P❆❘❆▲❊▲■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖ ❉❊
▼■●❘❆➬➹❖ ❙❮❙▼■❈❆ ❊▼ P▲❆❚❆❋❖❘▼❆❙
❚❍■❆●❖ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❋❆❘■❆ ❳❆❱■❊❘ ❚❊■❳❊■❘❆
P❆❘❆▲❊▲■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖ ❉❊
▼■●❘❆➬➹❖ ❙❮❙▼■❈❆ ❊▼ P▲❆❚❆❋❖❘▼❆❙
❍❊❚❊❘❖●✃◆❊❆❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✲ ❉❡♣❛r✲ t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏r
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❏❛✐r♦ P❛♥❡tt❛
❝
✷✵✶✵✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❛r✐❛ ❳❛✈✐❡r ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✳
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳
❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❛r✐❛ ❳❛✈✐❡r✳
❚✷✻✻❛ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ✴ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❛r✐❛ ❳❛✈✐❡r ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✶✵
①①✱ ✻✵ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✲ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❲❛❣♥❡r ▼❡✐r❛ ❏r ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❏❛✐r♦ P❛♥❡tt❛
✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✸✳ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ■■✳ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ■■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s q✉❡r✐❞♦s ♣❛✐s✱ ◆❡❧s♦♥ ❡ ❲❛❧❦✐r✐❛✱ ❡ às ♠✐♥❤❛s q✉❡r✐❞❛s ✐r♠ãs✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❚❡r❡③❛ ❡ ❆♥❛ ▲✉✐③❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛r ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ♠❡ ❞❛r s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❡✉ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛ss❡ ❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ◆❡❧s♦♥ ❡ ❲❛❧❦✐r✐❛✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♠✉✐t♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❡❧❡s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❞❡ t✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ t✐✈❡ss❡ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥✜❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r ♦s ♠❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ➚s ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠ãs✱ ❆♥❛ ▲✉✐③❛ ❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❚❡r❡③❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ à ❱♦✈ó ❚❡r❡③❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡✱ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❣✉❧♦s❡✐♠❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ t♦r❝✐❞❛✳
➚ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡❧✐❝❛❞❡③❛ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♥❛❞❛ ❞✐ss♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❆♦ ❲❛❣♥❡r✱ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♥❝❡rt♦s ❡ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳ ❆♦ ❏❛✐r♦✱ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❛s ❧✐çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥st✐❣❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ss❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❉♦r❣✐✈❛❧ ❡ ❘❡♥❛t♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♥♦ ❙♣❡❡❞✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ❙♣❡❡❞✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ●❡♦r❣❡✱ ▼❛❝❛♠❜✐r❛✱ ❈♦✉t✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞♦s q✉❡ s✉♣❡r❛r❛♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♠♦♥♦t♦♥✐❛✳ ❏❛♠❛✐s ❡sq✉❡❝❡r❡✐ ♦s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s✱ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉✈✐r ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❡ ♦ ót✐♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐♣❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉❈❈✴❯❋▼● q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ t♦t❛✐s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r t❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳ ❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❛ P❡tr♦❜r❛s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦s ❞❛ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ●❡♦❢ís✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ à P❡tr♦❜r❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ à ◆❡✐✈❛ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✉
❤♦rár✐♦✱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳
◆ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝✉❝❛✱ ❛ s✐♥❝❡r❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✳ ❙❡✐ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♣♦✉❝♦ ♣r❡♦❝✉✲ ♣❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡✉s ♣r❛③♦s ❡ q✉❡r✐❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❤♦r❛ ❡ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♠❛s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ t♦❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡✉ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦ ❜❛rr✐❧ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ó❧❡♦ ❡ ❣ás ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♦✉tr♦r❛ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡✐s✳ ❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s r❡s❡r✈❛s é ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s sís♠✐❝♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧❛ é ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s✉❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡st❛♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ é ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠✉❧t✐✲❝♦r❡ ♦✉ ♠❛♥②✲❝♦r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣❧❛❝❛s ❣rá✜❝❛s ✭●P❯s✮✱ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❞❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ss❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
◆❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯s ♠✉❧t✐♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡ ●P❯s✳ Pr♦♣♦♠♦s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❊①♣❧♦r❛♠♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦s ❡♥tr❡ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✱ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♣r♦❥❡t❛♥❞♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ✈ár✐❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ ◆ós t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦❥❡t❛♠♦s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❣rã♦ ♠❛✐s ✜♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛té ✽✼ ✈❡③❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❈P❯✳ ❊ss❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❈P❯s ❡ ❞❛ ●P❯ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❖✐❧ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛♥❞ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ❡♥❡r❣② r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♦✐❧ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r✐❝❡ ♥♦✇ s✉♣♣♦rt ✐ts ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐t ✇❛s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ✉♥❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ❝♦♠♠♦♥ str❛t❡❣② t♦ ✜♥❞ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ r❡s❡r✈❡s ✐s t❤r♦✉❣❤ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣♦♣✉❧❛r str❛t❡❣✐❡s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ✐s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣r♦✈✐♥❣ ✐ts ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡❞ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✇♦r❦s✱ ♦❢t❡♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡✐r ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳
❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✇✐t♥❡ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♥♦✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ❡❛❝❤ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♥♦❞❡ ✐s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤② ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❤❡t❡r♦✲ ❣❡♥❡♦✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs t❤❛t ♠❛② ❜❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲❝♦r❡ ♦r ♠❛♥②✲❝♦r❡✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ●r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐ts ✭●P❯s✮✱ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s ❛r❡ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠♦♥♣❧❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ t✐♦♥❛❧❧② ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♣r♦❣r❛♠s✳
■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ ✇❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ s❡✐s♠✐❝ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❢♦r❡♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦s❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ✉s❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t❧② t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✳ ❲❡ ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞ t❤❡ tr❛❞❡ ♦✛s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤r❡❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥②✱ ❞❛t❛ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ❛♥❞ t❛s❦ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠✱ ❜② ❞❡s✐❣♥✐♥❣✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♥❣ ✈❛r✲ ✐♦✉s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ❞❡✈✐s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ✜♥❡r ❣r❛✐♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✱ s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ♣r❡s❡♥t ❤✐❣❤❡r ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts s❤♦✇❡❞ ❛♥ ❛❝❝❡❧❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✽✼ t✐♠❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❈P❯ ❝♦r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ❞✉❡ t♦ ❈P❯ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ●P❯ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✉s❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❙ís♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❆♥t❤✐❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♥♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s sí♠✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♠❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸ ■♥t❡r♣♦❧❛çã♦ ❜✐❧✐♥❡❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ tr❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✜❧tr❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ●P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛s três ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❛ ●P❯✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✺ ❋✐❧tr♦s ❆♥t❤✐❧❧ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❡stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ tr❛ç♦s ♥❛ ❈P❯ ❡♠
❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ tr❛ç♦s ♣♦r ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✸ ❙♣❡❡❞✉♣ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❈P❯ ❡ ●P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✺ ▼✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉í❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ♦ ❆♥t❤✐❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✻ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❆♥t❤✐❧❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ●P❯s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✼ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❆♥t❤✐❧❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ●P❯s ❡ ❈P❯s ♥♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✽ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r✲
❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✶ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❛ç♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐①
❘❡s✉♠♦ ①✐
❆❜str❛❝t ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✶✶
✷✳✶ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♥t❤✐❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✷ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❉r②❛❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸ ▼✐❣r❛çã♦ ❙ís♠✐❝❛ ✷✸
✸✳✶ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼✐❣r❛çã♦ ❙ís♠✐❝❛ ✷✾ ✹✳✶ ❆s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❈P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✶✳✷ ❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷ ❆s três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷✳✶ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✷✳✷ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷✳✸ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✸ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❆♥t❤✐❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✹ ❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✹✶
✺✳✶ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❈P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ●P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✷ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✸ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✺✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✺✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❖ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✏♦✉r♦ ♥❡❣r♦✑ é ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❛tér✐❛✲♣r✐♠❛ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛ ❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐❛s ♥❛çõ❡s✳ ❊ss❡ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♥ã♦ r❡♥♦✈á✈❡❧ é ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❣✉❡rr❛s ❬❋❛❧♦❧❛ ✫ ●❡♥♦✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡♥❡r❣ét✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞✐ár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛s r♦✉♣❛s✱ ♥♦s ♣❧ást✐❝♦s✱ ♥❛s ❜♦rr❛❝❤❛s✱ ♥♦s ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳
❉❡s❞❡ ♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳✱ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ó❧❡♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝❡r✱ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦r❡s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r❛♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♣❡❧❛ r✐q✉❡③❛ q✉❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛r❛♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳
❆ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ✈❡♠ ❞❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ♥♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❣♦s ❡ ♠❛r❡s✱ ❞❡ r❡st♦s ❞❡ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ❡ ✈❡❣❡t❛✐s ♠♦rt♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛♥♦s✳ ❊st❡s r❡st♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦❜❡rt♦s ♣♦r s❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r❛♠ ❡♠ r♦❝❤❛s✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❡♠♣✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s r♦❝❤❛s r❡s✉❧t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ r❡❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✳ ❆s ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r♦❝❤♦s❛s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❡ é r❡t✐r❛❞♦ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦s✳ ❖s r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❣✐❣❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✈❡r♥❛ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ó❧❡♦✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❡❧❡s s❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣♦♥❥❛ q✉❡ ❛❜s♦r✈❡ ó❧❡♦ ❡ ❣ás✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✜❝❛♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧♦s ♣♦r♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛s t❡❝tô♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❛ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ s❡ ♠♦✈❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♣♦r♦s ❞❛s r♦❝❤❛s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ à s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❊ss❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ s❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ✉♠❛ r♦❝❤❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♣r✐s✐♦♥❡✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❡s❝❛♣❡✳ ❊ss❛s r♦❝❤❛s s❡❧❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❡♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❣❡♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❡❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛té
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳
❆ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ✐♥✈❡st❡ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ é ✜♥✐t♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♣♦r ♥♦✈❛s r❡s❡r✈❛s t❡♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s r❡s❡r✈❛s ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣♦ss✉✐✱ ♠❛✐s t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡❧❛ t❡rá ❡ s❡rá ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦ ❜❛rr✐❧ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s t♦r♥❛♠ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ♦✉tr♦r❛ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❛r❛s✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ♥♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❣❡♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❛ s✉❜s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✱ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❝❛r❜♦♥❡t♦s ❡ ♥❛ ❡st✐✲ ♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s r❡s❡r✈❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛✳ ❆ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♣♦r ♥♦✈❛s r❡s❡r✈❛s ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✳ ❆ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣♦ç♦ ❝✉st❛ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♣❡r❢✉r❛çã♦ é q✉❡ s❡ t❡♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✳
P❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s r❡s❡r✈❛s ❞❡ ó❧❡♦ ❡ ❣ás ❡ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r❢✉r❛r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡❧❡s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡①♣❧♦r❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ❡ ❣ás é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s sís♠✐❝♦s ✭s✐s♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦✮✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s sís♠✐❝♦s ❬❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✱ ✶✾✼✼❪✳
❆ s✐s♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♣❡❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉❜s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ t❡rr❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ é ❞❡t♦♥❛❞❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣♦r ❡①♣❧♦sã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♥❛✲ ♠✐t❡✱ ❝❛♠✐♥❤ã♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛❞♦r✱ ❝❛♥❤ã♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦ ♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ sís♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s♦❧♦✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♠❛r✳ ❆s ♦♥❞❛s sís♠✐❝❛s ✈✐❛❥❛♠ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛té ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ s✉❜s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ t❡rr❛ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ r❡✢❡t✐❞❛s✳ ❆s ♦♥❞❛s r❡✢❡t✐❞❛s sã♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❣r❛✈❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ s✉❜s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ é ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ trâ♥s✐t♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ sís♠✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛té ♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✳ ❆s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❛ t❡rr❛ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❞♦❜r❛s✱ ✐♥❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✐❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r✐s✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ❡ ♦ ❣ás✳
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✭❛✮ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ♠❛rít✐♠❛ ✭❜✮ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ sís✲ ♠✐❝♦
✭❝✮ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❙ís♠✐❝♦
❞❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊①✐st❡♠✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞✉❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡s r❡✢❡t✐❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✈á❧✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛✳
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ três ❡t❛♣❛s✿
• ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s • Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s • ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s
❖ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s sís♠✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❢❛s❡s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ sís♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ r❛③ã♦ s✐♥❛❧✴r✉í❞♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡♠ ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛s❡ é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡♠♦r❛❞❛ ❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❞❛ s✉❜s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ t❡rr❛✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❝✉r❛❞❛s ❞❛ s✉❜s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❆ ▼✐❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ ❡♠ ❚❡♠♣♦ ✭❑❚▼✮ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s sís♠✐❝♦s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❢❛s❡s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❣❡r❛❞❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦ s✉❜s♦❧♦✳
❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sís♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ❯♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ✸❉ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ t❡r❛❜②t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡①✐❣❡ ❡♥♦r♠❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s t❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ✈❡rt✐❣✐♥♦s❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❛❝✐r✲ r❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s t❡♠ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✳
✺
s❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ♦s ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s✶✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s ❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡♠ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
❊ss❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s✱ tr♦✉①❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ é ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❖ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝✉✐❞❛r ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós ❡ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❆ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s t❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❬❆❜❞❡❧❦❤❛❧❡❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ P❛♥❡tt❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❆❧♠❛s✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷❪✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ♥ós ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ss❡s ♥ós ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼♦♦r❡ ❬✶✾✻✺❪✳ ❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡s✲ s❛❞♦r❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦❝♦✉ ♥♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ✭■▲P✮ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦s✱ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ sã♦ ❝♦♥✲ ❞✉③✐❞❛s ❛ t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❝❧♦❝❦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❛s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ ❞✐ss✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ■▲P ❞❛s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ tí♣✐❝❛s✱ ❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❞✉③✐r❛♠ ♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ●r❛♥❞❡s ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❝❤❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛ ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❛❧✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✱ ❞❡s♥❡❝❡s✲ s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s♣❡r❞✐ç❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ❣❛st❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ ✽✺✪ ❞♦s ❝✐❝❧♦s ❡s♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✈✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❬❲✉❧❢ ✫ ▼❝❑❡❡✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❲✐❧❦❡s✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✳
❊ss❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡①✐❣✐r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s✉♣❡r❛ss❡♠ ❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ❞✐ss✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ◆❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❛ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ♣♦r ár❡❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛✈❛✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❝❤✐♣✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ♠❛✐s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❝❤✐♣ t❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡ s❡❣✉❡ ❡ss❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✶✽✴✷✹ ♠❡s❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♥í✈❡✐s s❡♠ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣♦r ár❡❛ ❡ ♣♦r ✇❛tt ❬❑♥✐❣❤t✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❍♦r♦✇✐t③ ✫ ❉❛❧❧②✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ◆♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥✜❛✈❛♠ ♥♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✶✽ ♠❡s❡s s❡♠ t❡r q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❛s s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r s❡✉s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ▼❛✐s ❛❧é♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❡ss❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ ❡❧❡s t❡rã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r s❡✉s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦❜r❛r ❬P❛tt❡rs♦♥ ✫ ❍❡♥♥❡ss②✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❖s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s s✐♠étr✐❝♦s ✭❙▼P✮ ❈♦r❡ ✷ ❞❛ ■♥t❡❧ ❡ ❆t❤❧♦♥ ❳✷ ❞❛ ❆▼❉ ❬P❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ t❤r❡❛❞s ❯❧tr❛❙♣❛r❝ ❞❛ ❙✉♥ ❬▲❡♦♥ ✫ ❙❤❡❛✲ ❤❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✻❪ ❡ ♦ ♠✉❧t✐♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦ ❙❚■ ❈❡❧❧ ❬❑❛❤❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ t♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ s❡r✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r t❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✿ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❣rá✜❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭●P❯✮✳ ❊ss❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ♣♦r ✢♦♣✴s✷ ♥♦♠✲
✐♥❛❧✱ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ às ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s sã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ●P❯s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❬❍❛rr✐s✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ●P❯ ❢♦✐ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❣rá✜✲ ❝❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛s ●P❯s tê♠ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❣rá✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ s❡ ❞❡✉ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❝❛❜♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦r ✉♥✐✜❝❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ❞♦ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦s✳ ◆❛s ●P❯s ❛t✉❛✐s t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣✐①❡❧s ❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ♥✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✳ ❊ss❛ ✉♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝♦✉ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱
✶✳✶✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ✼
♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ♠❡❧❤♦r❛✱ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ♠❛✐s t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t♦r♥♦✉ ❛ ●P❯ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧✐♠✐♥♦✉ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❛ ●P❯✳ ❆ ✉♥✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s t❛♠❜é♠ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝♦✉ ♦ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛✱ ♣♦✐s q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ●P❯s ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ●P❯ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❈P❯ ♣❛r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❝❤✐♣ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✱ ❡ss❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ s❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡rã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛✳ ■ss♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♥❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❡r ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s s❡❣✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡✲ ❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡stá ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❞r❛st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♠ ♣♦❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❖ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❈P❯ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛s ●P❯s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡rá ♠❛✐s s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s t❛♥t♦ ♥♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❆ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥✲ ❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ♠❛✐s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ó❧❡♦ ❡ ❣ás✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡✈✲ ✐❞❡♥t❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❖ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❡stá tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❞❡✲ s❛✜♦s ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s s✉♣❡r ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s ❛trás✳ ❆s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s ❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞✐✈❡r✲ s✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳ ❆s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❞❡ss❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛rã♦ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ s❡rá ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦✳ ❏á ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❢✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ❖ ✐❞❡❛❧ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✈❡rsát✐❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✳
❯♠ ❢❛t♦r ❝rít✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ss❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s é ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞❛s✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛s✱ ♠✉❧t✐♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥ós t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ é ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡✱ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s sís♠✐❝♦s✱ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ sís♠✐❝♦ tê♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦s r❡✲ ❝✉rs♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ♥❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ●r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡♠ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ●P❯s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s é ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✸✳ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✾
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❑✐r❝❤❤♦✛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯s ♠✉❧t✐♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡ ●P❯s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛s ❈P❯s ❡ ❛s ●P❯s t❡r❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
❚rês ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♠❡♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊ss❛s três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❣rã♦ ♠❛✐s ✜♥♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥✲ trár✐♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❡ss❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡ss❡ ❞❡s❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❡ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❡❧❛s ♦♣❡r❛ss❡♠ ♥❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬P❛♥❡tt❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✳ ❊ss❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥✈✐❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❡st❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡✈✐st❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❡ ♦ t❡①t♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❝❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s s❡çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❆ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✳ ❆ s❡çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ✭✷✳✷✮ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❆♥t❤✐❧❧ ❬❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛
❆ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛ ❤á ❜❛st❛♥t❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡ ❤á ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✳ P♦r s❡r ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ sís♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ▼❛❞✐s❡tt✐ ✫ ▼❡ss❡rs❝❤♠✐tt ❬✶✾✾✶❪❀ P❛♥❡tt❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✼❪❀ ❩❤❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪❀ ❉❛♥❡❦ ❬✷✵✵✾❪❀ ❉❛✐ ❬✷✵✵✺❪✳
❖ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❩❤❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✽❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❋r❛♠❡✲ ✇♦r❦ ✭❉❊❈❋✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✐❣r❛çã♦ sís♠✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❝❤✐♥❡s❛ ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✳ ❖s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❢♦r❛♠✿
• ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
