CLINICAL PROFILE OF ACUTE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT
INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN BETWEEN 2MONTHS TO 5 YEARS
Amitoj Singh Chhina1, Chandrakala R. Iyer2, Vinod Kumar Gornale3, Nagendra Katwe4,
Sushma S5, Harsha P. J6, Chandan C. K7
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
Amitoj Singh Chhina, Chandrakala R. Iyer, Vinod Kumar Gornale, Nagendra Katwe, Sushma S, Harsha P. J, Chandan C. K. “Clinical Profile of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children between 2 months to 5 Years”. Journal of Evidence based Medicine and Healthcare; Volume 2, Issue 35, August 31, 2015; Page: 5426-5431, DOI: 10.18410/jebmh/2015/754
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in under-five children in developing countries. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study the various risk factors, clinical profile and outcome of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRI) in children aged 2 month to 5 years. OBJECTIVE: clinical features, laboratory assessment and morbidity and mortality pattern associated with acute lower respiratory tract infections in children aged 2 months to 5 years. METHODS: 100 ALRI cases fulfilling WHO criteria for pneumonia, in the age group of 2 month to 5 years were evaluated for clinical profile as per a predesigned proforma in a rural medical college. RESULTS: Of cases 61% were infants and remaining 39%12-60 months age group, males outnumbered females with sex ratio of 1.3;1. Elevated total leukocyte counts for age were observed in only 22% of cases, of these 3% were having pneumonia, 9% severe pneumonia and 10% very severe pneumonia. Significant association was found between leukocytosis and ALRI severity (p=0.0001) Positive blood culture was obtained in 8% of cases and was significantly associated with ALRI severity (p=.0.027). Among the ALRI cases, 84% required oxygen supplementation at any time during the hospital stay and 8% required mechanical ventilation. The mortality rate was 1%; with 99% of cases recovering and getting discharged uneventfully. CONCLUSION: Among the clinical variables, the signs and symptoms of ALRI as per the WHO ARI Control Programme were found in almost all cases. Regarding the laboratory profile, leukocytosis and blood culture positivity were observed in a small percentage, but significant association with ALRI severity was observed for both. Thus, clinical signs, and not invasive blood tests are a better diagnostic tools, though the latter may provide additional therapeutic and prognostic information in severe disease.
KEYWORDS: Pneumonia, Mortality, o2 requirement, Mechanical ventilation.
INTRODUCTION: Every year ARI in young children is responsible for an estimated 1.9 million deaths worldwide. It is estimated that Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Nepal together account for 40 percent of the global ARI mortality. About 90 percent of the ARI deaths are due to pneumonia which is usually bacterial in origin. The incidence of pneumonia in developed countries may be a low as 3-4 percent, its incidence in developing countries ranges between 20 to 30 percent. This difference is due to high prevalence of malnutrition, low birth weight and indoor air pollution in developing countries.1,2,3
ARI is responsible for about 30-50 percent of visits to health facilities and for about 20-40 per cent of admissions to hospitals.2
In India, in the states and districts with high infant and child mortality rates, ARI is one of the major causes of death. Hospital records from states with high infant mortality rates show that up to 13% of in-patient deaths in paediatric wards are due to ARI. The proportion of death due to ARI in the community is much higher as many children die at home.3 The reason for high case
fatality may be that children are either not brought to the hospitals or brought too late. According to WHO estimates, respiratory infections caused about 987,000 deaths in India, of which 969,000 were due to acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI), 10,000 due to acute upper respiratory infections (AURI), and about 9000 due to otitis media. The burden of disease in terms of DALYs lost was 25.5 million.3
The present study has been done to study clinical profile, laboratory markers and morbidity and mortality pattern in acute lower respiratory infection cases.
METHODOLOGY: After obtaining clearance from ethical clearance committee present prospective study of conducted at MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Bengaluru from January 2011 TO December 2011.
Inclusion Criteria: Children with ALRI from 2 months to 60 months.
Exclusion Criteria:
Children less than 2 months and more than 60 months.
Children with any underlying chronic respiratory or cardiac illness.
Children in the age group of 2 months to 5 year admitted with ALRI during the study period were enrolled in the study as cases. A case of ALRI is defined as per ARI Control Programme as "presence of cough with fast breathing of more than 60/min in less than 2 month of age, more than 50/min in 2 month to 12 month of age and more than 40/min in 12 month to 5 year of age, the duration of illness being less than 30 days". The presence of lower chest wall indrawing was taken as evidence of severe pneumonia. The presence of refusal of feeds, central cyanosis, lethargy or convulsions was taken as evidence of very severe pneumonia. Verbal, informed consent of the child's carer was obtained. A detailed history and physical examination was done according to a predesigned proforma to elicit various potential risk factors and other relevant history. Age of the child was recorded in completed months and age of parents in completed year. Routine haematological investigations were done in all cases to know the degree of anaemia and blood counts; chest x ray was done in all cases to categorise the ALRI into clinical entities and to detect complications, if any. Other specific investigations were done as per requirement in individual cases and all the cases were treated as per the standard protocol depending on the type of ALRI.
ANALYSIS: After entering the data in Excel sheet Chi square test was used for analysis and “p” value <0.05 was taken as significant.
remaining 39%12-60 months age group, males outnumbered females with sex ratio of 1.3;1. Of these cases, the final diagnoses were as follows: 41% were diagnosed as bronchilolitis, 26% as lobar pneumonia, 17% as bronchopneumonia, 10% as WLRI (wheeze associated lower respiratory infection), 5% as acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and 1% as empyaema thoracis. Elevated total leukocyte counts for age were observed in only 22% of cases, of these 3% were having pneumonia, 9% severe pneumonia and 10% very severe pneumonia. Significant association was found between leukocytosis and ALRI severity (p=0.0001) Positive blood culture was obtained in 8% of cases and was significantly associated with ALRI severity(p=.0.027). Among the ALRI cases, 84% required oxygen supplementation at any time during the hospital stay and 8% required mechanical ventilation.The mortality rate was 1%; with 99% of cases recovering and getting discharged uneventfully.
DISCUSSION: Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (ALRI) is the leading cause of under-5 childhood morbidity in the world, with nearly 156 million new episodes each year, of which India accounts for a bulk of 43 million. The mortality burden is 1.9 million per year, out of which India accounts for around four hundred thousand deaths per year.1 Among all the children diagnosed
with ALRI, 7-13% are severe enough to require hospital admission.4
Majority of the patients were admitted with fever, cough and breathlessness as their main complaints (90%, 100% and 96% respectively). The other common complaints were chest indrawing in 80% and runny nose in 69% of patients. Refusal of feeds was present in 24% cases and was the commonest criteria for classifying as very severe pneumonia. Wheeze was complained of by 13% cases and vomiting and diarrhoea were observed in 11% cases. Convulsions were present in 2% of cases.
Of the 100 cases included in the study, 16% were classified as pneumonia, 60 % as severe pneumonia and 24% as very severe pneumonia according to the ARI Control Program guidelines. However, in the study by Savitha et al,5 12.51% were graded as pneumonia, 82.69%
as severe pneumonia and 4.8 % as very severe pneumonia. Yousif et al6 graded 23.4% as no
pneumonia, 48.2% as pneumonia, 19.6% as severe pneumonia and 8.8% as very severe pneumonia.
Of these cases, the final diagnoses were as follows: 41% were diagnosed as bronchilolitis, 26% as lobar pneumonia, 17% as bronchopneumonia, 10% as WLRI (wheeze associated lower respiratory infection), 5% as acute laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) and 1% as empyaema thoracis.
Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) are among the commonest causes of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age, especially in developing countries. In our study most of ALRI cases are infants (61%),which goes in accordance with previous studies by Savitha et al,5 Yousif et al6 and Broor et al7 where infants with ALRI constituted 62.5%, 58.4%
and 62.5% respectively. This age group is particularly susceptible due to waning of maternally conferred immunity towards the latter half of infancy. There was, however, no significant association between age and ALRI severity.
et al,5 Yousif et al6 and Broor et al7 respectively. Our study showed similar results with 57% males
among the cases studied. The reason behind this may be that male children are generally cared for more and thus brought earlier and more often for treatment. There was no significant association between sex and ALRI severity, in accordance with the findings of Yousif et al.6
Elevated total leukocyte counts for age were observed in only 22% of cases. Out of these, 3% were graded as pneumonia, 9% as severe pneumonia and 10% as very severe pneumonia. However, significant association was found between leukocytosis and ALRI severity. Based on the final diagnosis, bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia constituted 81% of the cases with leukocytosis. Leukocytosis has been considered as an important, albeit non-specific correlate of ALRI, particularly those of bacterial aetiology.8
Positive blood culture was obtained in only 8% of cases; however, significant association was found between blood culture and ALRI severity. The most common organism was Staphylococcus aureus. The reason why this was the most common isolate in this study might be because the majority of children with bacteraemia were severely malnourished and Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia is commonly associated with malnutrition.9
Of the 100 cases studied, 84% required oxygen supplementation at any time during the hospital stay. Among those cases graded severe pneumonia and higher, 97.6% required oxygen supplementation.
Mechanical ventilation was required by 8% cases, all classified as very severe pneumonia. This constituted 33% of the very severe pneumonia cases and 9.5% of the cases graded severe pneumonia and higher. The study by Tiewsoh et al10 reported higher rates of ventilation among
children with severe pneumonia (20.5%).
There was one death among the 100 cases, and the other 99 recovered and were discharged uneventfully. The complication rate was 1% in our study. The mortality rate among severe pneumonia and higher grades was 1.2%, which was lower than that reported by Tiewsoh et al10 (10.5%) and the study by Nantanda et al11 in children with severe pneumonia, who
reported amortality of 15.3% and complications in 1.9%.
CONCLUSION: Among the clinical variables, the signs and symptoms of ALRI as per the WHO ARI Control Programme were found in almost all cases. Regarding the laboratory profile, leukocytosis and blood culture positivity were observed in a small percentage, but significant association with ALRI severity was observed for both. Thus, clinical signs, and not invasive blood tests are a better diagnostic tools, though the latter may provide additional therapeutic and prognostic information in severe disease.
The abovementioned factors can be countered in the following ways:
Training of local health personnel in early recognition, treatment and referral of sick and at-risk children.
Effective implementation of the existing national health programmes to improve the health status of under-five children.
REFERENCES:
1. Rudan I,Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ. 2008; 86: 408–4162.
2. Health Situation in the South-East Asia Region 1994- 1997. New Delhi: WHO Regional Office for SEAR; 1999.
3. WHO Weekly Epidemiological Record No. 7. WHO; 15th Feb 2008.
4. Technical basis for WHO recommendations on the management of pneumonia in children at first level health facilities. WHO/ART/ 91.20 Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991. 5. Savitha MR, Nandeeshwara SB, Pradeep Kumar MJ, ul-Haque F, Raju CK. Modifiable risk
factors for acute lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J Pediatr. 2007; 74: 477-482. 6. Yousif TK, Khaleq BANA. Epidemiology of acute lower respiratory tract infections among
children under five years attending Tikrit general teaching hospital. Middle Eastern J Fam Med. 2006; 4(3): 48-51.
7. Broor S, Pandey RM, Ghosh M, Maitreyi RS, Lodha R, Singhal TS et al. Risk factors for acute lower respiratory tract infections. Indian Pediatr. 2001; 38: 1361-1367.
8. Shuttleworth DB, Charney E. Leukocyte count in childhood pneumonia. Am J Dis Child. 1971; 122(5): 393-6.
9. Cotton MF, Burger PJ, Bodenstein WJ. Bacteraemia in children in the south-western Cape. A hospitalbased survey. S Afr Med J 1992; 81: 87–90.
10.Tiewsoh K, Lodha R, Pandey R, Broor S, Kalaivani M, Kabra SK. Factors determining the outcome of children hospitalized with severe pneumonia. BMC Pediatr. 2009; 23: 9-15. 11.Nantanda R, Hildenwall H, Peterson S, Kaddu-Mulindwa D, Kalyesubula I, Tumwine JK.
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Characteristic LRTI
Pneumonia (16)
Severe pneumonia
(60)
V. severe pneumonia
(24)
Total
Age 2-12 months 10 34 17 61
13-60 months 6 26 7 39
Sex
Male 9 34 14 57
Female 7 26 10 43
Table 1: Baseline charasteristics of study group
Symptoms Number Percentage Clinical diagnosis Number Percentage
Fever 90 90% Bronchiolitis 41 41%
Cough 100 100% Lobar pneumonia 26 26%
Breathlessness 96 96% Bronchopneumonia 17 17%
Chest indrawing 80 80% WLRI 10 10%
Vomiting/diarrhoea 11 11% Empayema thoracis 1 1%
Wheeze 13 13% Total 100
Refusal of feeds 24 24%
Convulsions 2 2%
Table 2: Distribution of cases according to symptoms and final diagnosis
Pneumonia Severe pneumonia
Very severe
pneumonia Total P value
Blood c/s
Positive 0 1 7 8
0.0001
Negative 16 59 17 92
TLC Normal 13 51 14 78 0.027
Raised 3 9 10 22
Table 3: Laboratory markers of severity of ALRI
Cases Oxygen
supplementation Ventilation Death
Pneumonia 16 2 - -
Severe pneumonia 60 58 - -
Very severe pneumonia 24 24 8 1
Total 100 84 8 1
Table 4: Morbidity and Mortality among ALRI cases
5. Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, PES Medical College, NTR University, Kuppam, A. P, India. 6. Assistant Professor, Department of
Pediatrics, PES Medical College, NTR University, Kuppam, A. P, India. 7. Assistant Professor, Department of
Pediatrics, PES Medical College, NTR University, Kuppam, A. P, India.
NAME ADDRESS EMAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Dr. Vinod Kumar Gornale, C/O. Manirao, Sai Nivas, House No. 19-6-524/3(27), Shiv Nagar, North Bidar-585401, Karnataka.
E-mail: gornalevinod@gmail.com
Date of Submission: 22/08/2015. Date of Peer Review: 24/08/2015. Date of Acceptance: 27/08/2015. Date of Publishing: 29/08/2015.
AUTHORS:
1. Amitoj Singh Chhina 2. Chandrakala R. Iyer 3. Vinod Kumar Gornale 4. Nagendra Katwe 5. Sushma S. 6. Harsha P. J. 7. Chandan C. K.
PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS:
1. Post Graduate, Department of Pediatrics, MVJ Medical College & Research Hospital, Hoskote, Bangalore. 2. Assistant Professor, Department of
Pediatrics, PES Medical College, NTR University, Kuppam, A. P, India. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of
Pediatrics, PES Medical College, NTR University, Kuppam, A. P, India.
4. Professor, Department of Pediatrics, PES Medical College, NTR University,
