❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡str❛❞♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠
❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s
❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠
❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠á✲ t✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❚❤❛✐s ❇❛t✐st❛
PP❣❙❈ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❈❈❊❚ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte. UFRN / SISBI / Biblioteca Setorial Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra – CCET.
Silva, Eduardo Alexandre Ferreira.
Uma linguagem para descrição de missões em sistema-de-sistemas / Eduardo Alexandre Ferreira Silva. - Natal, 2015.
107 f.: il.
Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Thaís Vasconcelos Batista.
Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas e Computação.
1. Engenharia de software – Dissertação. 2. Sistemas-de-sistemas – Dissertação. 3. Missões – Dissertação. I. Batista, Thaís Vasconcelos. II. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ s❡♠ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ♥❛❞❛ ❞✐ss♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✈ó✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r ❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛❧❡❝✐❞❛ ❛✈ó✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ ♥ã♦ t✐✈❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✉ ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦r❣✉❧❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♠✐♠✳
❆♣ós ✺ ❛♥♦s ❥á ♣♦ss♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❚❤❛✐s ♣♦r s❡r ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠❡ ❞❛r ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❛♥♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s tr❛❣é❞✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ♠❛s s❡♠♣r❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s s❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❑✐♥❤❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐ ♥♦ ❈❊❋❊❚ ❤á ✶✸ ❛♥♦s ❛trás ❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡✉ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ t❡rrí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ❡r❛♠♦s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s✳ ❏✉♥t♦ ❛ ▼❛r❝❝❡❧♦ ❡ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❜❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❜❛t❡s✱ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛✱ ①❛❞r❡③ ❡ ❝❤✉rr❛s❝♦s✳
❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠
❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s
❆✉t♦r✿ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✭❛✮✿ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r✳ ❚❤❛✐s ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❇❛t✐st❛
❘❡s✉♠♦
❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❙②st❡♠✲♦❢✲❙②st❡♠s ✲ ❙♦❙✮ é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡ ❤❡t❡r♦✲ ❣ê♥❡♦s ❡ s❡ ✉♥❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❈❛❞❛ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♠✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❙✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳
❊①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙♦❙✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ à ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡ sã♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✳ ❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠á✲ t✐❝♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙♦❙✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✲❝❤❛✈❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ♥❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❆ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥
❙②st❡♠✲♦❢✲❙②st❡♠s
❆✉t❤♦r✿ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ ❚❤❛✐s ❱❛s❝♦♥❝❡❧♦s ❇❛t✐st❛✱ P❤❉✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙②st❡♠✲♦❢✲s②st❡♠s ✐s ❛♥ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❣r♦✉♣ ♦❢ ❤❡✲ t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♥t s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♥t s②st❡♠s ❥♦✐♥ ❡✛♦rts ❛✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥✱ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♥t s②st❡♠ ❤❛s ✐ts ♦✇♥ ❣♦❛❧s✱ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♠✐ss✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t❡ t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ t❤❡ ❙♦❙✬s ♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♠✐ss✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❙♦❙✱ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥✲ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ♥❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♥t s②st❡♠s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❡♥❞ t♦ ❡✈♦❧✈❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧❧② ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ❜② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥✢✐❝ts t❤❛t ♠❛② ❡♠❡r❣❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ✐t ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ✇❡❧❧✲❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✐ss✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r✱ t❤❡♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t t❤❛t ♠❛② ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ♣❛rts✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ❜♦t❤ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♠✐ss✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥② r❡❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❛ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣✲ t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❙♦❙✳ ❚♦ r❡❛❝❤ t❤✐s ❣♦❛❧✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❝♦♥❞✉❝ts ❛ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❢♦r ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❙♦❙✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❦❡② ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ ❛ ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣✱ ✐t ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ✐ts ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐s ✐♥❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❢r♦♠ ❛♥② ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ❛✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♠♦❞❡❧s✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s
✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛tr✉❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✷ P❛rt❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✸ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾
✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ ❙✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶
✻ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❙✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✼ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ ❙✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✽ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❙✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✾ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♠ ❙✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❝t✐❝ ❡♠ ❙t✐t❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✶✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❙▼ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✶✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✶✸ ●♦❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✶✹ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✶✺ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✶✻ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✶✼ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶
✶✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❑❆❖❙ ❡ s❡✉s ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✶✾ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❙②st❡♠✱ ❙♦❙ ❡ ❈♦♥st✐t✉❡♥t ❙②st❡♠ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✷✵ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❈♦♥st✐t✉❡♥t ❙②st❡♠✱ ❊①❡❝✉t♦r ❡ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t ❇❡❤❛✲
✈✐♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✷✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽
✷✸ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽
✷✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧✿ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾
✷✺ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ▼✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✷✻ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❋❧♦♦❞ Pr❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✷✼ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❋❧♦♦❞ ❆❧❡rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✷✽ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❊✈❛❝✉❛t✐♦♥ P❧❛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✷✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❑❆❖❙ ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✸✵ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❑❆❖❙ ❡ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✸✶ ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✸
✸✷ ❘❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✸✸ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✸✹ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✸✺ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✸✻ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✸✼ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s t♦♣✲❞♦✇♥ ✭❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮ ❡ ❜♦tt♦♠✲✉♣ ✭❞✐r❡✐t❛✮ ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
✸✽ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❊▼❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✸✾ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❙✐r✐✉s ❞❡ ✈✐❡✇♣♦✐♥ts ♣❛r❛ ❑❆❖❙ ❡ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✹✵ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❙✐r✐✉s ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✹✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❙✐r✐✉s ♣❛r❛ ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✹✷ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♠❑❆❖❙ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✹✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ♣❧✉❣✲✐♥ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✹✹ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✹✺ ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✹✻ ❘❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✹✽ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✹✾ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✺✵ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✽
✺✶ ❍❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✶
✺✷ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❍♦♠❡❝❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷
✺✸ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❍♦s♣✐t❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸
✺✹ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆♠❜✉❧❛♥❝❡ ❙②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸
✺✺ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙✉r❣❡r② ❆ss✐st❛♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹
✺✻ ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❍❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹
✺✼ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❍❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
✺✽ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❍❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✻
✺✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❍♦s❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✾
✻✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❲❙♦❙ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ◗✉✐♥❣✲s♦♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ❊st✉❞♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❙▲❘✲✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✷ ❊st✉❞♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✹ ◆ós ❞❡ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷
✺ ▲✐♥❦s ❞❡ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✻ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❞♦ ❙♦❙❋▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✼ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✶
✽ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✶
✾ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✶✵ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✶✶ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✶✷ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✶✸ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❙✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✶✹ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✺
✶✺ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✶✻ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❡ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✶✼ ◆♦✈♦s ▲✐♥❦s ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✶✽ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ s✐❣❧❛s
❙♦❙ ✲ ❙②st❡♠✲♦❢✲❙②st❡♠s
❙✐❙♦❙ ✲ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ■♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✲♦❢✲❙②st❡♠
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✶✼
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✾
✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ♣✳ ✷✶
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✷✳✷ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✷✳✸ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ✲ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✷✳✹ ❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻
✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣✳ ✹✺
✸✳✶ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾
✹ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✲ ❯♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❑❆❖❙ ♣❛r❛ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙♦❙ ♣✳ ✺✽
✹✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❑❆❖❙ ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✹✳✷ ♠❑❆❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✹✳✷✳✶ ▼✐ss✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✹✳✷✳✶✳✶ ▲✐♥❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✸
✹✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s♣♦♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✹✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ❡ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛♣❛❜✐❧✐t② ▼♦❞❡❧ ♣✳ ✻✺
✹✳✷✳✹ ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t ❇❡❤❛✈✐♦r ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✹✳✷✳✺ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✹✳✹ ♠❑❆❖❙ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
✺ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ♣✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶✳✶ ▼✐ssõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✺✳✶✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✺✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✺✳✷ ❍❡❛❧t❤❝❛r❡ ❙♦❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✵
✺✳✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✶
✺✳✷✳✷ ▼✐ssõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹
✺✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❊♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣✳ ✽✼
✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ♣✳ ✾✸
✼✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✸
✼✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✹
✼✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣✳ ✾✻
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣✳ ✶✵✵
✶✼
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ✉♠ ❢♦rt❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✲ ❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s ✭ ❙②st❡♠✲♦❢✲❙②st❡♠s ✕ ❙♦❙✮ ✭▼❆■❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✽❀ ❏❆◆■❙❍■❉■✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❇❖❆❘❉▼❆◆❀ ❙❆❯❙❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✻❀❈❆▲■◆❊❙❈❯❀ ❑❲■❆❚❑❖❲❙❑❆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ❯♠ ❙♦❙ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠
❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥✲ t❡s✱ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ♦✉ ♠✐ssã♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❙♦❙✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ■♥t❡♥s✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✲♦❢✲❙②st❡♠s ✕ ❙✐❙♦❙✮ ✭❇❖❊❍▼❀ ▲❆◆❊✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ sã♦ s✐st❡♠❛s✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡①❡✲
❝✉t❛♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊ss❛ ♥♦♠❡❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✭■❙❖✴■❊❈✴■❊❊❊ ✹✷✵✶✵✿✷✵✶✶✱ ✮✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❛❢❡t❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❙✐❙♦❙✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ❙♦❙ ❞❡ ❙✐❙♦❙✱ ❛❞♦t❛✲s❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❙♦❙ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❊♠ ❙♦❙✱ ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❆◆❉❊▲❑❖❱■❈❀ ▲■❚❖❱❙❑■❀ ❩❊❘❇❊✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ s✉❛s
♣ró♣r✐❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s✐st❡✲ ♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧❛s ❞♦ ❙♦❙✱ ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✳ ❯♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❡ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛s ❡st❛❜❡✲ ❧❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙♦❙ ✭❇❆❚■❙❚❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
✶✽
✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ é ❢r✉t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭❇❖❆❘❉▼❆◆❀ ❙❆❯❙❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❞♦ ❙♦❙ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❛té s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳
❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛t✉❛❧ tr❛t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✭♦✉ ♥ã♦✮ s❡r ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❙ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r ❡ tr♦❝❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③á✲❧♦ ✭❏❆◆■❙❍■❉■✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❇❖❆❘❉▼❆◆❀ ❙❆❯❙❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s
❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❛ ❙♦❙✿ ✭✐✮ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ✭✐✐✮ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡✱ ❡❀ ✭✐✐✐✮ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢♦❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❡s♣❡✲ ❝í✜❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ✭❳■◆❨❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❲■◆❖❑❯❘❀ ●❖▲❉❙❚❊■◆✱ ✶✾✻✾✮✱
✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✭◆❖❘❊▲■❙❀ ❈❍❆❚■▲❆✱ ✶✾✽✾❀❉■❆❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀❇❘❊❙❈■❆◆■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡
s②st❡♠s✲♦♥✲❝❤✐♣ ✭❆◆❉❊▲❑❖❱■❈❀ ▲■❚❖❱❙❑■❀ ❩❊❘❇❊✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❞❡✈❡✲
s❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ às ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙♦❙✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛r t❡r♠♦s ❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✳ ❊ss❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ à ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ ✐ss♦ é✱ s✉❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✳ ◆❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✴✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢✉♥✲ ❞❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♥❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛♠❜♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❡ ❙♦❙ ♣♦❞❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡✳
✶✾
♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆s ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❙✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✭❍❖❙❑■◆●❀ ❙❆❍■◆✱ ✷✵✵✾❀❩❍❆◆● ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀❈❍❊◆● ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ sã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛s ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦
❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r❡♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡①✐❜✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ s❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ■ss♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rt❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❙✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❙✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❞♦✐s ♥í✈❡✐s✿ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♥❡r✲ t❡s ❛ ✉♠ ❙♦❙✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ s❡rá ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭❣♦❛❧s✮✿ ❑❆❖❙ ✭▲❆▼❙❲❊❊❘❉❊✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❑❆❖❙ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♠♣❧❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✴❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✳ ❑❆❖❙ ♣♦s✲ s✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❆ ♥♦ss❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♠❑❆❖❙✱ ❡st❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡t♦✲ ❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❑❆❖❙✱ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❙♦❙✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐♦✱ s❡rá r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♠❑❆❖❙ ❙t✉❞✐♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✳
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s s✉♣r❛❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✿
• ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ✭❙▼✮ ✭❑■❚❈❍❊◆❍❆▼❀ ❇❯❉●❊◆❀ ❇❘❊❘❊❚❖◆✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ ♣❛r❛
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡♠ s❡ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙♦❙✳
• ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ q✉❡ ✐s♦❧❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s
❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦✳
✷✵
• ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s✲❞❡✲
s✐st❡♠❛s
• ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ♠❑❆❖❙ ❙t✉❞✐♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ♠❑❆❖❙✱
♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ ♠❑❆❖❙ ❡ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛s ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s
• ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦
• ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ✭❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❡ ❢❡rr❛✲
♠❡♥t❛✮ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧
❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ s❡rá ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❙ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✿ ✭✐✮ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♥❡ss❡ ♥í✈❡❧ s❡rã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛❀ ✭✐✐✮ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡rá ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s❀ ❡ ✭✐✐✐✮ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡rá ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ ❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❙✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❑❆❖❙ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❥á ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❑❆❖❙✳
✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❑❆❖❙✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡ tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✭❉❊●❘❖❙❙■❀ ❆▼❆❘❆▲❀ ❱❆❙❈❖◆❈❊▲❖❙✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❖
✷✶
✷
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛✲ çã♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛ ❛s ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙♦❙✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♥♦ ❢♦r✲ ♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❑❆❖❙ ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❤♦♠ô♥✐♠❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s
❆ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s é ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ t✐♣✐❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ s✉❜s✐st❡♠❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ✭❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✮ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ♣♦ss✉✐ s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭♠✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡r❡♠ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✐♥st✐✲ t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✭❈❆▲■◆❊❙❈❯❀ ❑❲■❆❚❑❖❲❙❑❆✱ ✷✵✶✵❀❏❆◆■❙❍■❉■✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❖ ❙♦❙✱
♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❙♦❙ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ s❡✉s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ✭❈❆▲■◆❊❙❈❯❀ ❑❲■❆❚❑❖❲❙❑❆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❙♦❙ ♣♦✐s t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❙ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❙♦❙ ✭▼❆■❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✿
✶✳ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛❀
✷✷
t❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡ s❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐❀
✸✳ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐♦✿ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ❝❛rát❡r ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♥♦✈♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♦✉ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s❀
✹✳ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛✿ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛r ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
✺✳ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡✿ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ só é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♥t❡r❛✲ çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❙ é ✉♠ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ♣r❡✈❡r ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ✐♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ❊ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✢✉✈✐❛✐s ❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❖ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s só é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❣r❛ç❛s ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ s✉❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲ t❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❙♦❙✳
❖s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ❙♦❙ r❡❧❛t❛♠ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ✭❳■◆❨❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❀❲■◆❖❑❯❘❀ ●❖▲❉❙❚❊■◆✱ ✶✾✻✾✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡
✷✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛tr✉❧❤❛
❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞r♦♥❡s✱ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ s❡✉s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❜r✐r ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡①t❡♥s❛✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✳ ✷✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ❡ss❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❞r♦♥❡s✮ ✐♥❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ✐rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛tr✉❧❤❛r ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❙♦❙ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ q✉❛tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛tr✉❧❤❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣❛tr✉❧❤❛r s♦③✐♥❤♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✳
❖✉tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❙♦❙ é ♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✭❉❊✲ ●❘❖❙❙■❀ ❆▼❆❘❆▲❀ ❱❆❙❈❖◆❈❊▲❖❙✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❊ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
✷✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ P❛rt❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s
q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❡rt❛ ❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❛❝✉❛çõ❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈❛❝✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❝❛tástr♦❢❡s✳ ❖ ❙♦❙ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ✭❙♦❙ ❋❧♦♦❞✐♥❣ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ✲ ❙♦❙❋▼✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛s tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡s ❞♦s r✐♦s ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✢✉✈✐❛❧✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ✐♥✉♥✲ ❞❛çõ❡s✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❛❝✉❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❧❡rt❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ três ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛✳
❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ✭❉❆❍▼❆◆◆❀ ❇❆▲❉❲■◆✱
✷✵✵✽✮✿ ❱✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦✱ ❉✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❡ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✳ ✸✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❞♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✿ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡ ❝✐✲ ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ✭●❖◆ï➽1
✷✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❙
✷✻
✷✳✷ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛✲❞❡✲❙✐st❡♠❛s
❈♦♠♦ t♦❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ✉♠ ❙♦❙ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❙✱ ❡ss❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s sã♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥✲ t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡ s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♥í✈❡✐s✿ ♠✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ✭❇❖❆❘❉▼❆◆❀ ❙❆❯❙❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ▼✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦✲
♥❛✐s ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦s ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳ ❚♦❞♦ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦✳ ▼✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙✱ q✉❡ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❙♦❙✱ ❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✿ ♦ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ❛ ♥ã♦✲r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙♦❙✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❙ ❝✉❥❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ❝♦♥✢✐t❡♠ ♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ■ss♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦✳
❖ ▼♦♥✐t♦r ❞❡ ■♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s ♣♦ss✉✐ três ♠✐ssõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✿ ✭✐✮ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛s✱ ❡st✐♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦❀ ✭✐✐✮ ❛❧❡rt❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çõ❡s✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❙♦❙ ❡♥✈✐❛ r❡❧❛tór✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❧❡rt❛ às ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛❀ ❡ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❛❝✉❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ár❡❛s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r s❡✉ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡r❞✐t❛❞♦❀ ❊ss❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦✳
