●❯❙❚❆❱❖ ❇❖❈❍■❖
❊❙❚❯❉❖ ◆❯▼➱❘■❈❖ ❉❖ ❊❋❊■❚❖ ❉❊ ❇▲❖❈❆●❊▼
❍■❉❘❖❉■◆➶▼■❈❆ ❊▼ ❯▼ ❚Ú◆❊▲ ❉❊ ❈❆❱■❚❆➬➹❖ ❙❖❇❘❊
❖ ❊❙❈❖❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❆❖ ❘❊❉❖❘ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❙❯❇▼❆❘■◆❖
●❯❙❚❆❱❖ ❇❖❈❍■❖
❊❙❚❯❉❖ ◆❯▼➱❘■❈❖ ❉❖ ❊❋❊■❚❖ ❉❊ ❇▲❖❈❆●❊▼
❍■❉❘❖❉■◆➶▼■❈❆ ❊▼ ❯▼ ❚Ú◆❊▲ ❉❊ ❈❆❱■❚❆➬➹❖ ❙❖❇❘❊
❖ ❊❙❈❖❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❆❖ ❘❊❉❖❘ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❙❯❇▼❆❘■◆❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣✳ ◆❛✈❛❧ ❡ ❖❝❡â♥✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❘♦q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❆ss✐
Este exemplar foi revisado e corrigido em relação à versão original, sob responsabilidade única do autor e com a anuência de seu orientador. São Paulo, ______ de ____________________ de __________
Assinatura do autor: ________________________
Assinatura do orientador: ________________________
Catalogação-na-publicação
Bochio, Gustavo
Estudo numérico do efeito de blocagem hidrodinâmica em um túnel de cavitação sobre o escoamento ao redor de um submarino / G. Bochio -- versão corr. -- São Paulo, 2015.
127 p.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Engenharia Naval e Oceânica.
■❢ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ♠❡❡t ✇✐t❤ ❚r✐✉♠♣❤ ❛♥❞ ❉✐s❛st❡r ❆♥❞ tr❡❛t t❤♦s❡ t✇♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦rs ❥✉st t❤❡ s❛♠❡
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❡ ❡ ❖❧❛♥❞❡③✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡s✲ tr❛❞♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛✱ ▼❛r✐❛♥❛✱ ♣♦r s✉♣♦rt❛r ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã✱ ❇r✉♥❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❘♦q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❆ss✐✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♣ós✲ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ◆❉❋✿ ❏✉❧✐♦ ❘✳ ▼❡♥❡❣❤✐♥✐✱ ❏♦sé ❆✳ P✳ ❆r❛♥❤❛✱ ❈❧ó✈✐s ❆✳ ▼❛r✲ t✐♥s✱ ❋á❜✐♦ ❙❛❧t❛r❛✱ ❊r♥❛♥✐ ❱✳ ❱♦❧♣❡✱ ❏♦r❣❡ ▲✳ ❇❛❧✐ñ♦ ❡ ❇r✉♥♦ ❙✳ ❈❛r♠♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ◆❉❋ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✿ ▼✉r✐❧♦ ❈✐❝♦❧✐♥✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ▼❛❧t❛✱ ❈és❛r ❋r❡✐r❡✱ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❙❡rs♦♥✱ ❋❛❜✐❛♥♦ ■♠❛❞❛✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ◆❡♠♦t♦✱ ❘❡✐♥❛❧❞♦ ❖rs❡❧❧✐✱ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❆③❡✈❡❞♦✱ ❙❡r❣✐♦ P❡❧❧❡❣r✐♥✐✱ ❏♦ã♦ ■s❧❡r✱ ●✉st❛✈♦ P❛t✐ñ♦✱ ▼❛r✐❛♥❛ ❖rt❡❣❛✱ ❆❧❡ss❛♥❞r♦ ▲✐♠❛✳ ❆♦s q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ●✐♦r✐❛✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ Pr♦✈❛s✐✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❋r❛♥③✐♥✐ ❡ ❆❧❢r❡❞♦ ●❛② ◆❡t♦✳ P❡❧♦ ót✐♠♦ ❝♦♥✈í✈✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐❝❛s✱ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ♥ã♦ tã♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛ss✐♠ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ót✐♠♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦s ❡①tr❛♦r❞✐♥ár✐♦s s❡❝r❡tár✐♦s✱ ▲✉❝✐❛ ▼❡ss❛ ❡ ❱✐t♦r ●♦♠❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ❞❡❞✐✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s é ✉♠ t❡♠❛ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❤á ♠✉✐t♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❡♥♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ▼❛r✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✱ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ tú♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛✈✐t❛çã♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ s✉r❥❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❙❯❇❖❋❋ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ tú♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛✈✐t❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ✭❘❆◆❙✮ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ tú♥❡❧ ✭s♦❜ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠✮ ❡ s♦❜ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ✭r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ✭❘❡✮ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❡ ❲■❈❙ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ❡ss❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♠❜♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ sã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ 10%✱ ♠❛s r❡ss❛❧✈❛s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s q✉❛♥t♦ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠
❞❡ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❲■❈❙ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳
P❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ❛ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♥❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ ❡ ❘❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦✳ ❆ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✉s♦✉ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞rást✐❝❛s ♥❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
❚❤❡ Pr♦❥❡❝t ♦❢ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥❡s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❢♦r ②❡❛rs✳ ■♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❢✉❧❧ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ✐♥ t❤✐s ❛r❡❛✱ ❧❡❛❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ◆❛✈② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲ ♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst s✉❜♠❛r✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥tr②✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ ♠❛♥② st✉❞✐❡s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ s❝❛❧❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ t❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝❛✈✐t❛t✐♦♥ t✉♥♥❡❧✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡s❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts✱ ♠❛♥② s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ✉♥✲ ❝❡rt❛✐♥t② ❛r❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❛r✐s❡ t❤❛t ♠❛② ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞✱ ♦♥❡ ❡✛❡❝t t❤❛t st❛♥❞s ♦✉t ✐s t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦❞✐♥❛♠✐❝ ❜❧♦❝❦❛❣❡✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ t❤✐s ♠❛st❡r✬s t❤❡s✐s ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❧♦❝❦❛❣❡ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❉❆❘P❆ ❙❯❇❖❋❋ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡st s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❛✈✐t❛t✐♦♥ t✉♥♥❡❧✳ ❚♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ t❤✐s✱ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s✐✲ ♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s✲❆✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ◆❛✈✐❡r ❙t♦❦❡s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✭❘❆◆❙✮ ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣❧❛❝❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t✉♥♥❡❧ ✭✉♥❞❡r ❜❧♦❝❦❛❣❡✮ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❞❡❡♣ ✇❛t❡r ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ✭r❡❢❡✲ r❡♥❝❡✮✱ t♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ ❛♥❣❧❡s ♦❢ ❛tt❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ◆✉♠❜❡r ✭❘❡✮✳ ❈♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ♦❢ ❤②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢♦r❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♠♦♠❡♥t ✇❡r❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❲■❈❙ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❢❛❝t♦rs t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝♦rr❡❝t t❤❡s❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ❜♦t❤ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢ ❤②✲ ❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢♦r❝❡s ❛♥❞ ♠♦♠❡♥t t♦ ❜❧♦❝❦❛❣❡ r❛t✐♦s ❜❡❧♦✇10%✱ ❜✉t r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♠❛❞❡
❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s s✉❣❣❡st❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❡s ❛r❡ t❡st❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❲■❈❙ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❤❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞✳
❆t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✱ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥❡ ✇❛s st✉❞✐❡❞✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t t❤❡♦r②✱ t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❤②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❜❧♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦✇✳ ❚❤❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡❞ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❛♥❣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛tt❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❘❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞✳ ❙❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜♦❞② ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❤❡❛r str❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✉❧❧ ✇❛s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❤②❞r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❜❧♦❝❦❛❣❡ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝❛✉s❡ ❞r❛st✐❝ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✢♦✇ t♦♣♦❧♦❣②✳
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬Õ❊❙
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✶✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶ ❡♠ á❣✉❛s ❛❜❡rt❛s✭❛✮ ❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ s❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❝♦♥✜✲ ♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tú♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛✈✐t❛çã♦ ✭16% ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❜❧♦q✉❡❛❞♦✮✭❜✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✸✳✶ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❉❆❘P❆ ❙❯❇❖❋❋ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❆❋❋✶ ❡ ❆❋❋✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✸✳✷ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✭♣✱q✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✸ ◆ós ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✹ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛s❛ ❡♠ ❞❡❧t❛ ❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡
s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✺ ●r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❡♠ tú♥❡❧ ❡ s❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✻ ❋❛t♦r λ3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✼ ❋❛t♦r❡sK1 ❡ K3 ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦r♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✽ ❋❛t♦r τ1 ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ tú♥❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣❧❛❝❛ ♣❧❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✶✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❲■❈❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✶✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✹✳✶✷ ❙✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ ❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❉❆❘P❆ ❙❯❇❖❋❋ ❆❋❋✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✷ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ s❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✸ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲
t♦r♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✹ ❉✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✺ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ♥♦ tú♥❡❧ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✻ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞❛ ♠❛❧❤❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✼ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞❛ ♠❛❧❤❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s s♦❜ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✽ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❛
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✾ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ❞♦ tú♥❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✺✳✶✵ P♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❞♦ tú♥❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❍✉❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢r✐❝çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❍✉❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s r❛❞✐❛❧ ❡ ❛①✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡♠ X/L = 0,978✱
❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❍✉❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ①✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❘♦❞❞②
✭✶✾✾✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘♦❞❞②
✭✶✾✾✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✻ ❈❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✭U/U∞✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦
s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✼ ❈❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✭U/U∞✮ ♣❛r❛ α = 5
◦ s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✽ ❈❛♠♣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✭U/U∞✮ ♣❛r❛ α = 20
◦ s♦❜ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✾ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛rr❛st♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠
❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✵ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✉st❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❛③õ❡s ❞❡
❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✶ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣✉✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❡ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✷ Pr❡ssã♦ ♥♦ tú♥❡❧ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✸ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❛♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✹ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✺ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡CD ❝♦♠ α ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✻ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡CL ❝♦♠ α ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✼ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡CM ❝♦♠ α ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r ❢♦♥t❡✲s♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥✲
s✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✶✾ P♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s t♦♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ tú♥❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✵ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐✲
❞❛❞❡s✱ βH = 1%✱α = 0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✶ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐✲
❞❛❞❡s✱ βH = 4%✱α = 0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✷ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐✲
❞❛❞❡s✱ βH = 9%✱α = 0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✸ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ βH = 16%✱ α= 0 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✹ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ βH = 1%✱ α= 5,◦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✺ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ βH = 4%✱ α= 5,◦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✻ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ βH = 9%✱ α= 5,◦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✼ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ βH = 16%✱ α= 5,◦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✽ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛✲
❞❡s✱ βH = 1%✱ α= 20,◦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✷✾ ❆❥✉st❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛✲
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡CM ❝♦♠ α✱ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❲■❈❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸✹ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠α= 25◦✭❛✮▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ①③✳ ✭❜✮▲✐♥❤❛s
❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ①② ✭♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸✺ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦r♣♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥✲
s✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸✻ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α= 2◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸✼ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α= 5◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸✽ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳ α= 10◦✳ P♦♥t♦s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✳ ✶✵✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✸✾ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳ α= 15◦✳ P♦♥t♦s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛✳ ✶✵✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✵ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳ α= 18◦✳ P♦♥t♦s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❡
♣♦♥t♦s ✈❡r❞❡s ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✶ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡
s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳ α= 20◦✳ P♦♥t♦s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❡
♣♦♥t♦s ✈❡r❞❡s ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✷ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡
s❡♣❛r❛çã♦✳ α= 25◦✳ P♦♥t♦s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠ár✐❛ ❡
♣♦♥t♦s ✈❡r❞❡s ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐s♦ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✐❧✉str❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈órt✐❝❡s ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡
s♦t❛✈❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ◗✳ α= 25◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶✵✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✈♦rt✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥♦s ♥♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳ α= 25◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✹ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥♦s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❛♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✺ P♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮
❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✻ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 0✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 2◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✽ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 5◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✹✾ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 10◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶✶✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✵ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 15◦
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶✶✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✶ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 18◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶✶✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✷ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 20◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶✶✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✸ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 25◦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳✶✶✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✹ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α= 5◦
✱βH = 1%✳ ✶✶✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✺ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α= 5◦✱
βH = 4%✳ ✶✶✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✻ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α= 5◦✱
βH = 9%✳ ✶✶✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✼ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α = 5◦✱
βH =
16%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✽ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 5◦✱
βH = 1%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✺✾ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 5◦✱
βH = 4%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✻✵ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
α= 5◦✱
βH = 9%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✻✶ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 5◦✱
βH = 16%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✻✷ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α = 20◦✱
βH =
1%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✻✸ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❆❋❋✶✳ α = 20◦
✱ βH =
4%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✻✹ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 20◦✱
βH = 1%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✲ ✻✳✻✺ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❡✐①♦ ②✮×â♥❣✉❧♦ ϕ ✭❡✐①♦ ①✮✳ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s❝♦ ✭d/L✮✳ α= 20◦✱
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❉❆❘P❆ ❙❯❇❖❋❋ ❆❋❋✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♥❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❞r♦✲
❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s βH ❡ α ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♥❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❞r♦✲
❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s βH ❡ α✱ ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✳ ✽✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♥❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❞r♦✲
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❙■●▲❆❙
❈❋❉ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉✐❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✭❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❋❧✉✐❞ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝s✮
❉❆❘P❆ ❆❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❉❡❢❡s❛ ✭❉❡❢❡♥s❡ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❆❣❡♥❝②✮
▲❊❙ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ●r❛♥❞❡s ❊s❝❛❧❛s✭▲❛r❣❡ ❊❞❞② ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✮ ◆❉❋ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❋❧✉✐❞♦s
P■❱ ❱❡❧♦❝✐♠❡♥tr✐❛ ♣♦r ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s✭P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ■♠❛❣❡ ❱❡❧♦❝✐♠❡tr②✮ ❘❆◆❙ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ✭❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ❆✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ◆❛✈✐❡r✲❙t♦❦❡s✮
❙❙❚ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❙❤❡❛r ❙tr❡ss ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt✮
❯❘❆◆❙ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ❚r❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✭❯♥st❡❛❞② ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s ❆✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ◆❛✈✐❡r✲❙t♦❦❡s✮ ❯❙P ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❙❮▼❇❖▲❖❙
α ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡
αm ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡
βH ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠
ν ❱✐s❝♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✢✉✐❞♦ ρ ▼❛ss❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦ ✢✉✐❞♦
τR ❚❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s
µ ❱✐s❝♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✢✉✐❞♦ µt ❱✐s❝♦s✐❞❛❞❡ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t❛
ǫ ❉✐ss✐♣❛çã♦ ✈✐s❝♦s❛ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t❛ ω ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t❛
λ3 ❋❛t♦r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ εbs ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ t♦t❛❧
εbs ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ só❧✐❞❛
εwb ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡st❡✐r❛
θ ❋❛t♦r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❡st❡✐r❛ τ1 ❋❛t♦r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ só❧✐❞❛ σj ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡
C ➪r❡❛ ❞❛ s❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ tú♥❡❧
CF ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✢✉t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
CD ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛rr❛st♦
CDu ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛rr❛st♦ t♦t❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦
CDi ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛rr❛st♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♥♦ tú♥❡❧
CDo P❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛rr❛st♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦
CLu ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✉st❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦
Cpb ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❜❛s❡
Cf ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦
Cp ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦
CM ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣✉✐♥❛❞❛
CM u ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣✉✐♥❛❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦
Dω ❚❡r♠♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈♦ ❝r✉③❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ω
DB ❆rr❛st♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♥♦ tú♥❡❧
Dmax ❉✐â♠❡tr♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
L ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ k ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t❛
K1 ❋❛t♦r ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ só❧✐❞❛
p Pr❡ssã♦
P Pr❡ssã♦ ♠é❞✐❛
Pk ❚❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ k
Pω ❚❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ω
q Pr❡ssã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛
Re ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❘❡②♥♦❧❞s
❙ ❚❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦
Sm ❙✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♠♦❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
S ➪r❡❛ ❞❛ s❡çã♦ tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ t ❊s♣❡ss✉r❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦
T ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t❛ Vsub ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
y+ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s U∞ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
u ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ① v ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ② w ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ③
❯ ❱❡t♦r ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛
U ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ① V ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ② W ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ③
✉′
❱❡t♦r ❞❛s ✢✉t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡
u′
❋❧✉t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ①
v′
❋❧✉t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ②
w′
❋❧✉t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ③
¯
ui ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ①
¯
❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✶ ❊s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✸ ❈♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✶ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋❧✉✐❞♦s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✷ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t✉r❜✉❧ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❊s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚r✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✾ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ tú♥❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✻✳✶ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✻✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s s♦❜ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✻✳✸ ❈♦rr❡çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻✳✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻✳✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❲■❈❙ ✭❲❛❧❧ ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❈♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✻✳✹ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✻✳✹✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✻✳✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s♦❜ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✷✵
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❖s s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛✱ ✈❡③ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❣✉❡rr❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ❡ss❡s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✱ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ❡ r♦❜✉st♦s✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r♣♦s s✉❜♠❡rs♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s✱ é ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳ ❙❡✉ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ s❡✉ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❧❡✈❛ à ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦r♣♦s✳
◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❡♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♥❝❛❜❡✲ ç❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ▼❛r✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♥ã♦ só ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ár❡❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡st✉❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦s✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❛✱ ❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ▼❛r✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ♣r♦❥❡t❛ss❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥♦ ▲❆❇❍■❉❘❖ ❞♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❆r❛♠❛r✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ tú♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛✈✐t❛çã♦✳
❖ tú♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛✈✐t❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❥❡t♦ ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r✱ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳ ❊ss❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛✲ rã♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❡ ♦❜t❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❛♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ P■❱ ✭P❛rt✐❝❧❡✲■♠❛❣❡ ❱❡❧♦❝✐♠❡tr②✱ ♥♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✮✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞❡ss❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❡st❛rá ❡①♣♦st♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
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s❡♥❞♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥á✲❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s✱ ❧♦❣♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ tú♥❡✐s ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ✈❡♥t♦✱ é ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡✳ ❊❧❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ tú♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛✈✐t❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t♦✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡st❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ é✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ♥♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦♥✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛✉s❛ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦s✿ ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❡str❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡st❡✐r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♥❡ss❡s ♣❛râ♠❡✲ tr♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ❡❢❡✐t♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sõ❡s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❡ ♥❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❢♦rç❛s t♦t❛✐s✳
❉♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s✱ é ♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❞❡s✈✐❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ tú♥❡❧ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞❛ ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛s ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❛rr❡❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡ é ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✐rá ❢♦❝❛r✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❤á ♠✉✐t♦s ❛♥♦s ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐✲❧♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ❡♠ tú♥❡✐s ❞❡ ✈❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✱ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛✱ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ s❡r ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦✳
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✷✸
❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s❄
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♥t❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝✐t❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳ ❊ss❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r✐❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❡✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ ❛♥t❡✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s r❡❛✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s✉❣❡r✐r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ tú♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛✈✐t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ▲❆❇❍■❉❘❖ ❛♦ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❧á ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ s❡ ✈❛❧❡rá ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠✱ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❡✱ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♥❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❞♦ tú♥❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦✳ ❖s ❞♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s s❡rã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ s✉❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ s❡rá ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ s✉❜♠❛r✐♥♦ s❡rá r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ❛ ❜❧♦❝❛❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s ❡ s❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
