❘❊◆❆◆ ❈❊❘◗❯❊■❘❆ ❆❋❖◆❙❖ ❆▲❱❊❙
❘❊❉❊❙ ❉❊ ❙❊◆❙❖❘❊❙ ❙❊▼ ❋■❖✿ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❊
❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖ ❉❆ ❈❆▼❆❉❆ ❉❊ ❊◆▲❆❈❊
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝✲ ♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❚ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳
❘❊◆❆◆ ❈❊❘◗❯❊■❘❆ ❆❋❖◆❙❖ ❆▲❱❊❙
❘❊❉❊❙ ❉❊ ❙❊◆❙❖❘❊❙ ❙❊▼ ❋■❖✿ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❊
❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖ ❉❆ ❈❆▼❆❉❆ ❉❊ ❊◆▲❆❈❊
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝✲ ♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❚ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢a✳ ❉ra✳ ❈í♥t✐❛ ❇♦r❣❡s ▼❛r❣✐
Este exemplar foi revisado e corrigido em relação à versão original, sob responsabilidade única do autor e com a anuência de seu orientador.
São Paulo, de dezembro de 2014.
Assinatura do autor ____________________________
Assinatura do orientador _______________________
Catalogação-na-publicação
Alves, Renan Cerqueira Afonso
Redes de sensores sem fio: análise de desempenho da camada de enlace / R.C.A. Alves. -- versão corr. -- São Paulo, 2014.
139 p.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Sistemas Digitais.
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❆s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♠✲ ♣❡♥❤♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✳ Pr❡✈❡r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳ ❈♦♥st❛t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ sã♦ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s ♥♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ às ♠étr✐❝❛s ❛❢❡r✐❞❛s ❡ t❡♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❢❡r✐r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡✿ ✈❛③ã♦✱ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛✱ ❛tr❛s♦ ❡ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ◆❙✷✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❛▼❛①❋r❛♠❡❘❡tr✐❡s✱ ♠❛❝▼❛①❈❙▼❆❇❛❝❦♦✛s✱ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❈❲ ❡ ❛❯♥✐t❇❛❝❦♦✛P❡r✐♦❞ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ♣♦ss✉❡♠ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛s✲ s✐♠étr✐❝♦ ❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
▲♦✇ ❝♦st ❛♥❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ✇✐r❡❧❡ss s❡♥✲ s♦r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❡♠♣❧♦② ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛s ✐ts ▼❆❈ ❧❛②❡r✳ ❋♦r❡s❡❡✐♥❣ t❤✐s st❛♥❞❛r❞✬s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ♠❡tr✐❝s r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✳ ■t ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ✇♦r❦s ✇✐t❤ t❤❛t ❛✐♠ ❛r❡ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ♠❡tr✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❛♥❞ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❛ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♠❛② ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❧② s❡t ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ❝♦✈❡rs t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠❡tr✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st✿ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✱ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② r❛t❡✱ ❞❡❧❛② ❛♥❞ ❡♥❡r❣②✳ ❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✇❡r❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✲ ✈❡❞✱ ✇✐t❤ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛❣❛✐♥st ◆❙✷ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛s ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛▼❛①✲ ❋r❛♠❡❘❡tr✐❡s✱ ♠❛❝▼❛①❈❙▼❆❇❛❝❦♦✛s✱ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❈❲ ❛♥❞ ❛❯♥✐t❇❛❝❦♦✛P❡r✐♦❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✇✐t❤ ❛s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ tr❛✣❝ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦❡t s✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ❛rr✐✈❛❧ r❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❜✐tr❛t❡✳
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ■▲❯❙❚❘❆➬Õ❊❙
✶ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ s❡♥s♦r t❡❧♦s❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✉♣❡r❢r❛♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■❋❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✺ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✻ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❙❧♦tt❡❞ ❈❙▼❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✼ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✽ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✜❡❧❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✾ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❜❡❛❝♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✶✵ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✶✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✶✷ ❉✐s♣❛r♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✶✹ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✶✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✜❧❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✶✻ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❥❛♥t❛r ❞♦s ✜❧ós♦❢♦s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✶✼ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❥❛♥t❛r ❞♦s ✜❧ós♦❢♦s ❡♠ ❈P◆ ✕ ♠❛r❝❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✶✽ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❥❛♥t❛r ❞♦s ✜❧ós♦❢♦s ❡♠ ❈P◆ ✕ ❛♣ós ✉♠ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✶✾ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✷✵ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✷✶ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦ ♥♦ ❈❋P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✷ ■♥✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✹ ❈♦❧✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✷✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♥ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✷✻ ❱❛③ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✷✼ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✷✽ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✷✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ três ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✸✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈P◆ ✕ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✸✶ ◆ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✸✷ ❊♥✈✐♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ❋r❡❡ P❡r✐♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✸✸ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✸✹ ❇❛s❡st❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✸✺ ▼❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✸✻ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✶✿ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ s❡♠ ❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✸✼ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✷✿ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✸✽ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✸✿ ❈❙▼❆ ♦❦✱ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ s❡♠ ❆❈❑ ✼✻
✸✾ P❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✹✿ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ s❡♠ ❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✹✵ P❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✺✿ ❝♦♠ ❆❈❑✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ t✐♠❡♦✉t ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ✼✼
✹✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ✻ ❡ ✼ ✕ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✹✷ P❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✽✿ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❆❈❑ ❡ ❝♦♠ t✐♠❡♦✉t ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ✽✵
✹✸ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✹✹ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❈P◆ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✹✺ ◆ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✕ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥á❧♦❣♦ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✹✻ ◆ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✕ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✹✼ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✹✽ ❊♥✈✐♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ❋r❡❡ P❡r✐♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✺✵ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
✺✶ ❇❛s❡st❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✺✷ ▼❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✺✸ ❱❛③ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✺✹ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❊♥tr❡❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹
✺✺ ❆tr❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✺✻ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
✺✼ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✺✽ ❆tr❛s♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ s✉♣❡r❢r❛♠❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✺✾ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✻✵ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
✻✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❛▼❛①❋r❛♠❡❘❡tr✐❡s ✕ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✶✶✸
✻✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❛▼❛①❋r❛♠❡❘❡tr✐❡s ✕ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✳ ✶✶✹
✻✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♠❛❝▼❛①❈❙▼❆❇❛❝❦♦❢❢s ✕ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ trá✲ ❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✻✹ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♠❛❝▼❛①❈❙▼❆❇❛❝❦♦❢❢s ✕ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✻✺ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❈❲ ✕ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
✻✻ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❈❲ ✕ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✻✼ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❛❯♥✐t❇❛❝❦♦❢❢P❡r✐♦❞ ✕ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ✶✶✾
✻✽ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❛❯♥✐t❇❛❝❦♦❢❢P❡r✐♦❞ ✕ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✶✷✵
✻✾ ❊st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ trá❢❡❣♦s ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙
✶ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ●❙P◆ ✕ ♠❛r❝❛çõ❡s ❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ●❙P◆ ✕ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✉❣❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❈P◆ ✕ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✹✹
✻ ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✼ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✽ ❚❛①❛s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✾ ❚❡♠♣♦s ✕ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♥ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✶✵ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✕ ◆❙✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✶✶ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ✭95%✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ◆❙✷ ❧♦✇ ❜✉❢✿
✈❛❧♦r ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✶✷ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s s♦♠❛❞❛ à ❱❛③ã♦ ❬q✉❛❞r♦s✴s❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✶✸ ❈♦❧♦rs❡ts ❞❡ ♥ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✶✹ ❈♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲ ❞❛s ❛♦ ❆❈❑✱ ❚✐♠❡❞ ♦✉t ❆❈❑ ❡ ❆❝❦ ♣❛❝❦❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✶✺ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✶✻ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ❡ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✶✵✶
✶✼ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ❡ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✶✽ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ✭95%✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❈P◆ ❡
❞♦ ◆❙✷✿ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸
✶✾ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✷✶ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❣r❡❣❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✷✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❛▼❛①❋r❛♠❡❘❡tr✐❡s ✕ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺
✷✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♠❛❝▼❛①❈❙▼❆❇❛❝❦♦❢❢s ✕ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛✲ ❞rã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻
✷✹ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❈❲ ✕ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼
✷✺ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❛❯♥✐t❇❛❝❦♦❢❢P❡r✐♦❞ ✕ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽
✷✻ ❊st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ trá❢❡❣♦s ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝♦s ✕ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❆❇❘❊❱■❆❚❯❘❆❙ ❊ ❙■●▲❆❙
❆❈❑ ❆❈❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥t
❇❊ ❇❛❝❦♦✛ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥t
❇❖ ❇❡❛❝♦♥ ❖r❞❡r
❇❙ ❇❛s❡ ❙t❛t✐♦♥
❈❆P ❈♦♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ❆❝❝❡ss P❡r✐♦❞
❈❈❆ ❈❧❡❛r ❈❧❛♥♥❡❧ ❆ss❡s♠❡♥t
❈P◆ ❈♦❧♦✉r❡❞ P❡tr✐ ◆❡t
❈❋P ❈♦♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ❋r❡❡ P❡r✐♦❞
❈❙▼❆✴❈❆ ❈❛rr✐❡r ❙❡♥s❡ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❆❝❝❡ss ✇✐t❤ ❈♦❧✐s✐♦♥ ❆✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡
❈❲ ❈♦♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ❲✐♥❞♦✇
❋❋❉ ❋✉❧❧ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❉❡✈✐❝❡
●❙P◆ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ P❡tr✐ ◆❡t
●❚❙ ●✉❛r❛♥t❡❡❞ ❚✐♠❡ ❙❧♦t
■❊❊❊ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❊❧❡tr✐❝✐st❛s ❡ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s
■❋❙ ■♥t❡r✲❋r❛♠❡ s♣❛❝✐♥❣
■♦❚ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♦❢ ❚❤✐♥❣s
▲❘✲❲P❆◆ ▲♦✇✲❘❛t❡ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▼❆❈ ▼❡❞✐✉♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧
◆❇ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❇❛❝❦♦✛s
P❆◆ P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❘❋❉ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❉❡✈✐❝❡
❘❙❙❋ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❙❡♠ ❋✐♦
❙❖ ❙✉♣❡r❢r❛♠❡ ❖r❞❡r
❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✺
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✶✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✷✷
✷✳✶ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✷✳✶✳✶ ❋♦r♠❛t♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷✳✷ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✷✳✷ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❈♦❧♦r✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❊st♦❝ást✐❝❛ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✹✼
✸✳✶ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✸✳✷ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✸✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♥ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✸✳✹ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✹✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✹✳✶✳✶ ❱❛③ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✹✳✶✳✷ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ♣♦r ♥ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✹✳✶✳✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✸✳✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✸✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❈♦❧♦r✐❞❛ ✻✹
✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✳✶✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✳✶✳✷ ◆ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✹✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❊♥✈✐♦ ♣♦r ❈❋P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✹✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❊♥✈✐♦ ♣♦r ❈❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✹✳✶✳✸ ❙♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✳✶✳✹ ▼❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✹✳✶✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✹✳✶✳✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✹✳✶✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛ s❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✹✳✷✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✹✳✷✳✷ ◆ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✹✳✷✳✷✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✹✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❊♥✈✐♦ ♣♦r ❈❋P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✹✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❊♥✈✐♦ ♣♦r ❈❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✹✳✷✳✷✳✹ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆❈❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✹✳✷✳✸ ❙♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✹✳✷✳✹ ▼❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✹✳✷✳✺ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✹✳✷✳✺✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✹✳✷✳✺✳✶✳✷ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✹✳✷✳✺✳✶✳✸ ❆tr❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✹✳✷✳✺✳✶✳✹ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✹✳✷✳✺✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
✹✳✷✳✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾
✺ ❯s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✶✶✶
✺✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✺✳✷ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
✺✳✸ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷
✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✶✷✻
✻✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻
✻✳✷ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✷✽
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛
✶✺
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❘❙❙❋✮✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐✲ ❛♥♦ ✭❲▲❆◆ ✕ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ❘❙❙❋ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❧✲ ✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✢♦r❡s✲ t❛s✱ ♣❧❛♥t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❛rq✉❡s ✭❆◆❆❙❚❆❙■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❝♦♠♦
❢á❜r✐❝❛s✱ ❡s❝r✐tór✐♦s ❡ r❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ✭▲❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❤á❜✐t♦s ✭❏❯❆◆● ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❆té ♠❡s♠♦ s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛✲
♥♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❜❛t✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛r❞í❛❝♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ✭❆▲❱❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
❖ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ ❘❙❙❋ é ❝❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❞❛s ❈♦✐s❛s ✭■♥✲ t❡r♥❡t ♦❢ ❚❤✐♥❣s ✕ ■♦❚✮✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ sã♦ ♠✉♥✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛❧✈♦ ✭❆❚❩❖❘■❀ ■❊❘❆❀ ▼❖❘❆❇■❚❖✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ✭t❡r♠♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦
❝♦♠♦ s♠❛rt ❝✐t②✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✮ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❝❡t❛ ❞❡ ■♦❚ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❡ t❡♠❛ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❛♣♦✐❛ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋ ❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭❩❆◆❊▲▲❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❏■◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
❊st❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♥ós✮ ✈❛r✐❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥ós✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s sã♦ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✭❡s♣❛rs❛ ♦✉ ❞❡♥s❛✮ ❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✭✜①♦s ♦✉ ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✮ ✭❈❯▲▲❊❘❀
✶✻
❖s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ♠✐♥✐❛t✉r✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✹ ❛ ✷✵✵ ▼❍③ ❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛s ❘❆▼ ❡ ❘❖▼ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s q✉✐❧♦❜②t❡s✳ ❖s tr❛♥s❝❡♣t♦r❡s ❞❡ r❛❞✐♦❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ é ♦ t❡❧♦s❇ ❞❛ ▼❡♠s✐❝✱ ❡①✐❜✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❙✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦✿ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❞❡ 8M Hz✱ 10kB ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❘❆▼✱ 16kB
❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❘❖▼ ❡ rá❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡♥tr❡ −24❡0dBm ✭▼❊▼❙■❈ ■◆❈✳✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ s❡♥s♦r t❡❧♦s❇
❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❊▼❙■❈ ■♥❝✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮
❊st❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✐♠✲ ♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❡st❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜❛t❡r✐❛s ❝✉❥❛ tr♦❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r tr✐✈✐❛❧ ♦✉ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠✲ ♣❧♦✱ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ s❡❥❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♦✉ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡❥❛♠ ♥✉♠❡r♦s♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦✮✳
◆♦ t♦❝❛♥t❡ à ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❞❛❞❛ ❛♦s ♣r♦✲ t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦s ❞♦ ♥ó s❡♥s♦r sã♦ ❞✐s♣❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭▼❆❘●■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐s♣♦✲ s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s é ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❖♣❡♥ ❙②st❡♠s ■♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭❖❙■✮ ❞❡ s❡t❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ✭■❙❖ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❛s três ❝❛♠❛❞❛s s✉♣❡✲
✶✼
P♦r ❡st❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ❤á ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❲▲❆◆s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s sã♦ ✐♥❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳
❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✭❉❙❉❱✱ ❉❙❘ ❡ ❆❖❉❱ ✭P❊❘❑■◆❙❀ ❇❍❆●❲❆❚✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ■❊❚❋✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ P❊❘❑■◆❙❀
❘❖❨❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ tr❛❞❡♦✛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✈❛③ã♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛✱ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❡
❝✉st♦ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s é ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❘❙❙❋✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ▲❊❆❈❍ ✭❍❊■◆❩❊▲▼❆◆❀ ❈❍❀ ❇❆✲
▲❆❑❘■❙❍◆❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✱ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r✐♥❣ ❡ ♦ ❉❛t❛ ▼✉❧❡s ✭❙❍❆❍ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❡s♣❛rs❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙P■◆ ✭❑❯▲■❑❀ ❍❊■◆❩❊▲▼❆◆❀ ❇❆▲❆❑❘■❙❍◆❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♦ ❉✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❉✐❢✉s✐♦♥ ✭■◆❚❆◆❆●❖◆❲■❲❆❚ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ♥ós ❡♠ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳
Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✷ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❙✲▼❆❈ ✭❨❊❀ ❍❊■❉❊▼❆◆◆❀ ❊❙❚❘■◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❡ ❚✲▼❆❈ ✭❉❆▼❀ ▲❆◆✲
●❊◆❉❖❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛t✐✲
✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♥ós✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ é ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✭s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣✮✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s é ❛❝♦r❞❛❞♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❡ r❡tr❛♥s♠✐s✲ sõ❡s✱ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❚❘❆▼❆ ✭❘❆❏❊◆❉❘❆◆❀ ❖❇❘❆❈❩❑❆❀ ●❆❘❈■❆✲▲❯◆❆✲❆❈❊❱❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✸✮
❡ ❋▲❆▼❆ ✭❘❆❏❊◆❉❘❆◆❀ ●❆❘❈■❆✲▲❯◆❆✲❆❱❊❈❊❙❀ ❖❇❘❆❈❩❑❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s é ♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✲ ✜❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ✭❆❚❩❖❘■❀ ■❊❘❆❀ ▼❖❘❆❇■❚❖✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❊st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ q✉❛♥t♦ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ■♦❚ ❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡st❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✭❩❆◆❊▲▲❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✶✹❀ ❆▲❱❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❀❙■▲❱❆❀ ❆▲❱❆❘❖✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ s❡r ♣r♦♠✐♥❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋✱ ❡st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❛ss❛ ♣♦r ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛❥✉st❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✭❱❆▲▲❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❙❊▼✲
P❘❊❇❖▼ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ P❊❚❘❖❱❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ❛❞❡♥❞♦s ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✷❛❀
✶✽
❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡st✉❞❛r t❛♥t♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s✐ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧t❡✲ r❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s✉❜♠❡t❡r ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ é ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦s q✉❛❞r♦s✳ ❙❡ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛s ❞❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s✱ ❡st❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❜str❛í❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❜sí❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s❛ ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s✳
❈♦♠♦ s❡rá ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✱ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦✱ q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❛ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭▼■❙■❈❀ ▼■❙■❈❀
❙❍❆❋■✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❙❍❯❆■❇❀ ▼❆❍▼❖❖❉■❀ ❆●❍❱❆▼■✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❋❆❘■❉■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ é ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡st❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s sã♦ r❡❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s s❡♠ s❡ ❜❛s❡❛r ♥♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♦✉ ♦❜t❡r ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ▼✉❞❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ q✉❡❜r❛r ❡st❡ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ r❡tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛✳
❙❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧❄
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✾
❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✳ ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♠étr✐❝❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡rã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❆s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ sã♦ ✈❛③ã♦✱ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❛tr❛s♦ ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥✈✐❛r ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦✳
✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
❯♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ é ❛ ❈❛❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛r✲ ❦♦✈ ✭◆❖❘❘■❙✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡ ❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r t♦❞❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✭▼❯❘❆❚❆✱ ✶✾✽✾✮ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❢♦r✲
♠❛❧✐s♠♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡✐s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ s❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞❛ r❡❞❡ s❡❥❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐✲ ♥❛❞♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ss❡s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❝❦♦✛✱ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣♦s✲ s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡stá ❛❞❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❛✲ ❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛❧❣♦r✐t✲ ♠♦s✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦ ❡ ❛s ❞✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦✳
✷✵
❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♥t♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦✱ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❯t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ♥ós ❡ ✉♠ s♦r✈❡❞♦✉r♦ ✭♦✉ ❜❛s❡ st❛t✐♦♥ ✕ ❇❙✱ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✮✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ◆❙✷ ✭▼❈❈❆◆◆❊❀ ❋▲❖❨❉✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✱ q✉❡ é ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❘❙❙❋✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r
♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ P❛r❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❡ ❲❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛❢❡r✐r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙✲▼❆❈ ✭❨❊❀ ❍❊■❉❊▼❆◆◆❀ ❊❙❚❘■◆✱ ✷✵✵✹✮
❡ ❉✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❉✐❢✉s✐♦♥ ✭■◆❚❆◆❆●❖◆❲■❲❆❚ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✳
❖ ♣ró①✐♠♦ t❡st❡ s❡r✐❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡ss❡ ♣❛ss♦ s❡ ♠♦str♦✉ ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❡①♣❧♦sã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛s ✭❏❊◆❙❊◆❀
❑❘■❙❚❊◆❙❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r
❡ss❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❈P◆ ❚♦♦❧s ✭❘❆❚❩❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❛❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ à ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ◆♦✈♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❝♦❧❡t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦✱ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛✱ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ❛tr❛s♦✳ ◆♦✲ ✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ◆❙✷✳
❆♣ós ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ss✐♠❡tr✐❛s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✳ ❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ♣rát✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s q✉❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♥♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ◆❙✷ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
✷✶
✷✷
✷ ❘❊❱■❙➹❖ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳
✷✳✶ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸ ♣❡❧♦ ■♥s✲ t✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❊❧❡tr✐❝✐st❛s ❡ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✭■❊❊❊✮ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✳ ❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❢♦✐ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❜❛r❛t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ♠ó✈❡✐s ♦✉ ✜①♦s ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ✭❧♦✇✲r❛t❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ♣❡r✲ s♦♥❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✱ ▲❘✲❲P❆◆✮✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❛té ✶✵ ♠❡tr♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♠ ❛té ✈ár✐❛s ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❡tr♦s ✭▼❊▼❙■❈ ■◆❈✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❤á r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ✭♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❛❝❝❡ss ❝♦♥tr♦❧✱ ▼❆❈✮✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✱
❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ♦♣❡r❛r ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ 868M Hz✱900M Hz ♦✉2.4GHz✱
❝♦♠ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ 20✱ 40 ❡ 250kb/s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✻ ❢♦✐
r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ✭❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡✉r♦♣❡✉✮ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡ ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ◆❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ❢♦r❛♠
✷✸
❧♦❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❏❛♣ã♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛✮ ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❊♠ ✷✵✶✷ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s três ❡♠❡♥❞❛s✳ ❖ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ♠❡✲ ❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❉❡✲ t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ▼✉❧t✐✲❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ✭❉❙▼❊✮✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✷❛✮✳ ◆❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❞✉❛s ❡♠❡♥❞❛s✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹❢ ❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹❣ ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✷❜❀ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✷❝✮✱ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ sã♦ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❛
❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ▼❆❈✱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ❞♦✐s ❛❞❡♥❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹❥ ❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹❦✱ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦s✲ s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✸❛❀ ■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✸❜✮✳
❯♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✳ ❆s ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ✭■❊❊❊✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ▼❆❈✳
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥ó ♥❛ r❡❞❡✿ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ P❧❡♥❛ ✭❋✉❧❧ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ✕ ❋❋❉✮ ♦✉ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❘❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ✭❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ✕ ❘❋❉✮✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ t✐♣♦ ♣♦❞❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ r❡❞❡ à q✉❛❧ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ P❆◆ ✭P❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮✳ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❋❋❉ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ P❆◆ ❡ s❡r r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ♣r♦✈❡r s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♥ós ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s✱ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①❡r❝❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ó ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ é q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ P❆◆ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛r ♦s s❧♦ts ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛r ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ✭●❚❙s ✕ ●✉❛r❛♥t❡❡❞ ❚✐♠❡ ❙❧♦ts✮✳ ❖s ❘❋❉s t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✉♠ ❋❋❉✳
✷✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✺✳✹
❋♦♥t❡✿ ■❊❊❊ ✭✷✵✶✶✱ ♣✳ ✾✮
❆ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ só ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s q✉❛❞r♦s sã♦ ❡♥tr❡✲ ❣✉❡s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❝❤❡❣✉❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡❞✐r ♦ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ❙❡ ❢♦r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❇❡❛❝♦♥✶✱ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦ s❛❜❡ q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❇❡❛❝♦♥✳ ◆✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ s❡♠ ❇❡❛❝♦♥✱ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛r ♣❡r✐✲ ♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ♣♦r q✉❛❞r♦s ♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❆s tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s ❞✐r❡t❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❛♦ ♦✉tr♦✳ P♦ré♠ ❝❛s♦ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛r ♦ rá❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦✉♣❛r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❡st❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ s❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛r✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✳
❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ▼❆❈ s✉♣♦rt❛ ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✿ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❇❡❛❝♦♥ ❡ ♠♦❞♦ s❡♠ ❇❡❛❝♦♥✳ ◆♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ s❡♠ ❇❡❛❝♦♥ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✭s❡❥❛♠ ❋❋❉ ♦✉ ❘❋❉✮ ❡♥✈✐❛♠ q✉❛❞r♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♥s❧♦tt❡❞ ❈❙▼❆✴❈❆ ✭❈❛rr✐❡r ❙❡♥s❡ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❆❝❝❡ss ✇✐t❤ ❈♦❧✐s✐♦♥ ❆✈♦✐❞❛♥❝❡✮✳ ◆ã♦ é ♣♦s✲ sí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❣✉❛r❛♥t❡❡❞ t✐♠❡ s❧♦ts ✭●❚❙s✮ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á s✐♥❝r♦♥✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳
◆♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❇❡❛❝♦♥ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛r ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❊st❛ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢r❛♠❡ ❡ s❡✉ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ é ❡①✐❜✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳
