&"❛6✉❡✳ ❊&"❡✱ ♣♦# &✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ✈❡♠ &♦❢#❡♥❞♦ ❣#❛♥❞❡ ✐♠✲ ♣❛❝"♦✱ ❤❛❥❛ ✈✐&"❛ ♦ ❡❢❡✐"♦ ❞❛ ✉#❜❛♥✐③❛>?♦ ❡ ♦ ❝#❡&❝❡♥"❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♥♦ ♥@♠❡#♦ ❞❡ ✈❡1❝✉❧♦&✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐&"♦✱ ♣❡&6✉✐&❛& ❞❡✈❡♠ &❡# #❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛& ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛# ♦& ❡❢❡✐"♦& ❞♦& ❝♦♥✲ ❣❡&"✐♦♥❛♠❡♥"♦&✱ ❡♥"#❡ ❡❧❡& ♦ ❞❡&❡♥❤♦ ❞❛& ✈✐❛&✱ ♥@♠❡#♦ ❞❡ ✈❡1❝✉❧♦& ♠❛✐♦# ❞♦ 6✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ &✉♣♦#"❛❞❛✱ #❡♣❛#♦& ❡ ❛❝✐❞❡♥"❡&✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡"✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♣#❡&❡♥"❡ "#❛❜❛❧❤♦ D ❛ ❝♦♥&✲ "#✉>?♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ &✐♠✉❧❛❞♦# ❞❡ "#E♥&✐"♦ ✉#❜❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♥"❡♥❞♦ ❛& ♣#✐♥❝✐♣❛✐& ❝❛#❛❝"❡#1&"✐❝❛& ❝♦♠♦✿ ✈✐❛& ❞❡ ♠@❧"✐♣❧❛& ❢❛✐①❛&✱ ❞✐❢❡#❡♥"❡& "✐♣♦& ❞❡ ✈❡1❝✉❧♦& ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛##♦&✱ ❝❛♠✐♥❤H❡& ❡ /♥✐❜✉&✱ ❝#✉③❛♠❡♥"♦&✱ ♣❛#❛❞❛& ❞❡ /♥✐❜✉&✱ ❡ ❝♦♥❣❡&"✐♦♥❛♠❡♥"♦&✳ I❛#❛ ❛❧❝❛♥>❛# ❡&"❡ ♦❜❥❡"✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ✉"✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ "❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦& ❆✉"/♠❛"♦& ❈❡❧✉❧❛#❡& ✲ ❆❈&✳ ❖& ❆❈& &?♦ ❡&"#✉"✉#❛& &✐♠♣❧❡& ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐"❛& ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡& &❡♠❡❧❤❛♥"❡&✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛& ❝D❧✉❧❛&✱ ❡ #❡❣#❛& ❞❡ ❛"✉❛❧✐③❛>?♦ ❞♦& ❡&"❛✲ ❞♦& ❞❛& ❝D❧✉❧❛&✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❈❆❯❚❙ ✲ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛$ ❆✉%♦♠❛%❛ ❢♦$ ❯$❜❛♥ ❚$❛✣❝ ❙✐♠✉❧❛%✐♦♥ ✲ ❆✉"/♠❛"♦ ❈❡❧✉❧❛# ♣❛#❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛>?♦ ❞❡ ❚#M❢❡❣♦ ❯#❜❛♥♦✱ ♣#♦♣♦&"♦✱ ❛♣#❡&❡♥"♦✉ #❡&✉❧"❛✲ ❞♦& ❛❞❡6✉❛❞♦& ❡ ✈M❧✐❞♦&✱ ❞❡♥"#♦ ❞❛ "❡♦#✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ "#M❢❡❣♦✳ ❖& ❡①♣❡#✐♠❡♥"♦& ❢♦#❛♠ #❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦& ❡♠ ❝❡♥M#✐♦& ❝♦♠ ♦ "#E♥&✐"♦ ❧✐✈#❡ ♦✉ ♥❛ ♣#❡&❡♥>❛ ❞❡ #❡"❡♥>H❡&✳
❆❜"#$❛❝#
❆♠♦♥❣ %❤❡ ✐♠♣♦*%❛♥% *❡,♦✉*❝❡, ❢♦* ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ ,♦❝✐❛❧ ❧✐❢❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦✉♥%*②✱ %❤❡ ❚*❛♥,✲ ♣♦*% ❙②,%❡♠ ❤❛, ❤✐❣❤ ♣*✐♦*✐%②✳ ❚❤✐, ❤❛, ✉♥❞❡*❣♦♥❡ ❣*❡❛% ✐♠♣❛❝%✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ %❤❡ ❡✛❡❝%, ♦❢ ✉*❜❛♥✐③❛%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ %❤❡ ✐♥❝*❡❛,✐♥❣ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✐♥ %❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡* ♦❢ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡,✳ ❇❡❝❛✉,❡ ♦❢ %❤✐,✱ *❡,❡❛*❝❤ ♠✉,% ❜❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝%❡❞ %♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ %❤❡ ❡✛❡❝%, ♦❢ %*❛✣❝ ❥❛♠,✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦❝❝✉*, ,%✐♠✲ ✉❧❛%❡❞ ❜② ✈❛*✐♦✉, *❡❛,♦♥,✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ %❤❡ ❞❡,✐❣♥ ♦❢ *♦❛❞,✱ ♥✉♠❜❡* ♦❢ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡, ❣*❡❛%❡* %❤❛♥ %❤❡ ,✉♣♣♦*%❡❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐%②✱ *❡♣❛✐*, ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✐❞❡♥%,✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝%✐✈❡ ♦❢ %❤✐, ✇♦*❦ ✐, %❤❡ ❝♦♥,%*✉❝%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ✉*❜❛♥ %*❛✣❝ ,✐♠✉❧❛%♦* ❝♦♥%❛✐♥✐♥❣ %❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢❡❛%✉*❡, ,✉❝❤ ❛,✿ ♠✉❧%✐♣❧❡ ❧❛♥❡,✱ ❞✐✛❡*❡♥% %②♣❡, ♦❢ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡, ,✉❝❤ ❛, ❝❛*,✱ %*✉❝❦, ❛♥❞ ❜✉,❡,✱ ✐♥%❡*,❡❝%✐♦♥,✱ ❜✉, ,%♦♣,✱ ❛♥❞ ❥❛♠,✳ ■♥ ♦*❞❡* %♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ %❤✐, ❣♦❛❧ %❤❡ %❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛* ❆✉%♦♠❛%❛ ✲ ❈❆, ✇❛, ✉,❡❞✳ ❈❆, ❛*❡ ,✐♠♣❧❡ ,%*✉❝%✉*❡, ✇✐%❤ ♠❛♥② ,✐♠✐❧❛* ✉♥✐%,✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❡❧❧,✱ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✉♣❞❛%❡ *✉❧❡,✳ ❚❤❡ ♣*♦♣♦,❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❈❆❯❚❙ ✲ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛* ❆✉%♦♠❛%❛ ❢♦* ❯*❜❛♥ ❚*❛✣❝ ❙✐♠✉❧❛%✐♦♥✱ ❛♣♣*♦♣*✐❛%❡ ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✐❞ *❡,✉❧%, ✇✐%❤✐♥ %❤❡♦*② ♦❢ %*❛✣❝ ✢♦✇✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❡*✐♠❡♥%, ✇❡*❡ ♣❡*❢♦*♠❡❞ ✐♥ ,❝❡♥❛*✐♦, ✇✐%❤ %❤❡ ❢*❡❡✇❛② ♦* ✐♥ %❤❡ ♣*❡,❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ *❡%❡♥%✐♦♥,✳
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡&'❡ '(❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠ '♦❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦(✱ ❛♦& ♠❡✉& ♣❛✐&✿ ■❧❞❡(✐❝♦ ❡ ●(❛4❛✳
❆❣"❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥*♦,
!✐♠❡✐!❛♠❡♥'❡ (✉❡!♦ ❛❣!❛❞❡❝❡! ➚(✉❡❧❡ (✉❡ 0 ❢♦♥'❡ ❡ ❞❡2'✐♥♦ ❞❡ '♦❞♦2 ♦2 2❡!❡2✿ ❉❡✉2✳ ♦! ❊❧❡ '♦❞❛2 ❛2 ❝♦✐2❛2 ❢♦!❛♠ ❝!✐❛❞❛2✱ ❡ ♣❛!❛ ❙✉❛ ❣❧:!✐❛ (✉❡ '♦❞❛2 ❛2 ❝♦✐2❛2 ❡①✐2'❡♠✳
❆❣!❛❞❡=♦ ❛♦2 ♠❡✉2 ♣❛✐2 ■❧❞❡!✐❝♦ ❡ ●!❛=❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ '♦❞♦2 ♦2 ♠♦♠❡♥'♦2 (✉❡ ♣!❡❝✐2❡✐✳
❆♦2 ♠❡✉2 ❛♠✐❣♦2 ❞♦ ❙②♥❡!❣✐❛ '❛♠❜0♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣♦! ❛❝!❡❞✐'❛!❡♠ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦'❡♥✲ ❝✐❛❧✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❡❧❡2 ♥D♦ 2❡!✐❛ ♣♦22E✈❡❧ ♥❡♠ ❝♦♠❡=❛! ♦ ♠❡2'!❛❞♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦!✐❡♥'❛❞♦! ❉♦✉❣❧❛2✱ ♠✉✐'♦ ♦❜!✐❣❛❞♦✦ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡!✐I♥❝✐❛ ♠✉✐'♦ ❜♦❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡! ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❣I♥✐♦✦ ❆♦2 ♠❡✉2 ❝♦✲♦!✐❡♥'❛❞♦!❡2 ❘♦❞♥❡② ❡ ❲❛❧♠✐! ♣❡❧❛2 ✐❞❡✐❛2 ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡2'E♠✉❧♦✳ ❆❣♦!❛ ✈❛♠♦2 ❥✉♥'♦2 ❛♦ ❞♦✉'♦!❛❞♦✦
❆♦2 ♠❡♠❜!♦2 ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ !♦❢✳ ❉♦✉'♦! ❘♦❜2♦♥✱ !♦❢✳ ❉♦✉'♦!❛ ▲❡✐2❡ ❡ ❉♦✉'♦! ❆❞!✐✲ ❛♥♦✳ ▼✉✐'♦ ♦❜!✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦! ❛❝❡✐'❛!❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥✈✐'❡ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡! ♣❛!'❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐2 ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦!'❛♥'❡ ❡'❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✦
❆❣!❛❞❡=♦ ❡2♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥'❡ ❛ '♦❞♦2 ❛(✉❡❧❡2 (✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦!♠❛ ❝♦♥'!✐❜✉✐!❛♠ ♣❛!❛ ❛ !❡❧✐③❛=D♦ ❞❡2'❡ '!❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
♦" ❝❛✉&❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡"*♦ "❡✐♥♦✱ ❡&*"❛❞❛& ❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❡✐ ❇✉&❝❛♥❞♦✱ &❡♠ *❡" &♦&&❡❣♦✱ ♦ "❡✐♥♦ 1✉❡ ❡✉ ✈✐&❧✉♠❜"❡✐ ❇"✐❧❤❛✈❛ ❛ ❊&*"❡❧❛ ❉❛❧✈❛ ❡ ❡✉ 1✉❛&❡ &❡♠ ❞♦"♠✐"✱
❜✉&❝❛♥❞♦ ❡&*❡ ❝❡"*♦ "❡✐♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❧❡♠❜"❛♥7❛ ❞❡❧❡ ❛ ♠❡ ♣❡"&❡❣✉✐"✦
♦" ❝❛✉&❛ ❞❛1✉❡❧❡ "❡✐♥♦✱ ♠✐❧ ✈❡③❡& ❡✉ ♠❡ ❡♥❣❛♥❡✐✦ ❚♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡""❛❞♦✱ ❡""❛♥❞♦ 1✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝❡"*❡✐✦ ❈❤❡❣❛✈❛ ❛♦ ❝❛✐" ❞❛ *❛"❞❡✱ ❡ ❡✉ 1✉❛&❡ &❡♠ ❞♦"♠✐"✱
❜✉&❝❛♥❞♦ ❡&*❡ ❝❡"*♦ "❡✐♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❧❡♠❜"❛♥7❛ ❞❡❧❡ ❛ ♠❡ ♣❡"&❡❣✉✐"✦
❯♠ ✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝❛"♣✐♥*❡✐"♦ 1✉❡ ✈❡✐♦ ❞❡ ◆❛③❛"@✱ ♠♦&*"♦✉✲&❡ *B♦ ✈❡"❞❛❞❡✐"♦✱ ♣C& ✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢@ ❋❛❧❛✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ "❡✐♥♦✱ ❞❡ ✢♦"❡& ❡ ❞❡ ♣❛"❞❛✐&✱
❞❡ ❣❡♥*❡ ❛""❛&*❛♥❞♦ ❛ "❡❞❡✱ 1✉❡ ❡✉ *✐✈❡ &❡❞❡ ❞❛ &✉❛ ♣❛③✦
❖ ✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝❛"♣✐♥*❡✐"♦ ❢❛❧❛✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✐"♠B♦❀ ❉❡ ✉♠ ❛✐ 1✉❡ ❡"❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐"♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦" ❡ ❧✐❜❡"*❛7B♦ ▲❛♥7♦✉✲♠❡ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛" ♣"♦❢✉♥❞♦✱ ❣❡❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦"❛7B♦❀ ❉❡♣♦✐& ♠❡ ❢❛❧♦✉ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ♦ &❡❧♦ ❞❛ ✈♦❝❛7B♦✦
❆❣♦"❛ 1✉❡♠ ♠❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✱ ♣❡"❣✉♥*❛ &❡ ❡✉ ❡♥❝♦♥*"❡✐ ♦ "❡✐♥♦ 1✉❡ ❡✉ ♣"♦❝✉"❛✈❛✱ &❡ @ *✉❞♦ ♦ 1✉❡ ❡✉ ❞❡&❡❥❡✐ ❊ ❡✉ ❞✐❣♦ ♣❡♥&❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❧❡✿ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✈M& ❡&*N
♦ "❡✐♥♦ 1✉❡ ❛♥❞❛✐& ❜✉&❝❛♥❞♦✱ ❡ 1✉❡♠ *❡♠ ❛♠♦" ❝♦♠♣"❡❡♥❞❡"N✦
❏❡&✉& ♠❡ ❡♥&✐♥♦✉ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦✱ ❛& ❝♦✐&❛& 1✉❡ ❡✉ ❛♣"❡♥❞✐✱ ♣♦" ✐&&♦ ❡✉ ❛♠❡✐ ♠❡✉ ♣♦✈♦ ❡ ♦ ▲✐✈"♦ ❞❛ ❱✐❞❛ ❡✉ ❧✐ ❊ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡♥✐♥❛ ♠♦7❛✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦7♦ "❛♣❛③✱
❡✉ &♦♥❤♦ 1✉❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣❡♥*❡ &❡"N &❡♠❡♥*❡ ❞❡ ❡*❡"♥❛ ♣❛③✦
✕ !❡✳ ❩❡③✐♥❤♦✱ ❙❈❏✳
❙✉♠#$✐♦
✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉()♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥%✐❞❡)❛+,❡% ■♥✐❝✐❛✐% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ 0)♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ 0❡%4✉✐%❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❊%8)✉8✉)❛ ❞❛ ❉✐%%❡)8❛+:♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷ ❚❡♦$✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚$2❢❡❣♦ ✺
✷✳✶ ■♥8)♦❞✉+:♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❆❜♦)❞❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝)♦%❝?♣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❱❛)✐C✈❡✐% ▼❛❝)♦%❝?♣✐❝❛% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ❆❜♦)❞❛❣❡♠ ▼✐❝)♦%❝?♣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❆❜♦)❞❛❣❡♠ ▼❡%♦%❝?♣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✺ ❱✐%:♦ ●❡)❛❧ ❞♦% ▼♦❞❡❧♦% ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚)C❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉%:♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣M8✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸ ❆✉#8♠❛#♦: ❈❡❧✉❧❛$❡: ✶✼
✸✳✶ ■♥8)♦❞✉+:♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷ ❆✉8♦♠❛8♦% ❈❡❧✉❧❛)❡% ❊❧❡♠❡♥8❛)❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❋♦)♠❛❧✐%♠♦ ❡ ◆♦8❛+:♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✸ ❆✉8P♠❛8♦% ❈❡❧✉❧❛)❡% ❞❡ ❉✉❛% ❉✐♠❡♥%,❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✹ ❯8✐❧✐③❛+:♦ ❞❡ ❆✉8P♠❛8♦% ❈❡❧✉❧❛)❡% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉%:♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣M8✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ?$♦♣♦:#♦ ✷✺
✹✳✶ ■♥8)♦❞✉+:♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐+,❡% ❞♦ ▼❛♣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❣)❛% ▲♦❝❛✐% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉)❛+:♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❈)✐❛) ◆♦✈♦% ❱❡M❝✉❧♦% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❘❡❣✐%8)❛) ❱❡M❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✸✳✹ 0❛)❛❞❛ ❞❡ W♥✐❜✉% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✸✳✺ ❈♦♥'(♦❧❛( ❙❡♠.❢♦(♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✸✳✻ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥'❛( ❱❡6❝✉❧♦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✸✳✼ ❘❡♠♦✈❡( ❱❡6❝✉❧♦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✸✳✽ ●❡(❛( ■♥❝✐❞❡♥'❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✸✳✾ ❈♦♥'❛❜✐❧✐③❛( ❙❡♥9♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉9E♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣6'✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✺ ❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥)♦+ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦+ ✸✺
✺✳✶ ■♥'(♦❞✉GE♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐GE♦ ❞♦9 J❛(K♠❡'(♦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✺✳✸ ❈❡♥.(✐♦9 ❡ ❘❡9✉❧'❛❞♦9 ❖❜'✐❞♦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐GE♦ ❞♦9 ❝❡♥.(✐♦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❉✐9❝✉99E♦ ❞♦9 ❘❡9✉❧'❛❞♦9 ❖❜'✐❞♦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉9E♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣6'✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉+6❡+ ❡ ❚%❛❜❛❧❤♦+ ❋✉)✉%♦+ ✹✸
❆ ❊✈♦❧✉>?♦ ❆✉)@♠❛)♦ ❈❡❧✉❧❛% ❊❧❡♠❡♥)❛% ✹✺
❇ ❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥)♦+ ❞❡ ❇%✉❝❡ ❉♦✉❊❧❛+ ●%❡❡♥+❤✐❡❧❞+ ✹✾
❈ ❘❡+✉❧)❛❞♦+ ●%F✜❝♦+ H❛%❛ ♦+ ❊①♣❡%✐♠❡♥)♦+ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦+ ♥♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦
❈❆❯❚❙ ✺✸
❘❡❢❡%M♥❝✐❛+ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❊%F✜❝❛+ ✺✾
▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉*❛"
✷✳✶ ❚$❛❥❡()$✐❛+ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛+ ❙✶ ❡ ❙✷✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✸✶❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❉✐❛❣$❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥(❛❧ ❢ × ❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✸ ❉✐❛❣$❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥(❛❧ ✈ × ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✹ ❉✐❛❣$❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥(❛❧ ✈ times ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✺ ❉❡+❡♥❤♦ ($❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❛"✲❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥(♦ ❞❡ $❡❣$❛+ ❧♦❝❛✐+ ♣❛$❛ ✉♠ ❆✉(I♠❛(♦ ❈❡❧✉❧❛$ ❊❧❡✲ ♠❡♥(❛$✳ ❖+ ♣❛$M♠❡($♦+ ❞❛ $❡❣$❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡+(N♦ ♥❛ ♣❛$(❡ +✉♣❡$✐♦$✱ ❡ ♦+ $❡+✉❧✲ (❛❞♦+ ❞❛ ❝P❧✉❧❛ ❝❡♥($❛❧ ♥❛ ♣$)①✐♠❛ ✐(❡$❛QN♦ ♥❛ ♣❛$(❡ ✐♥❢❡$✐♦$✱ $❡♣$❡+❡♥(❛❞♦+ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡($❛ α✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✷ ❘❡❧❛QN♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥Q❛ U✉❛❞$❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❡+U✉❡$❞❛ ❛ $❡❧❛QN♦ ✺✲✈✐③✐♥❤♦+ ✲ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ✲ ❡ ❛ ❞✐$❡✐(❛ $❡❧❛QN♦ ✾✲✈✐③✐♥❤♦+ ✲ ▼♦♦$❡✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✽✾❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✸ ❘❡❧❛QN♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥Q❛ ❤❡①❛❣♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ❝♦❧♠P✐❛✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✽✾❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✹ ❘❡❧❛QN♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥Q❛ ❜❛+❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❉✐❛❣$❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❱♦$♦♥♦✐✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✽✶❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✺ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥Q❛ ❡♠ ✸✲❞✐♠❡♥+Z❡+✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✶✼❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✶ ❈)❞✐❣♦ ❡ $❡+♣❡❝(✐✈♦+ ❞❡+❧♦❝❛♠❡♥(♦+ ✭♥♦+ ❡✐①♦+ x❡ y✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✷ ❉✐❛❣$❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛(✐✈✐❞❛❞❡+ ❞❛+ $❡❣$❛+ ❧♦❝❛✐+ ♣$♦♣♦+(❛+ ♣❛$❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❈❆❯❚❙ ✷✼
✺✳✶ ▲❡✐❛✉(❡ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❞♦+ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥(♦+ $❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦+ ❝♦♠ +❡✉+ ♣$✐♥❝✐♣❛✐+ ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥(❡+ ❡♠ ❞❡+(❛U✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✷ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛QN♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❛ ✉(✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈❆❯❚❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✺✳✸ ❋✉♥QN♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥+✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ _$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛$❛ ❛ ✈✐❛ ♣$✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♥♦ +❡♥(✐❞♦ ♦❡+(❡✲
❧❡+(❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✹ ❋✉♥QN♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥+✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ _$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛$❛ ❛ ✈✐❛ ♣$✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♥♦ +❡♥(✐❞♦ ❧❡+(❡✲
♦❡+(❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✺ ❋✉♥QN♦ ❞❡ ❉❡♥+✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ _$♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛$❛ ❛+ ✈✐❛+ ❝♦❧❡(♦$❛+ ✭+❡❝✉♥❞`$✐❛+✮✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✻ ❘❡+✉❧(❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥(♦ ❞♦ ❈❡♥`$✐♦ ✵✶ ♣❛$❛ ♦ ♣$✐♠❡✐$♦ U✉❛$(❡✐$N♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
❆✳✶ ❊✈♦❧✉QN♦ ❞❛+ ❘❡❣$❛+ ✵ ✭✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✹ ✭✵✵✵✵✵✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ❆✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉QN♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❣$❛+ ✶✵ ✭✵✵✵✶✵✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✷✷ ✭✵✵✵✶✵✶✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥(❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
❆✳✸ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❣/❛0 ✸✷ ✭✵✵✶✵✵✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✸✻ ✭✵✵✶✵✵✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ❆✳✹ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❣/❛0 ✺✵ ✭✵✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✺✹ ✭✵✵✶✶✵✶✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✺ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❣/❛0 ✼✷ ✭✵✶✵✵✶✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✼✻ ✭✵✶✵✵✶✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✻ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✾✵ ✭✵✶✵✶✶✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✾✹ ✭✵✶✵✶✶✶✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✼ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✶✵✹ ✭✵✶✶✵✶✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✶✵✽ ✭✵✶✶✵✶✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✽ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✶✷✷ ✭✵✶✶✶✶✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✶✷✻ ✭✵✶✶✶✶✶✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✾ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✶✷✽ ✭✶✵✵✵✵✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✶✸✷ ✭✶✵✵✵✵✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✶✵ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✶✹✻ ✭✶✵✵✶✵✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✶✺✵ ✭✶✵✵✶✵✶✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✶ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✶✻✵ ✭✶✵✶✵✵✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✶✻✹ ✭✶✵✶✵✵✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✷ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✶✼✵ ✭✶✵✶✶✵✵✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✸ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✷✵✵ ✭✶✶✵✵✶✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✷✵✹ ✭✶✶✵✵✶✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✹ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✷✶✵ ✭✶✶✵✶✶✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✷✷✷ ✭✶✶✵✶✶✶✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✺ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✷✸✷ ✭✶✶✶✵✶✵✵✵✮ ❡ ✷✸✻ ✭✶✶✶✵✶✶✵✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✻ ❊✈♦❧✉()♦ ❞❛0 ❘❡❣/❛0 ✷✺✵ ✭✶✶✶✶✶✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✷✺✹ ✭✶✶✶✶✶✶✶✵✮✳ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✽✹❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
❇✳✶ ●/❡❡♥0❤✐❡❧❞0 /❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡/✐♠❡♥9♦ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✸✻❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ❇✳✷ ❋♦9♦0 ♦0 ❡①♣❡/✐♠❡♥9♦0 ❞❡ ●/❡❡♥0❤✐❡❧❞0 ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✸✻❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❇✳✸ ❈K♠❡/❛ ✉9✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦/ ●/❡❡♥0❤✐❡❧❞0 ♣❛/❛ /❡❛❧✐③❛/ ♦0 ❡①♣❡/✐♠❡♥9♦0 ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✸✻❪✮ ✺✵ ❇✳✹ ❉✐❛❣/❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥9❛❧ ●/❡❡♥0❤✐❡❧❞0 ✭▼❛♥✉0❝/✐9♦✮ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✸✻❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❇✳✺ ❉✐❛❣/❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥9❛❧ ●/❡❡♥0❤✐❡❧❞0 ✭▼❛♥✉0❝/✐9♦✮ ✭❋♦♥9❡✿ ❬✸✻❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
❈✳✶ ❘❡0✉❧9❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡/✐♠❡♥9♦ ❞♦ ❈❡♥P/✐♦ ✵✶ ♣❛/❛ ♦0 ✹ Q✉❛/9❡✐/R❡0✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦ 0✉♣❡/✐♦/ ❡0Q✉❡/❞♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✶✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦ 0✉♣❡/✐♦/ ❞✐/❡✐9♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✷✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦ ✐♥❢❡/✐♦/ ❡0Q✉❡/❞♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✸✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦ ✐♥❢❡/✐♦/ ❞✐/❡✐9♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ❈✳✷ ❘❡0✉❧9❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡/✐♠❡♥9♦ ❞♦ ❈❡♥P/✐♦ ✵✷ ♣❛/❛ ♦0 ✹ Q✉❛/9❡✐/R❡0✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦
0✉♣❡/✐♦/ ❡0Q✉❡/❞♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✶✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦ 0✉♣❡/✐♦/ ❞✐/❡✐9♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✷✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦ ✐♥❢❡/✐♦/ ❡0Q✉❡/❞♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✸✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥9♦ ✐♥❢❡/✐♦/ ❞✐/❡✐9♦ ❡09)♦ ♦0 /❡0✉❧9❛❞♦0 ❞♦ ♣♦♥9♦ ❞❡ ✈✐09❛ ❞♦ Q✉❛/9❡✐/)♦ ✵✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
❈✳✸ ❘❡%✉❧(❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥(♦ ❞♦ ❈❡♥2.✐♦ ✵✸ ♣❛.❛ ♦% ✹ 5✉❛.(❡✐.6❡%✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ %✉♣❡.✐♦. ❡%5✉❡.❞♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✶✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ %✉♣❡.✐♦. ❞✐.❡✐(♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✷✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ ✐♥❢❡.✐♦. ❡%5✉❡.❞♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✸✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ ✐♥❢❡.✐♦. ❞✐.❡✐(♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ❈✳✹ ❘❡%✉❧(❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥(♦ ❞♦ ❈❡♥2.✐♦ ✵✹ ♣❛.❛ ♦% ✹ 5✉❛.(❡✐.6❡%✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦
%✉♣❡.✐♦. ❡%5✉❡.❞♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✶✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ %✉♣❡.✐♦. ❞✐.❡✐(♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✷✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ ✐♥❢❡.✐♦. ❡%5✉❡.❞♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✸✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ ✐♥❢❡.✐♦. ❞✐.❡✐(♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❈✳✺ ❘❡%✉❧(❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥(♦ ❞♦ ❈❡♥2.✐♦ ✵✺ ♣❛.❛ ♦% ✹ 5✉❛.(❡✐.6❡%✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦
%✉♣❡.✐♦. ❡%5✉❡.❞♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✶✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ %✉♣❡.✐♦. ❞✐.❡✐(♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✷✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ ✐♥❢❡.✐♦. ❡%5✉❡.❞♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✸✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♥(♦ ✐♥❢❡.✐♦. ❞✐.❡✐(♦ ❡%(9♦ ♦% .❡%✉❧(❛❞♦% ❞♦ ♣♦♥(♦ ❞❡ ✈✐%(❛ ❞♦ 5✉❛.(❡✐.9♦ ✵✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛"
✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦( ❜❛(❡❛❞♦( ❡♠ ❆❜♦-❞❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝-♦(❝0♣✐❝❛✳ ❋♦♥5❡ ✭❬✷✺❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦( ❜❛(❡❛❞♦( ❡♠ ❆❜♦-❞❛❣❡♠ ▼✐❝-♦(❝0♣✐❝❛✳ ❋♦♥5❡ ✭❬✷✺❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦( ❜❛(❡❛❞♦( ❡♠ ❆❜♦-❞❛❣❡♠ ▼❡(♦(❝0♣✐❝❛(✳ ❋♦♥5❡ ✭❬✷✺❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✺✳✶ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠>❞✐❛ ❞♦( ✈❡@❝✉❧♦( ♥♦ ❝❡♥B-✐♦ ✵✶ ✭❊♥5-❡ ♣❛-E♥5❡(❡( ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛FG♦ -❡❧❛5✐✈❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✷ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠>❞✐❛ ❞♦( ✈❡@❝✉❧♦( ♥♦ ❝❡♥B-✐♦ ✵✷ ✭❊♥5-❡ ♣❛-E♥5❡(❡( ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛FG♦
-❡❧❛5✐✈❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✸ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠>❞✐❛ ❞♦( ✈❡@❝✉❧♦( ♥♦ ❝❡♥B-✐♦ ✵✸ ✭❊♥5-❡ ♣❛-E♥5❡(❡( ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛FG♦
-❡❧❛5✐✈❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✹ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠>❞✐❛ ❞♦( ✈❡@❝✉❧♦( ♥♦ ❝❡♥B-✐♦ ✵✹ ✭❊♥5-❡ ♣❛-E♥5❡(❡( ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛FG♦
-❡❧❛5✐✈❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✺ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠>❞✐❛ ❞♦( ✈❡@❝✉❧♦( ♥♦ ❝❡♥B-✐♦ ✵✺ ✭❊♥5-❡ ♣❛-E♥5❡(❡( ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛FG♦
-❡❧❛5✐✈❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✶
■♥$+♦❞✉-.♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥%✐❞❡)❛+,❡% ■♥✐❝✐❛✐%
❖ ❙✐#$❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚*❛♥#♣♦*$❡ ❚❡**❡#$*❡ .✱ #❡♠ #♦♠❜*❛ ❞❡ ❞1✈✐❞❛#✱ ✉♠ ❞♦# *❡❝✉*#♦# ♠❛✐# ✐♠♣♦*$❛♥$❡# ♣❛*❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ #♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡❝♦♥6♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛7#✳ 9♦* ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦* ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❇*❛#✐❧✱ ❙<♦ 9❛✉❧♦✱ ❡#$✐♠❛✲#❡ >✉❡ ❡①✐#$❛♠ ✽✱✶✹ ♠✐❧❤C❡# ❞❡ ✈❡7❝✉❧♦# ✭✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♠♦✲ $♦#✱ ❝❛**♦#✱ ❝❛♠✐♥❤C❡# ❡ 6♥✐❜✉#✮ ♣❛*❛✱ ❛♣*♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥$❡✱ ✶✶ ♠✐❧❤C❡# ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐$❛♥$❡#✱ ♦ >✉❡ #✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ✵✱✼✹ ✈❡7❝✉❧♦# ♣♦* ❤❛❜✐$❛♥$❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦*❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ■♥#$✐$✉$♦ ❇*❛#✐❧❡✐*♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❣*❛✜❛ ❡ ❊#$❛$7#$✐❝❛ ✲ ■❇●❊ ❬✷✾❪✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥$❡✱ #♦♠♦# ❡①♣❡❝$❛❞♦*❡# ❡ ❛$♦*❡# ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝*❡#❝✐♠❡♥$♦ ❝♦♥#✐❞❡*R✈❡❧ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ❞❡ R*❡❛# ✉*❜❛♥❛# ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥$♦ ❞♦ ♥1♠❡*♦ ❞❡ ✈❡7❝✉❧♦#✳ 9❛*$❡ ❞✐##♦ #❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❞❡#❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥$♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞1#$*✐❛ ❛✉$♦♠♦❜✐❧7#✲ $✐❝❛ ❜*❛#✐❧❡✐*❛ >✉❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✼ $❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ♣*♦❞✉S<♦ ❞❡ ❛♣*♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥$❡ $*T# ♠✐❧❤C❡# ❞❡ ✈❡7❝✉❧♦# ❬✽✷❪✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥$♦ ❞♦ ♥1♠❡*♦ ❞❡ ✈❡7❝✉❧♦# ❡ ❞❛ ✉*❜❛♥✐③❛S<♦ #✉*❣❡♠ ♦# ❝♦♥✲ ❣❡#$✐♦♥❛♠❡♥$♦#✱ >✉❡ #<♦ ✉♠ ❞♦# ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❛✐# ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥$❡# ❝♦♥$*❛ ❛ >✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡$*W♣♦❧❡✳ ◆♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✵ ❞❡ ❏✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾ ❛ ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛*✐❛ ❞❡ ❚*R❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❙<♦ 9❛✉❧♦❬✶✶❪ *❡❣✐#$*♦✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❣❡#$✐♦♥❛♠❡♥$♦ ❞❡ ✷✾✸ >✉✐❧6♠❡$*♦#✱ ❛$✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ❛##✐♠ ✉♠ *❡❝♦*❞❡ ❤✐#$W*✐❝♦✱ ❛$. ❡♥$<♦✳
❈♦♠ ❡#$❡ $❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛S<♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥$*❛S<♦ ❞❡ ✈❡7❝✉❧♦# . ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥$❛❧ ✐♠✲ ♣♦*$\♥❝✐❛ ❛ *❡❛❧✐③❛S<♦ ❞❡ ♣❡#>✉✐#❛# #♦❜*❡ $*❛♥#♣♦*$❡# ❡♠ R*❡❛# ✉*❜❛♥❛#✳ ❉❡♥$*♦ ❞❡ $❛✐# ♣❡#>✉✐#❛# ❡#$<♦ ❛>✉❡❧❛# >✉❡ ❜✉#❝❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐#❛* ♦ ❡❢❡✐$♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥S❛# ♥❛# *❡❣*❛# ❞❡ ❝✐*✲ ❝✉❧❛S<♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ $*\♥#✐$♦ ✉*❜❛♥♦ ❛$*❛✈.# ❞❡ $.❝♥✐❝❛# ❝♦♠♣✉$❛❝✐♦♥❛✐#✱ #❡♥❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛#✱ $.❝♥✐❝❛# ❞❡ #✐♠✉❧❛S<♦✳
❊♥$*❡ ❛# ❞✐✈❡*#❛# ❢♦*♠❛# ❞❡ #✐♠✉❧❛* ♦ $*R❢❡❣♦ ✉*❜❛♥♦✱ ❛>✉❡❧❛# >✉❡ ✉$✐❧✐③❛♠ ❆✉$6✲ ♠❛$♦# ❈❡❧✉❧❛*❡# *❡❝❡❜❡*❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛$❡♥S<♦ ❡#♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞♦# ♣❡#>✉✐#❛❞♦*❡# ♥♦# 1❧$✐♠♦# ❛♥♦#✱ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥$❡ ❛ ♣❛*$✐* ❞♦# ❛♥♦# ✾✵✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦# ❝♦♠♣✉$❛❞♦*❡# ❝♦♠❡S❛*❛♠ ❛ ❣❛♥❤❛* ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐# ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣*♦❝❡##❛♠❡♥$♦ ❡ #❡✉# ♣*❡S♦# ✜❝❛*❛♠ ❛❝❡##7✈❡✐#✳
❊#$❡ $*❛❜❛❧❤♦ $❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡$✐✈♦ ♣*✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥#$*✉S<♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ #✐♠✉❧❛❞♦* ❞❡ $*\♥✲
✷ ❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥$,♦❞✉./♦
!✐#♦ ✉&❜❛♥♦ ✉#✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ #❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❆✉#1♠❛#♦! ❈❡❧✉❧❛&❡!✱ 5✉❡ ❝♦♥#❡♥❤❛ &❡❝✉&!♦! ❝❛&❛❝✲ #❡&8!#✐❝♦! ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛&❛❞❛ ❞❡ 1♥✐❜✉!✱ ❝&✉③❛♠❡♥#♦!✱ !❡♠:❢♦&♦! ❡ ❡✈❡♥#♦! 5✉❡ ♣♦!!❛♠ ❣❡&❛& ❝♦♥❣❡!#✐♦♥❛♠❡♥#♦! ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♥=♠❡&♦ ❞❡ ✈❡8❝✉❧♦!✱ ❛❝✐❞❡♥#❡! ❡ ✈❡8❝✉❧♦! ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢❡✐#♦!✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡#✐✈♦! ❡!♣❡❝8✜❝♦! ❞❡!#❛❝❛♠✲!❡✿
• ❯♠ ❡!#✉❞♦ ❛ ❝❡&❝❛ ❞❛ #❡♦&✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ #&:❢❡❣♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ &❡✈✐!E♦ ❜✐❜❧✐✲
♦❣&:✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❛!!✉♥#♦❀
• ❈❛&❛❝#❡&✐③❛GE♦ ❞♦ #&:❢❡❣♦ ✉&❜❛♥♦ ❞❡#❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ !❡✉! ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛✐! &❡❝✉&!♦!❀
• ❙8♥#❡!❡ ❞♦! ♠♦❞❡❧♦! ❥: ❝&✐❛❞♦! ♣❛&❛ ❛ !✐♠✉❧❛GE♦ ♦✉ ❛♥:❧✐!❡ ❞❡ #&:❢❡❣♦✱ !❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡
✉&❜❛♥♦ ♦✉ ♣❛&❛ &♦❞♦✈✐❛!❀
• ❯♠ ❡!#✉❞♦ !♦❜&❡ ❛ #❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❆✉#1♠❛#♦! ❈❡❧✉❧❛&❡! ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♥♦#❛GE♦ ❡
❢♦&♠❛❧✐!♠♦ ♥❡❝❡!!:&✐♦!✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ &❡✈✐!E♦ !♦❜&❡ ❛ ✉#✐❧✐③❛GE♦ ❞❡!#❛ ❡♠ !✐♠✉✲ ❧❛❞♦&❡! ❞❡ #&:❢❡❣♦ ✉&❜❛♥♦❀
• ❈♦♥!#&✉GE♦✱ ❝❛❧✐❜&❛GE♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛GE♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣&♦♣♦!#♦✳
✶✳✷ #$♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ #❡,-✉✐,❛
❖ ✉!♦ ❞❡ ❆✉#1♠❛#♦! ❈❡❧✉❧❛&❡! ♣❛&❛ !✐♠✉❧❛GE♦ ❞❡ #&J♥!✐#♦✱ !❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡ ✉&❜❛♥♦ ♦✉ ♥E♦✱ ✈❡♠ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐! ❡ ♠❛✐! ❛#❡♥GE♦ ❞♦! ♣❡!5✉✐!❛❞♦&❡!✱ ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥#❡ ❛ ♣❛&#✐& ❞❛ ❞K✲ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✾✵✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦! ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛✐! &❡!✉❧#❛❞♦! ♣♦❞❡♠ !❡& ❡♥❝♦♥#&❛❞♦! ❡♠ ❬✺✹✱ ✻✼✱ ✼✼✱ ✸✱ ✺✸❪✳ ❊!!❡! &❡!✉❧#❛❞♦! ❝♦♥!✐❞❡&❛♠ &❡❣&❛! ❧♦❝❛✐! ❞❡ ❛#✉❛❧✐③❛GE♦ ❜:!✐❝❛! ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡❧❡&❛GE♦✱ ❞❡✲ !❛❝❡&❛GE♦ ❡ ❞❡!❛❝❡❧❡&❛GE♦ ♣♦& ♦❜!#:❝✉❧♦✳ ❯♠❛ &❡✈✐!E♦ ❝♦♥!✐❞❡&❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ #&:❢❡❣♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥#❡ ♥E♦ ✉&❜❛♥♦✱ ♦✉ !❡❥❛✱ ❛5✉❡❧❡! 5✉❡ !E♦ ❝&✐❛❞♦! ♣❛&❛ &♦❞♦✈✐❛!✱ ♣♦❞❡ !❡& ❡♥❝♦♥#&❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✹✺❪✳ ❊!#❡ =❧#✐♠♦ ♠♦!#&❛ 5✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦& ♣❛&#❡ ❞♦! #&❛❜❛❧❤♦! !❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥✲ #&❛♠ ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥#❡ ♣❛&❛ &♦❞♦✈✐❛! ♦♥❞❡ ♦ #&J♥!✐#♦ ❡!#: ❧✐✈&❡✱ ♦✉ !❡❥❛✱ ♥❛ ❛✉!V♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❣❡!#✐♦♥❛♠❡♥#♦! ❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥#❡!✳
❊♥#&❡#❛♥❞♦✱ ❇❛&❧♦✈✐❝ ❡# ❛❧✳ ❬✶❪ ❝♦♥!✐❞❡&❛&❛♠ ❛ #❡♦&✐❛ ❞♦ ❛♥❞♦♠ ✇❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛!❡ ♣❛&❛ ♦ ❡!#✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦&#❛♠❡♥#♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❣❡!#✐♦♥❛♠❡♥#♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛✐①❛ =♥✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❡!#✉❞♦ ❞❡ &❡❣&❛! ♣❛&❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛✱ 5✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ !❡& ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣❛&❛❧❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦&❛& ♦ ❞❡!❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♣✉#❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ K ❛♣&❡!❡♥#❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✹✸❪✳
✶✳✸✳ ❊$%&✉%✉&❛ ❞❛ ❉✐$$❡&%❛-.♦ ✸
◗✉❛♥%♦ ❛♦ %✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡+,✉✐+❛✱ ❡+%❛ ♣♦❞❡ +❡. ❝♦♥+✐❞❡.❛❞❛✱ +❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦+ ❝.✐%1.✐♦+ ❛♣.❡✲ +❡♥%❛❞♦+ ❡♠ ❬✽✽❪✱ ❝♦♠♦ +❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♥❛%✉.❡③❛ %❡❝♥♦❧9❣✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ,✉❡ ✈✐+❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛;<♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥%♦+ ❜?+✐❝♦+ ♣❛.❛ ❛ ❣❡.❛;<♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦+ ♣.♦❞✉%♦+❀ ❞❡+❝.✐%✐✈❛✱ ♣♦✐+ ♦❜+❡.✈❛✱ ✐❞❡♥%✐✜❝❛✱ .❡❣✐+%.❛✱ ❛♥❛❧✐+❛ ❢❡♥C♠❡♥♦+ ❡ +✐+%❡♠❛+ %1❝♥✐❝♦+❀ ❡ ,✉❛♥%♦ ❛♦ ♣.♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥%♦✱ ♣❡+,✉✐+❛ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥%❛❧ ❜❛+❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥%♦+ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥%❡ ❝♦♥%.♦❧❛❞♦✳
✶✳✸ ❊$%&✉%✉&❛ ❞❛ ❉✐$$❡&%❛-.♦
❆ ♣.❡+❡♥%❡ ❉✐++❡.%❛;<♦ ❡+%? ❡+%.✉%✉.❛❞❛ ❞❛ +❡❣✉✐♥%❡ ❢♦.♠❛✿ ♦ ❈❛♣J%✉❧♦ ✶ ❛♣.❡+❡♥%❛ ❛+ ❝♦♥+✐❞❡.❛;L❡+ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐+ ❛ ❝❡.❝❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥+%.✉;<♦ ❞❡ +✐♠✉❧❛❞♦.❡+ ❞❡ %.M♥+✐%♦✱ ❞♦ ♣.♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ +❡. %.❛%❛❞♦ ❡ ❞♦+ ♦❜❥❡%✐✈♦+ ❞❡+❡❥❛❞♦+ ♥❡+%❡ ❡+%✉❞♦✳ ❆ +❡❣✉✐.✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣J%✉❧♦ ✷ +<♦ ❞❡+❝.✐%♦+ ❛❧❣✉♥+ ❞♦+ ❝♦♥❝❡✐%♦+ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥%❛✐+ ♥❛ ❚❡♦.✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚.?❢❡❣♦✱ ♦ ,✉❡ ❝.✐❛ ❛ ❜❛+❡ ♣❛.❛ ❛ ❝♦♥+%.✉;<♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦+ ♣❛.❛ %❛✐+ ♦❜❥❡%✐✈♦+✳
❯♠❛ ✈✐+<♦ ❣❡.❛❧ +♦❜.❡ ♦+ ❆✉%C♠❛%♦+ ❈❡❧✉❧❛.❡+ 1 ❞❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣J%✉❧♦ ✸✱ ♦♥❞❡ 1 ❝♦♥%❛❞❛ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❛ ❤✐+%9.✐❛✱ ❞♦ ❢♦.♠❛❧✐+♠♦ ❡ ♥♦%❛;<♦✱ ❡✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥%❡✱ ❞❡ +✉❛ ✉%✐❧✐③❛;<♦✳ ❖ ❈❛♣J%✉❧♦ ✹ ❞❡%❛❧❤❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣.♦♣♦+%♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❈❆❯❚❙✱ ♣❛.❛ ❛ +✐♠✉❧❛;<♦ ❞❡ %.?❢❡❣♦ ✉.❜❛♥♦ ❡ ♦ ❈❛♣J%✉❧♦ ✺ ❡①♣L❡ ♦+ .❡+✉❧%❛❞♦+ ❡♥❝♦♥%.❛❞♦+ ♥❛ ✉%✐❧✐③❛;<♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❈❆❯❚❙✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦.♠❛ ❞❡ +✉❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛;<♦✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥%❡✱ ❛+ ❝♦♥❝❧✉+L❡+ ✜♥❛✐+ ❡ ♦+ %.❛❜❛❧❤♦+ ❢✉%✉.♦+ ♣♦❞❡♠ +❡. ❡♥❝♦♥%.❛❞❛+ ♥♦ ❈❛♣J%✉❧♦ ✻✳
❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✷
❚❡♦+✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚+0❢❡❣♦
✷✳✶ ■♥%&♦❞✉*+♦
❆! ❚❡♦%✐❛! ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚%-❢❡❣♦ ❜✉!❝❛♠ ❡!3✉❞❛% ❡ ❞❡!❝%❡✈❡% ❛! %❡❧❛56❡! ❡♥3%❡ ♦! ✈❡8❝✉❧♦!✱ ✈✐❛!✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥3❡! ❞❡ ✐♥❢%❛✲✐♥!3%✉3✉%❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ !❡♠-❢♦%♦!✱ !✐♥❛❧✐③❛56❡!✱ ❡♥3%❡ ♦✉3%♦!✱ ❡♠ 3❡%♠♦! ♠❛3❡♠-3✐❝♦!✳ ❊!3❛! 3❡♦%✐❛! !✉%❣✐%❛♠ ♥♦! ❛♥♦! ✸✵✱ ♥❛ 3❡♥3❛3✐✈❛ ❞❡ %❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛% ❛! ❣%❛♥❞❡③❛! ❞❡ ✢✉①♦✱ ❞❡♥!✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐❡♥3✐!3❛ ❇%✉❝❡ ●%❡❡♥!❤✐❡❧❞!✳ ❆3✉❛❧✲ ♠❡♥3❡ ❡!3❛! 3❡♦%✐❛! ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥3❛♠ 3♦❞❛! ❛! ❢❡%%❛♠❡♥3❛! ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦! ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ 3%E♥!✐3♦ ❬✺✼❪✳ ❆! ❛♣❧✐❝❛56❡! ❞❡!3❛! 3❡♦%✐❛! !J♦ ❛♠♣❧❛!✳ ❊♥3%❡ ❡❧❛! ❞❡!3❛❝❛♠✲!❡ ❬✷✺❪✿
• ❆✈❛❧✐❛5J♦ ❞❡ 3%❛3❛♠❡♥3♦! ❛❧3❡%♥❛3✐✈♦! ❡♠ ❣❡!3J♦ ❞❡ 3%-❢❡❣♦❀
• ❈♦♥❝❡♣5J♦ ❡ ❡♥!❛✐♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛! ✈✐❛!❀
• ▼♦❞❡❧♦! ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ♦♣❡%❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ !❡%✈✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ !✉❜✲♠P❞✉❧♦ ❡♠ ♦✉3%❛! ❢❡%%❛✲
♠❡♥3❛! ✭♣♦% ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❜❛!❡❛❞♦! ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦! ❞❡ ❝♦♥3%♦❧❡ ❞❡ 3%-❢❡❣♦ ❡ ♦3✐♠✐③❛5J♦ ❡ ❛3%✐❜✉✐5J♦ ❞❡ 3%-❢❡❣♦ ❞✐♥E♠✐❝♦✮❀
• ❋♦%♠❛5J♦ ❞❡ ❣❡!3♦%❡! ❞❡ 3%-❢❡❣♦✳
S❛♣❛❣❡♦%❣✐♦✉ ❬✺✾❪ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ U✉❡ ♥❡♠ !❡♠♣%❡ ♦! ❢❡♥V♠❡♥♦! ♦❜!❡%✈❛❞♦! ♥♦ 3%E♥!✐3♦ !J♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥3❡! ♣❛%❛ ♦ ❝♦%%❡3♦ ❡U✉❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥3♦✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛! ❛❜♦%❞❛❣❡♥! ❡♠ 3%W! ❝❛3❡❣♦%✐❛!✿
✶✳ ❆❜♦%❞❛❣❡♥! ♣✉%❛♠❡♥3❡ ❞❡❞✉3✐✈❛!✿ ♦♥❞❡ !❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡!!-%✐♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡% ❛! ❧❡✐! ❞❛ ❢8!✐❝❛ ❡①✐!3❡♥3❡! U✉❡ ❣♦✈❡%♥❛♠ ♦ ❢❡♥V♠❡♥♦❀
✷✳ ❆❜♦%❞❛❣❡♥! ♣✉%❛♠❡♥3❡ ✐♥❞✉3✐✈❛!✿ ♦♥❞❡ !J♦ ❞✐!♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦! ♣❛%❡! ❡♥3%❛❞❛✴!❛8❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦! ❞❡ !✐!3❡♠❛! %❡❛✐!✱ U✉❡✱ ❡♠ !❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ !J♦ ✉3✐❧✐③❛❞♦! ♣❛%❛ ❛❥✉!3❛% ❡!3%✉3✉%❛! ♠❛3❡♠-3✐❝❛! ❣❡♥[%✐❝❛! ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦! ❆❘■▼❆✱ ❛♣%♦①✐♠❛56❡! ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛✐! ❡ %❡❞❡! ♥❡✉%❛✐!✱ ♣♦% ❡①❡♠♣❧♦❀
✻ ❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❚❡♦,✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚,1❢❡❣♦
✸✳ ❆❜♦&❞❛❣❡♥, ✐♥.❡&♠❡❞✐0&✐❛,✿ ♦♥❞❡ ♣&✐♠❡✐&❛♠❡♥.❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡,.&✉.✉&❛❧ ❡①✐,.❡ ❡✱ ❡♠ ,❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❞❛❞♦, &❡❛✐, ,7♦ ✉.✐❧✐③❛❞♦, ♣❛&❛ ❛❥✉,.❛& ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
❙❡❥❛ ;✉❛❧ ❢♦& ❛ ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠ &❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ = ♣♦,,>✈❡❧ ❝❧❛,,✐✜❝0✲❧❛ ✉.✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦, ,❡❣✉✐♥.❡, ❝&✐.=&✐♦, ❬✷✺❪✿
• ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛&✐0✈❡✐,❀
• ◆>✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡.❛❧❤❡,❀
• ❘❡♣&❡,❡♥.❛L7♦ ❞♦ ♣&♦❝❡,,♦❀
• ❖♣❡&❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛L7♦❀
• ❊,❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛L7♦✳
O♦& ✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛(✐)✈❡✐* ❡♥.❡♥❞❡✲,❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠ ;✉❡ .&❛.❛ ❛ ♣❛,,❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ .❡♠♣♦✱ ✐,.♦ =✱ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥L❛ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥.❡ ♦❝♦&&❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐&❛ ❝♦♥.>♥✉❛ ♦✉ ❞✐,❝&❡.♦✳ ❏0 ♣♦& ♥,✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❤❡* ❞✐③ &❡,♣❡✐.♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠ .&❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❛, ❡♥.✐❞❛❞❡, ❡①✐,.❡♥.❡, ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❆, ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♥, ♠✐❝&♦,❝Q♣✐❝❛, ♣♦,,✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♥>✈❡❧ ♠❛✐♦& ❞❡ ❞❡.❛❧❤❡,✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛, ❡♥.✐❞❛❞❡, ,7♦ .&❛.❛❞❛, ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥.❡✳ ❏0 ❛, ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♥, ♠❛❝&♦,❝Q♣✐❝❛, ♣♦,,✉❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♥>✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡.❛❧❤❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣&❡❡♥❞❡ ♦ .&0❢❡❣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ .♦❞♦✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♥>✈❡❧ ✐♥.❡&♠❡❞✐0&✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ .❛❧❤❛♠❡♥.♦ ❡①✐,.❡♠ ❛, ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♥, ♠❡,♦,❝Q♣✐❝❛, ♦♥❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦, ❞❡ ❡♥.✐❞❛❞❡, ,7♦ .&❛.❛❞❛, ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❧♦.R❡,✳ ❆ (❡♣(❡*❡♥ ❛/0♦ ❞♦ ♣(♦❝❡**♦ = ❝❛&❛❝.❡&✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①✐,.S♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❛&✐0✈❡✐, ❛❧❡❛.Q&✐❛,✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❛, ♥7♦ ❡,.7♦ ♣&❡,❡♥.❡, ♦ ♣&♦❝❡,,♦ = ❞❡.❡&♠✐♥>,.✐❝♦✱ ♣♦& ♦✉.&♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ,❡ ❡❧❛, ,7♦ ♥❡❝❡,,0&✐❛, ♦ ♣&♦❝❡,,♦ = ❡,.♦❝0,.✐❝♦✳
❖ ❝&✐.=&✐♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡(❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛/0♦ ✈❡&✐✜❝❛ ,❡ ❛ ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠ = ❛♥❛❧>.✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♣♦& ,✐♠✉❧❛L7♦✳ O♦& ✜♠ ❛ ❡*❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛/0♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ❡,❝♦♣♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦& ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❡♥✐❞❛✱ ♦✉ ,✐♠♣❧❡,♠❡♥.❡✱ ✉♠ .&❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ &✉❛✳
❆, ❙❡LR❡, ❛ ,❡❣✉✐& ✐&7♦ ❡,♣❡❝✐✜❝❛& ♦ ❝&✐.=&✐♦ ❞❡ ♥>✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡.❛❧❤❡,✳
✷✳✷ ❆❜♦%❞❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝%♦-❝.♣✐❝❛
❆ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝&♦,❝Q♣✐❝❛ ❛❜♦&❞❛ ♦ ♣&♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥>✈❡❧ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡ ❞❡.❛❧❤❡,✱ ♦♥❞❡✱ ❜❛,✐❝❛♠❡♥.❡✱ ♥7♦ ❡①✐,.❡ ✐♥.❡&❡,,❡ ♣♦& ❝❛❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐,.❡♥.❡ ❡ ,✐♠ ♥♦ ♣&♦❝❡,,♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ .♦❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❛ ;✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ,❡& ❢❡✐.❛ = ❛ ❛♣&♦①✐♠❛L7♦ ❞♦ ,✐,.❡♠❛ ❞❡ .&X♥,✐.♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ,✐,.❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✢✉>❞♦, ;✉❡ ❡,❝♦❛♠ ❛.&❛✈=, ❞♦, ❝❛♥❛✐,✳ ❆, ♣&✐♥❝✐♣❛✐, ❣&❛♥❞❡③❛, ❞❡,.❡ .✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠ ,7♦✿ ✢✉①♦ f✱ ❞❡♥,✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♦✉ ❝♦♥❝❡♥.&❛L7♦✮ d ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠=❞✐❛ v¯
❬✶✷❪✳
✷✳✷✳ ❆❜♦%❞❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝%♦-❝.♣✐❝❛ ✼
♦ ♣❡$%♦❞♦✱ $❡(♣❡❝*✐✈❛♠❡♥*❡✳ ❉❡♥(✐❞❛❞❡ d ♣♦❞❡ (❡$ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥3♠❡$♦ ❞❡ ✈❡%❝✉❧♦(
6✉❡ ❡(*7♦ ♣$❡(❡♥*❡( ❡♠ ✉♠ (❡❣✉✐♠❡♥*♦ [x, x+δx) ♣♦$ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣$✐♠❡♥*♦✱ ❡♠
✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥*♦ t✱ ♦♥❞❡ x ❡ δx (7♦✱ $❡(♣❡❝*✐✈❛♠❡♥*❡✱ ♦ ♣♦♥*♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ (❡❣✉✐♠❡♥*♦
❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣$✐♠❡♥*♦ ❞♦ ♠❡(♠♦✳ 9♦$ ✜♠✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠:❞✐❛ (❡ ❞; ♣❡❧❛ $❛③7♦ ❡♥*$❡ ❛ ❞❡♥(✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦✱ ✐(*♦ :✿ v = d
f✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛( ❣$❛♥❞❡③❛( f✱ d ❡ ¯v ❡(*7♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛(
❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛A7♦ ❡ ❛♦ *❡♠♣♦✱ ❡❧❛( (7♦ ❣❡$❛❧♠❡♥*❡ ❞❡(❝$✐*❛( ♣❡❧❛( ❢✉♥AC❡( f(x, t)✱d(x, t) ❡ ¯
v(x, t) ❬✷✺❪✳ ❆ (❡❣✉✐$ ❡(*❛( ❣$❛♥❞❡③❛( (❡$7♦ ❞❡*❛❧❤❛❞❛(✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❱❛%✐'✈❡✐* ▼❛❝%♦*❝.♣✐❝❛*
❙❡❥❛ ✉♠ (✐(*❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛( ❞✐♠❡♥(C❡(✿ *❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❡(♣❛A♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡*✐✈♦ ❞❛( ✈❛$✐;✈❡✐( ❞❛ ❛❜♦$❞❛❣❡♥( ♠❛❝$♦(❝N♣✐❝❛( : ♠❛♣❡❛$ ❛ ✐♥*❡$❛A7♦ ❞♦( ✈❡%❝✉❧♦( ♣$❡(❡♥*❡( ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ *❡$♠♦( ❞❡(*❛( ❞✉❛( ❞✐♠❡♥(C❡( ♣❛$❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛A7♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦✱ ❞❡♥(✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ (✐(*❡♠❛✳ 9❛$❛ *❛❧ : ♥❡❝❡((;$✐♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐A7♦ ❞♦( ✐♥*❡$✈❛❧♦( ❞❡ *❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❡(♣❛A♦ ♠❡❞✐❞♦(✱ ❝♦♥❢♦$♠❡ ♠♦(*$❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉$❛ ✷✳✶✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ $❡♣$❡(❡♥*❛ ❛ *$❛❥❡*N$✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡%❝✉❧♦ (♦❜$❡ ❛ ✈✐❛✱ ❡ ♦( ❡✐①♦( x ❡t $❡♣$❡(❡♥*❛♠ ♦ ❞❡(❧♦❝❛♠❡♥*♦ ❞♦( ✈❡%❝✉❧♦( ❡ ❛ ♣❛((❛❣❡♠ ❞❡
*❡♠♣♦ $❡(♣❡❝*✐✈❛♠❡♥*❡ ❬✸✶❪✳
❋✐❣✉$❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❚$❛❥❡*N$✐❛( ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛( ❙✶ ❡ ❙✷✳ ✭❋♦♥*❡✿ ❬✸✶❪✮
❆ $❡❣✐7♦ S1$❡✢❡*❡ ♦ ♥3♠❡$♦ ❞❡ ✈❡%❝✉❧♦( n 6✉❡ *$❛❢❡❣❛♠ ♥❛ $❡❣✐7♦ δx ♥♦ ✐♥*❡$✈❛❧♦ δt≈0✳ ❏; ❛ $❡❣✐7♦S2 $❡✢❡*❡ ♦ ♥3♠❡$♦ ❞❡ ✈❡%❝✉❧♦( m 6✉❡ *$❛❢❡❣❛♠ ♥♦ ✐♥*❡$✈❛❧♦ δt ♥❛
$❡❣✐7♦ δx≈0✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ : ♣♦((%✈❡❧ ❛✜♠❛$ 6✉❡ S1❡S2(7♦✱ $❡(♣❡❝*✐✈❛♠❡♥*❡ ❛ ❞❡♥(✐❞❛❞❡ ❡
✢✉①♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❛✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ (❡$ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛( ❛ ♣❛$*✐$ ❞❡✿
d(x, t) = n
δx ✭✷✳✶✮
f(x, t) = m
✽ ❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❚❡♦,✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚,1❢❡❣♦
❏" ❛ $❡&❝❡✐&❛ ❣&❛♥❞❡③❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠2❞✐❛ ¯v✱ ♣♦❞❡ 4❡& ❡♥❝♦♥$&❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛
&❛③5♦ ❞❛ &❡❣✐5♦ S2♣❡❧❛ &❡❣✐5♦ S1❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥$♦ t ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧x✱ ♦✉ ❞❛ ❢♦&♠❛
❞❛ ❢✉♥85♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥$❛❧✿
f(x, t) = ¯v(x, t)d(x, t) ✭✷✳✸✮
❆✐♥❞❛ 2 ♣♦44@✈❡❧ ❞❡✜♥✐& ♦✉$&❛4 ❞✉❛4 ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡4 ♠2❞✐❛4 ❛ ♣❛&$✐& ❞❛4 &❡❣✐B❡4 S1 ❡
S2✳ ❙❡❥❛ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ v ❞♦4 n ✈❡@❝✉❧♦4 E✉❡ $&❛❢❡❣❛♠ ♥❛ &❡❣✐5♦ S1✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠2❞✐❛
❡4♣❛❝✐❛❧ v¯e 2 ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦&✿
¯
ve(δx, t) =
1
n
n
X
i=1
vi ✭✷✳✹✮
❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥$❡✱ 4❡ 2 ❝♦♥4✐❞❡&❛❞♦ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ &❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦4 m ✈❡@❝✉❧♦4 ♥❛ &❡❣✐5♦ S2 ♦❜$❡♠♦4 ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠2❞✐❛ $❡♠♣♦&❛❧ v¯t✿
¯
vt(x, δt) =
1
m
m
X
i=1
vi ✭✷✳✺✮
❚❛♥$♦ ❛4 ❣&❛♥❞❡③❛4 ❞❡ ❞❡♥4✐❞❛❞❡ d E✉❛♥$♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ f ❢♦&❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥$&❛❞❛4 ❝♦♥✲
4✐❞❡&❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛4 ✶ ❢❛✐①❛✳ ❈❛4♦ ❛ ✈✐❛ ❡♠ ❡4$✉❞♦ ♣♦44✉❛ ♠❛✐4 ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ♦ ❝"❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡✈❡ 4❡& &❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦&♠❡✿
d(x, t) = n
δx.l ✭✷✳✻✮
f(x, t) = m
δt.l ✭✷✳✼✮
❖♥❞❡ l ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ♥R♠❡&♦ ❞❡ ❢❛✐①❛4 ❞❛ ✈✐❛✳
❆ ♣❛&$✐& ❞❛ ❞❡♥4✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣&✐♠❡♥$♦ ♠2❞✐♦ ❞♦4 ✈❡@❝✉❧♦4 ¯c❡♠ ✉♠❛ &❡❣✐5♦ S12
♣♦44@✈❡❧ $❛♠❜2♠ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛& ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛85♦ &❡❧❛$✐✈❛ b✱ ❝♦♥❢♦&♠❡✿
b = d(δx, t)1
n
n
X
i=1
ci
= d(δx, t) ¯c ✭✷✳✽✮
❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛85♦ &❡❧❛$✐✈❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ E✉❛❧ ❛ ♣❛&❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❛ ❡4$" ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦&♠❛ ♣❡&❝❡♥$✉❛❧✳ ❊♠ $❡&♠♦4 $❡T&✐❝♦4 ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛85♦ &❡❧❛$✐✈❛ ❛❞✐♠✐$❡ E✉❡ ♦ $&U♥4✐$♦ 4❡ ❞" ❞❡ ❢♦&♠❛ ❤♦♠♦❣W♥❡❛✱ ♦✉ 4❡❥❛✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡@❝✉❧♦ ❡4$" ♦❝✉♣❛♥❞♦ ❡①❛$❛♠❡♥$❡ b% ❞❛ ✈✐❛ ❡♠ 4❡✉
❝♦♠♣&✐♠❡♥$♦ ❬✺✼❪✳
✷✳✷✳ ❆❜♦%❞❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝%♦-❝.♣✐❝❛ ✾
♠✉❧♦✉ ♦ %✉❡ ' ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❛.✉❛❧♠❡♥.❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐❛❣0❛♠❛1 ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥.❛✐1 ❬✸✾❪✱ ❝♦♥❢♦0♠❡ 17♦ ❛♣0❡1❡♥.❛❞♦1 ♥❛1 ❋✐❣✉0❛1 ✷✳✷✱ ✷✳✸ ❡ ✷✳✹✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❬✺✺❪✿
fmax ✿ ' ♦ ✢✉①♦ ♠A①✐♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦0.❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❛❀
do ✿ ' ❛ ❞❡♥1✐❞❛❞❡ D.✐♠❛❀
djam ✿ ' ❛ ❞❡♥1✐❞❛❞❡ ♠A①✐♠❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡①✐1.❡ ❛ 1✐.✉❛E7♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡.♦ ❝♦♥❣❡1.✐♦♥❛♠❡♥.♦❀
vmax ✿ ' ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠A①✐♠❛✱ 1✐.✉❛E7♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ' ❧✐✈0❡❀
vo ✿ ' ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ D.✐♠❛✱ 1✐.✉❛E7♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ 0❡❧❛E7♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ × ✢✉①♦ ' ♠A①✐♠❛❀
❋✐❣✉0❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❉✐❛❣0❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥.❛❧ ❢ × ❞✳
✶✵ ❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❚❡♦,✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❚,1❢❡❣♦
❋✐❣✉&❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❉✐❛❣&❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥2❛❧ ✈ times ❞
➱ ✐♠♣♦&2❛♥2❡ &❡88❛❧2❛& 9✉❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❞✐❛❣&❛♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥2❛❧ ❞❡ ●&❡❡♥8❤✐❡❧❞ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ =2✐♠❛ ♦❝♦&&❡ ♥❛ ♠❡2❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠>①✐♠❛✱ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♥8✐❞❛❞❡ =2✐♠❛ ♦❝♦&&❡ ♥❛ ♠❡2❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞❡♥8✐❞❛❞❡ ♠>①✐♠❛✳ ■82♦ &❡♣&❡8❡♥2❛ ✉♠❛ 8✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛CD♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦&2❛♠❡♥2♦ ♦❜8❡&✈❛❞♦✱ ♣♦&F♠ 8❡ ♠❛♥2F♠ ❡♠ ♣❧❡♥❛ ✉2✐❧✐③❛CD♦ 8❡❥❛ ♣♦& &❛③I❡8 ❤✐82=&✐❝❛8✱ 8❡❥❛ ♣❡❧❛ 8✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❢✉♥CD♦ ❞❡ ❡9✉✐❧K❜&✐♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣&❛♠❛ v×d ♣♦❞❡ 8❡& ❡8❝&✐2❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❬✸✶❪✿
v = vmax
djam
(djam−d) ✭✷✳✾✮
❆ ❢✉♥CD♦ ❞❛ &❡❧❛CD♦ ❢ × ❞✱ ♣♦& 8✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♣♦❞❡ 8❡& ❞❡8❝&✐2❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❬✸✶❪✿
f =vmax
d− d
2
djam
✭✷✳✶✵✮
❖ ♣♦♥2♦ ❝♦&&❡8♣♦♥❞❡♥2❡ ❛ ❞❡♥8✐❞❛❞❡ =2✐♠❛ do F ♦❜2✐❞♦ fmax =∂f /∂d= 0✱ ♦✉ 8❡❥❛
✭❊9✉❛CD♦ ✷✳✶✶✮❬✸✻❪✿
∂f /∂d=vmax
1−2 do
djam
⇒do =
djam
2 ✭✷✳✶✶✮
❉❛ ♠❡8♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐&❛✱ ♣❛&❛ ♦ ❞✐❛❣&❛♠❛ ✈ × ❢ ♣♦❞❡ 8❡& ❞❡8❝&✐2❛ ♣♦& ❬✸✻❪✿
f =v.djam
1− v
vmax
✭✷✳✶✷✮
✷✳✸ ❆❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠ ▼✐❝&♦/❝0♣✐❝❛
✷✳✸✳ ❆❜♦&❞❛❣❡♠ ▼✐❝&♦/❝0♣✐❝❛ ✶✶
♣❡❧❛ ✐♥'❡(❛)*♦ ❡♥'(❡ ♦, ✈❡.❝✉❧♦, ♣(❡,❡♥'❡, ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ❡,'✉❞♦✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐, ❡✈✐❞❡♥'❡ ♣❛(❛ ❡,'❛ ❛❜♦(❞❛❣❡♠ 7 ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✏▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ;❡(,❡❣✉✐)*♦✑ ✲ ✭❈❛(✲❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧✮✳ ❈(✐❛❞♦ ♥♦, ❛♥♦, ✻✵✱ ❡,'❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ,❡ ❜❛,❡✐❛ ♥♦ ❢❛'♦ ❞❡ G✉❡ ✉♠ ✏✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ♣❡(,❡❣✉❡ ✉♠ ♦✉'(♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦✑ ❬✷✺❪✳ ❊♠ '❡(♠♦, ♣(M'✐❝♦, ✐,'♦ ,✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ G✉❡ ,❡ ♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❢(❡♥'❡ ✭❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❧.❞❡(✮ ❛❝❡❧❡(❛✱ ♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ G✉❡ ❡,'M ,❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ (❡❛❣✐( ❛❝❡❧❡(❛♥❞♦ '❛♠❜7♠ ❬✶✵❪✱ ❡♥'(❡ ♦✉'(❛, ❛)O❡,✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉(❛ ✷✳✺ ♠♦,'(❛ ♦ ❞❡,❡♥❤♦ '(❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛(❛ ❡,'❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
❋✐❣✉(❛ ✷✳✺✿ ❉❡,❡♥❤♦ '(❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❛"✲❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡❧
◆♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ;❡(,❡❣✉✐)*♦ ✲ ▼; ✲ ❛ ❞✐,'S♥❝✐❛ ❡♥'(❡ ♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ❧.❞❡( ❡ ♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ♣❡(,❡❣✉✐❞♦( 7 ✉♠❛ ❞❛, ✈❛(✐M✈❡✐, ❞❡ ✐♥'❡(❡,,❡✳ ■,'♦ ♣♦( G✉❡✱ ❝❛,♦ ♦ ❝❛((♦ ❧.❞❡( ❞❡,❛❝❡❧❡(❡ ❛❜(✉♣'❛♠❡♥'❡✱ ♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ♣❡(,❡❣✉✐❞♦( ❞❡✈❡(M '❡( ♦ '❡♠♣♦ ❤M❜✐❧ ❞❡ ♣❡(❝❡❜❡( ❡,'❡ ❢❛'♦ ❡ ❞❡,❛❝❡❧❡(❛( ❞❡ '❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ G✉❡ ♥*♦ ❤❛❥❛ ❝♦❧✐,*♦ ❡♥'(❡ ❡❧❡,✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❈❛❧✐❢♦"♥✐❛ ▼♦/♦" ❱❡❝❤✐❝❧❡ ❬✷✵❪✿
✏✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ (❡❣(❛ ♣❛(❛ ♣❡(,❡❣✉✐( ♦✉'(♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐,'S♥❝✐❛ ,❡❣✉(❛ 7 ♣❡(✲ ♠✐'✐( G✉❡ ❡①✐,'❛ ♥♦ ♠.♥✐♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣(✐♠❡♥'♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ❡♥'(❡ ♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ❧.❞❡( ❡ ♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ♣❡(,❡❣✉✐❞♦( ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✶✻ ❦♠✴❤ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ G✉❡ ❡,'M ❞✐✲ (✐❣✐♥❞♦✳✑
■,'♦ G✉❡( ❞✐③❡( G✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡①✐,'✐( ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥'♦ ❧✐♥❡❛( ❞❛ ❞✐,'S♥❝✐❛ ❡♥'(❡ ♦, ✈❡.❝✉❧♦, ❞❡ ❛❝♦(❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❝❡❧❡(❛)*♦ ❞♦ ✈❡.❝✉❧♦ ❧.❞❡(✳ ;❛(❛ '♦(♥❛( ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛✐, (❡❛❧.,'✐❝♦✱ ❡①✐,'❡ '❛♠❜7♠ ✉♠ ❛'(❛,♦ ❞❛ (❡❛)*♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦ [ ❛)*♦ ❞♦ ❝❛((♦ ♣❡(,❡❣✉✐❞♦(✳ ❊,'❡ ❛'(❛,♦ 7 ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ '❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ (❡❛)*♦ ❡①✐,'❡♥'❡ ♣❛(❛ ♦ ♠♦'♦(✐,'❛ '♦♠❛( ❛ ♣(\①✐♠❛ ❞❡❝✐,*♦ ✭,❡❥❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡(❛( ♦✉ ❞❡,❛❝❡❧❡(❛(✮✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛'❡♠M'✐❝♦ ♣❛(❛ ♦ ▼; '(❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❜♦(❞❛❣❡♠ ✏❊,'.♠✉❧♦✲❘❡,♣♦,'❛✑ 7 ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦( ❬✻✹✱ ✸✹❪✿
¨
