❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✲ ❯♠ ❈✉rs♦ ◆♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛
❯❧✐ss❡s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ▼♦tt❛
❯❧✐ss❡s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ▼♦tt❛
●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✲ ❯♠ ❈✉rs♦ ◆♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❛❜✐❛♥♦ ❋♦rt✉♥❛t♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s✳
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
❯❧✐ss❡s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ▼♦tt❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❡ ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦✱ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞❛t❛ ❈❛r❧♦s ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ P❡✐①♦t♦ ❡ ❘✉✐♠❛r ❈❛❧❛ç❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥❡③❡s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ ✶♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡ ❞❡✉ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐❞át✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❖ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❣❡stã♦✱ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❛t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
P❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✳
❊s♣❡r♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ s✉s❝✐t❡ ♥♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ✐♥s❡r✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♠❛✐s ❛t✉❛❧✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s st✉❞② ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ♦❢ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ❝♦✉rs❡ t♦ ✜rst ②❡❛r ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧ st✉❞❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐ts ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞✱ ❛s ❛ s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❛♥❣❧❡s✱ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡s✱ ♣♦❧②❣♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝✐r❝✉♠❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❢❛❝ts ❛♥❞ r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝ts✱ ❛s ❢❛r ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛r❡❛s✳
P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤❡ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ♠❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧s ✇❡r❡ ✇♦r❦❡❞ ✐♥ ❝❧❛ss ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ✇❡r❡ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r②✳
❲❡ ❤♦♣❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❡❛❝❤❡rs t❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ♥❡✇ ✐❞❡❛s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ✐♥ ❝❧❛ss ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ t♦♦❧s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r t♦ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr②
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦✈❡r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ✈❛r✐❛r s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✹ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✺ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✱ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❡ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✻ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✼ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❡ s✉❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✽ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛ç❛r ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✾ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t❡✐✲
r♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❧ó❣✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✶✵ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❝♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❡
♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✶ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ tr✐ss❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✶✷ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r✲
♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✶✸ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✶✹ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ✶✵❝♠✱ ✺❝♠ ❡ ✹❝♠ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✶✺ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ✶✵❝♠✱ ✻✱✺❝♠ ❡ ✹❝♠ ✳ ✸✸ ✶✻ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✜①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✶✼ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛❞♦s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✽ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✸✹ ✶✾ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❧❛❞♦s ✸✺ ✷✵ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣✐tá❣♦r❛s ♣❡❧❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✶ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s três ❛❧t✉r❛s ❡ s❡✉ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✷ ❛❧t✉r❛s ❡ ♦rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♦❜t✉sâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✸ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s três ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛s ❡ s❡✉ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✹ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s três ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ❡ s❡✉ ✐♥❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✺ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s três ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③❡s ❡ s❡✉ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✻ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③❡s ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
♦❜t✉sâ♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✼ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛s ❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ❛❧t✉r❛s✱ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③❡s ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✽ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛rá
♣❡❧♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❆✱ ❇ ❡ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✾ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❆✱ ❇ ❡ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✵ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✶ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ♣♦r ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✷ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❡♣í♣❡❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✸ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦❜r❡♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✹ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦❜r❡♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✺ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✱ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦
r❡❣✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♠❡tr♦✱ ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ár❡❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✻ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✹✽ ✸✼ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦ ✹✾ ✸✽ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ ❞♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❝✉❥♦s ❧❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
✜❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✱ ❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ á✉r❡❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡st❡s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✾ ❈♦♥❝❤❛ ❞❡ ◆á✉t✐❧✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✵ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ❛r❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✶ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❊r❛tóst❡♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠✲
♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✷ q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✸ q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❧✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✹ q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❧✉♥❛ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✺ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❧✉♥❛ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✻ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝✉r✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✻
✷ ❯♠ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s ✶✽
✸ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ✷✵
✸✳✶ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ❋♦r♠❛❞♦s P♦r ❉✉❛s ❘❡t❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❈♦rt❛❞❛s P♦r ❯♠❛ ❘❡t❛ ❚r❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷ ❚r✐ss❡çã♦ ❉❡ ❯♠ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✸✶
✹✳✶ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ◆♦tá✈❡✐s ❊♠ ❯♠ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷ ❍♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺ P♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ✹✻
✺✳✶ ◗✉❛❞r✐❧át❡r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✷ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✻ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❈ír❝✉❧♦ ✺✸
✻✳✶ ▲✉♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✉♠❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❡♠ ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ é ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ t♦r♥❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❡ ♠❛✐s ❛tr❛❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦ q✉❛❞r♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♣♦r ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦❀ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s às ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❖ r♦t❡✐r♦ ❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡♠ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉❣❡stã♦✱ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ s❡r✈❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s t✉t♦r✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✜❣✉r❛s❀ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛✱ ♠❛s ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stã♦ ✈ár✐♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞♦ ●❡♦❣●❡❜r❛✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t✉t♦r✐❛✐s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❡ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣♦❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛s ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛r✳
◆ã♦ ❞❡❢❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉✐ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s s❡❥❛♠ t♦❞❛s ❞❛❞❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❛ss✉♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦✲♦✳ ❈❛❜❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡❝✐❞✐r q✉❛✐s ✜❣✉r❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ q✉❛✐s ❡❧❡ ❥á ❞❡✈❡ ❧❡✈❛r ♣r♦♥t❛s ❡ q✉❛✐s ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡❞✐r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♥str✉❛♠ s♦③✐♥❤♦s✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❥á ❛s t❡♥❤❛ ❢❡✐t♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛rá ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ♣♦✐s s❡ ❡❧❛s ❢♦r❡♠ ❞❡♠♦r❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ✉♠ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r✱ ❞❛í ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❧❡✈❛❞❛s ♣r♦♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ t✐✈❡✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❞♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❞❡r ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❝✐t♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛ss✉♥t♦s q✉❡ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ r❡s❣❛t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❛t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✳ ■st♦ é ✉♠❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s q✉❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛♠♦s ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s sã♦ ❢r✉t♦s ❞❡ ár❞✉❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✳
❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉✲ ♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ✉s❛r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦str♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✐s❝✐✲ ♣❧✐♥❛s✳ ❊st❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❥❛♠❛✐s s❡ ❞❛rá s❡♠ ✉♠❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❡ s❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ s❡çõ❡s❀ â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳
❆ s❡çã♦ s♦❜r❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉s❛r ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✱ ♠♦str❛ t❛♠❜é♠ t✉t♦r✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❡ r❡❧❛t♦s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ s♦❜r❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛❧❣✉♥s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦✳ ▼♦str♦✉✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ s❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ❛❧t✉r❛s✱ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s r❡✲ ❣✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦❜r❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❛ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ á✉r❡❛✳
◆❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ s❡çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❢♦✐ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♥♦ ●❡♦✲ ●❡❜r❛ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ❊r❛tóst❡♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ t❡rr❛✱ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛s ❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❍✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s✱ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♥t❛✲ t✐✈❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛r ♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❡ ♠♦str❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛✐s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ ❝✉❥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ár❡❛s s♦❜ ❝✉r✈❛s✳
❖ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ é ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❢❛③❡r ♦ s❡✉ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞ ❡♠ ✇✇✇✳❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳♦r❣✳ ◆❡st❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s t✉t♦r✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛✲ ❧❤❛❞♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷ ❯♠ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s
❈♦♠♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠♦str❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛✱ é ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♦❜r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ♦❜r❛ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s✳ ❊st❡ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡♠ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛r ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ❡♠ ❬✶❪ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ❬✷❪✳
❆ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦s ❞♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✶❪✱ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③♦✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❡♠ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❢❡✐t♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❡st❛ ♦❜r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s t❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❚❡ú❞✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣♥és✐❛✱ ❞❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❞❡ P❧❛tã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ s❡ ✐♥s♣✐r♦✉ ❡♠ ❍✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s ❞❡ ◗✉✐♦ ❡ ❡♠ ▲ê♦♥✮✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s ❢❡③ ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❡✲ ❧❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝❛s s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú✲ ❞♦s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦st✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ é ♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦✈❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ t✉❞♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❡♠ ❛✜r✲ ♠❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛s✱ ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s ❡st❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛①✐♦♠❛s✳ ❚✉❞♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞❡st❡s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ♦✉ ♣♦st✉❧❛❞♦s✳ ◆ã♦ s❡ s❛❜❡ ❛♦ ❝❡rt♦ q✉❛✐s ❡ q✉❛♥t♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❡ ♣♦st✉❧❛❞♦s ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡❣♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❞✉③✐r ❛s ✹✻✺ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦s ❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ❡❞✐çõ❡s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ✭❡ ♥ã♦ t❡♠♦s ❛ ♦❜r❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✮✱ ♠❛s ❤á ❢♦rt❡s ✐♥❞í❝✐♦s ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❛s ✶✵ ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
• ❈♦✐s❛s ✐❣✉❛✐s à ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ • ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❛ ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ❛s s♦♠❛s sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ • ❙✉❜tr❛✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ • ❈♦✐s❛s q✉❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ • ❖ t♦❞♦ é ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡✳
• ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ tr❛ç❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❛ ♦✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r✳ • ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛r ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ ✜♥✐t❛ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡t❛✳
• ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r❛✐♦✳
• ❚♦❞♦s ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s r❡t♦s sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳
•❙❡ ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛ ❞✉❛s r❡t❛s ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❧❛❞♦ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❞♦✐s r❡t♦s✱ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s r❡t❛s ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❛s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛rã♦ ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s â♥❣✉❧♦s sã♦ ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞♦✐s â♥❣✉❧♦s r❡t♦s✳
❊st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦st✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❢♦✐ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ✭♥ã♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦s sé❝✉❧♦s ❳❱■■ ❡ ❳❱■■■ ✮✱ ❡ é ✐st♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡st❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬✶❪✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ s❡ s❛❜❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❛t❛ ❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♥❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s✳ ➱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t❡♥❤❛ ✈✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❧❛tô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❆t❡♥❛s ❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❡❧❡ ♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦r ❞❛ ♥♦tá✈❡❧ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r✐❛✳
◆❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✱ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❥á ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳
✸ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s
❆s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ s❡rã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❉❡✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ✐❞é✐❛s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛s ✭❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦s✮ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦✱ r❡t❛ ❡ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ q✉❡ ✈♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s✱ s❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í ✈❛♠♦s ❢❛❧❛r ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✸❪✱ ❝❤❛♠❛✲s❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ à r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s s❡♠✐rr❡t❛s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡t❛ ✭♥ã♦ ❝♦❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✮✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡st❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s♦❢r❡r✱ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s✳ ❏á ✈❛♠♦s ❛q✉✐ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s s❡♠✐rr❡t❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❛í t❡r❡♠♦s ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ♥✉❧♦ ✭✵♦✮ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r❡♠ ❞✉❛s s❡♠✐rr❡t❛s ♦♣♦st❛s ❡ ❞❛í t❡r❡♠♦s
♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ r❛s♦ ✭✶✽✵♦✮✳ ■st♦ é ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✵♦ ❛
✶✽✵♦✳
P❡❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞✐③❡r ❡♥tã♦ q✉❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í t❡♠♦s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❡st❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❛❜❡r ✧q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✧é ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐st♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s é ♦ ❣r❛✉✳
P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ é ❡st❡ ✶♦✱ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❡ ✸✻✵ ♣♦♥t♦s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡✲
rê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❛ç❛❞♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛♠♦s ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❞♦✐s ❞❡st❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ✭❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦s✮✱ ♦❜t❡♠♦s ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✶♦✳ ❊♥tã♦ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞✐③❡r ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✾✵♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✾✵ ❞❡st❡s â♥❣✉❧♦s
❞❡ ✶♦✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❡♥tã♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛✉ é ❜❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✳
❊st❛ ✐❞❡✐❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✶❪✱ ✈❡♠ ❞♦s ❜❛❜✐❧ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ✉s❛✈❛♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ s❡①❛❣❡s✐♠❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛✈❛♠ ❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✻✵ ❡♠ ✻✵✱ ❡ ❞❛í ❝♦♠♦ ✸✻✵ é ✉♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✻✵✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✸✻✵ ♣❛rt❡s✳
❏á ♥❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳ ❆♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❞❡s❡✲ ♥❤❛r♠♦s ♥♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✸✵♦✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠
â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡♥❤❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✸✵♦✳ ■st♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ q✉❡
é ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ❥á ❧❤❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❛❜❡rt✉r❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❢❛ç❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡✳ ➱ ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❛♦ ❢❛③❡r s✉❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ ❝r✐❡♠ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ✹✺♦ ♣❛r❛ â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ ♠❡❞❡♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✸✵♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ■st♦ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛
❢❛❧❤❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s✳
❖s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ✸✵♦✱ ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ sã♦ ♦s s❡✲
❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝❧✐❝❛♠♦s ♥♦ ♦✐t❛✈♦ í❝♦♥❡ ❡ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♥♦ í❝♦♥❡ ➶♥✲ ❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❋✐①❛✿ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♠❛r❝❛♠♦s ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛♠♦s ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✸✵♦ ✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦
❖ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐rá ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r s❡♠ ♦s s❡✉s ❧❛❞♦s ✭s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s AB ❡ AC✮✳ P❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❡st❡s
❧❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦
❖ â♥❣✉❧♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ➶✱ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❇➶❈ ♦✉ â♥❣✉❧♦
❈➶❇✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❆ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦✳
P♦❞❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉s❛r ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♠♦✈❡r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❈ ♦✉ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❇ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ➶ ✈á ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐st♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❝❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ í❝♦♥❡ ➶♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥♦ í❝♦♥❡ ▼♦✈❡r✱ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ❡ ♠♦✈ê✲❧♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❛ ❛♥✐♠❛çã♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❡rã♦ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✈ã♦ s❡ ❞❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦✈❡r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ✈❛r✐❛r s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛r â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✈❡♠ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✶♦✱ ❡ t❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✈ár✐♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝á✲❧♦s✱ ❛té ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s
q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r s✉r❣❡♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡s❡♥❤♦s ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳
X➶♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❣✉❞♦s ✲ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✵♦ ❡ ✾✵♦✳ X➶♥❣✉❧♦s ♦❜t✉s♦s ✲ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✾✵♦ ❡ ✶✽✵♦✳ X➶♥❣✉❧♦ r❡t♦ ✲ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✾✵♦✳
X➶♥❣✉❧♦ r❛s♦ ✲ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✽✵♦✳ X➶♥❣✉❧♦ ♥✉❧♦ ✲ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✵♦✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r t❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s
❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❝♦♠♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✭♣❛r ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝✉❥❛ s♦♠❛ é ✾✵♦✮✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s
s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✭♣❛r ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝✉❥❛ s♦♠❛ é ✶✽✵♦✮✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ✭❞❡
❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬✹❪✱ ✧❞♦✐s â♥❣✉❧♦s sã♦ ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s sã♦ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s s❡♠✐rr❡t❛s ♦♣♦st❛s ❛♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦✧✮ ❡ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✭s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ q✉❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦✐s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳ ❆ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❣❡r❛❞❛s✱ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❞❡✐①❛rã♦ ❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❙❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ❡st♦✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ♣❛r❛ t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ ✶o
❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❥á t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ❛♦ ❝✐t❛r ❡st❡s ♥♦♠❡s✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♠♦str❛r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♦✉✈✐✲❧♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✈❡r ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ r✉✐♠ ❞❡❧❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ P❡r❝❡❜✐ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡st❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞✐♠✐♥✉❡♠✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r t❡♠♦s ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✱ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❡ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❡ ♠♦✈❡r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❊✬ ❡ ❑✬ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝ ❡ ❞ ✐rã♦ ✈❛r✐❛r✱ ♠❛s s❡♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✱ ❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❤ ❡ ❣ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐rã♦ ✈❛r✐❛r ♠❛s s❡♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✿ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡
❖s â♥❣✉❧♦s α ❡ β ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻ sã♦ ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❥á q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦
✈ért✐❝❡ ❆✱ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♦♣♦st❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❆ ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ▼❛s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦sBAE[ ❡ \CADt❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✈ért✐❝❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ♣❡❞✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❡♠✱ ❛s
♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s BAE[ ❡ \CAD✱ ❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡rá ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✐❣✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦✐s✳
◆❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ t✐✈❡✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✐r❡♠ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉çõ❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ ✐❛ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✳ ❊st❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ❛✉❧❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛✳ ➱ ♥♦r♠❛❧ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ t❛♠✲ ❜é♠ ❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s✱ ♠❛s ❡❧❡s ✈ã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s tr♦❝❛♥❞♦ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❞❡r♥♦ ❡ ♣❡❞✐r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❛❧✈❡♠ s✉❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❛s ❛í t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ q✉❡ é ❛ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♥ã♦ só ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s❛✳
◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ BAC[ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✼✵♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ AD−→ ❡♠
❞♦✐s â♥❣✉❧♦s α ❡ β ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✳ ❉✐③❡♠♦s ❡♥tã♦ q✉❡ ❛ s❡♠✐rr❡t❛ −→
AD é ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞♦
â♥❣✉❧♦ ❇➶❈✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❡ s✉❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✿ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛ç❛r ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳
❯♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ é ❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❧ó❣✐♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❤♦rár✐♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r✳ ❆s ✜❣✉r❛s✱ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ❛♣ós ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦s ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ✭♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥ã♦ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ❛q✉✐ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✮✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❤♦rár✐♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ✸✿✸✵❤✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ ♥❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ q✉❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ é ❞❡ ✾✵♦✱ ❛té ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦s s❡
❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦s ❣r❛✉s ♦ ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ❡ ♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✉t♦s s❡ ♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠✐♥✉t♦✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤♦rár✐♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ r❡❧ó❣✐♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s sã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✜♥❛❧ é ❛ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾✿ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❧ó❣✐♦
◆❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦ s❡rá ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✜❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♦s ❞✉❛s r❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❝♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧✳
✸✳✶ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ❋♦r♠❛❞♦s P♦r ❉✉❛s ❘❡t❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❈♦rt❛❞❛s P♦r
❯♠❛ ❘❡t❛ ❚r❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s r❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s sã♦ ❝♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ♥♦♠❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✳ ❆ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❛q✉✐ é ♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❞♦s ♥♦♠❡s q✉❡ ✐rã♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r✱ ❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❊st❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✜❝❛rã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❧❛r❛s s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r♠♦s ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ é ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✿
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵✿ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❝♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦
❈♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ❢❡✐t❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❛✉❧❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❥á ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ sã♦ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳ ▼❛s ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♥♦s ♥♦♠❡s✱ t❡r❡♠♦s ♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❝❤❛♠❛♠♦s ❞❡✿ â♥❣✉✲ ❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✳
P❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡st❡s ♥♦♠❡s✱ ✈❛♠♦s ✉s❛r ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✵✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ♦s ♣❛r❡s sã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝✐♠❛ ✭❛✱ ❜✱ ❝ ♦✉ ❞✮ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s q✉❛tr♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ✭❡✱ ❢✱ ❣ ♦✉ ❤✮✳ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ r❡t❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ t✱ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ✭❜ ❡ ❤ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ t sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s ✭❝ ❡ ❢ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳ ❏á â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s r ❡ s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ✭❞ ❡ ❢ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ✭❜ ❡ ❣ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳ ❊ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s✱ ✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❛ ❡❧❛s✱ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ✭❜ ❡ ❢ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s✿
•❝ ❡ ❡ ✱ ❞ ❡ ❢ sã♦ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ •❜ ❡ ❤ ✱ ❛ ❡ ❣ sã♦ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳
•❝ ❡ ❢ ✱ ❞ ❡ ❡ ✱ sã♦ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ •❛ ❡ ❤ ✱ ❜ ❡ ❣ sã♦ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳
•❛ ❡ ❡ ✱ ❞ ❡ ❤ ✱ ❜ ❡ ❢ ✱ ❝ ❡ ❣ ✱ sã♦ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✳
❆ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣❛r❡s ✜❝♦✉ ❜❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✭sã♦ ❝♦♥❣r✉❡♥t❡s✮ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s sã♦ s✉♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✳
✸✳✷ ❚r✐ss❡çã♦ ❉❡ ❯♠ ➶♥❣✉❧♦
❆ s❡❣✉✐r ✈❡r❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❞❡ s❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♠ três ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦ ❡ ré❣✉❛ ♥ã♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❞❛✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ três ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣♦✈♦❛r❛♠ ❛s ♠❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❛♥t✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❉✉♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈✉❜♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✉❜♦ ❝✉❥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ s❡❥❛ ♦ ❞♦❜r♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✉❜♦ ❞❛❞♦✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ◗✉❛❞r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❈ír❝✉❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ q✉❛✲ ❞r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ár❡❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❛❞♦✳ ❊ ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❚r✐ss❡çã♦ ❞♦ ➶♥❣✉❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ três ✐❣✉❛✐s✳
❆ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡st❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ré❣✉❛ ♥ã♦ ❣r❛❞✉✲ ❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬✶❪✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳ é q✉❡ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡✉ ❛ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ré❣✉❛ ♥ã♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦✳ ❆ t❡♥t❛✲ t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❣❡r❛r❛♠✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳
❱❛♠♦s ♥♦s ❛t❡r ❛q✉✐ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❚r✐ss❡çã♦ ❞♦ ➶♥❣✉❧♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉✲ çã♦ q✉❡ t❡♥t❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡st❛ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❡ q✉❡ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛ ♥♦ ❣❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳ ❖ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❛ s❡r tr✐ss❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ é ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC[ = ✺✶✱✸✹♦
✭✈❡r ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✿ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ tr✐ss❡❝❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦rDE ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♠❡❞✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❞♦❜r♦ ❞❡AB✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛AB = AI = DI =IE✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦ ♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❆■❊ ❡ ❆■❇ sã♦ ✐sós❝❡❧❡s✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♥♦
tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆■❊ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦IAE[ =IEA[✱ ❡ ♥♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆■❇ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦AIB[ =ABI[✳ ❚❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ AIB[ = 2
·AEI[✱ ♣❡❧♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
✭q✉❡ s❡rá ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✮✱ ❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦CBD\=\AED ♣♦✐s sã♦ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❛❧t❡r♥♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞✐st♦ t✉❞♦✱ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦\DBA ♠❡❞❡ ♦ ❞♦❜r♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦CBD\✳ ❈♦♠♦ tr❛ç❛r ❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞❡ ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❡st❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ BD tr✐ss❡❝❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♦
â♥❣✉❧♦ABC[✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ é ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❉ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦AC ✉s❛♥❞♦
❛♣❡♥❛s ré❣✉❛ ♥ã♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❞❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❛ss♦✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ é ❡st❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r❡♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥✲ ❣✉❧♦s✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s é ♠✉✐t♦ ❡①t❡♥s❛✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ t❡♠♦s ✈ár✐❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛✳
✹ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ✈❛♠♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s s❡♥❞♦ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♦ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ✉s❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦r ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♥❡st❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦✳ ❖ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❜ás✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s é ♦ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ❝✉❥♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ é✿ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ é ✶✽✵♦✳
❆ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❡ ♥♦ ●❡♦●❡❜r❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❡ ❡st❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛ é ✈á❧✐❞♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛✳ ❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❛q✉✐ é q✉❡ ❛♣ós s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❡❧❡s ❢❛ç❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛✳ ❊st❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✈ã♦ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❥á q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✉♠ ✉s♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛té s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❡✲♠❛✐❧✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✿ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦
❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ é✿ ✧✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥ã♦ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡❧❡✧✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♠♦str❛ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸✿ ❝♦s♥tr✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦
❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❧❛r s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s é ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦✐s ❡ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦✐s✳ ■st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✹✿ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ✶✵❝♠✱ ✺❝♠ ❡ ✹❝♠
❖ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♠♦✈❛ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦sAC ❡ BD ❡♠ t♦r♥❛ ❞❡ ❆ ❡ ❞❡ ❇✱
r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❈ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝♦♠ ❉ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ P♦ré♠ ❡❧❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ q✉❡ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✶✵❝♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❆ ❡ ❇✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ✜❝❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❈ só ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r✐❛ ❉ s❡AC ❡ BD s♦♠❛❞♦s ❢♦ss❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s
q✉❡ ✶✵❝♠✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r t❡♠♦s ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✱ ❥á q✉❡BD
♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ t❡r ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✻✱✺❝♠✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✺✿ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ✶✵❝♠✱ ✻✱✺❝♠ ❡ ✹❝♠
◆❛s ❞✉❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❣✐r❡♠ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♠✉❞❡♠ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐st♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ t❛❧ r❡❝✉rs♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♥♦♠❡ é s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✜①♦✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✻✿ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✜①♦
❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s é q✉❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♠❛✐♦r â♥❣✉❧♦ ✜❝❛ ♦♣♦st♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♠❛✐♦r ❧❛❞♦ ❡ q✉❡ s❡✉ ♠❡♥♦r â♥❣✉❧♦ ✜❝❛ ♦♣♦st♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ♠❡♥♦r ❧❛❞♦✳ ❉❛í✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠♦str❛rá ❡st❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳
