P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✉s❝❛
♥✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s
❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❏❛✈✐❡r ❈❛s❛♥✐ ❉❡❧❣❛❞♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
♣❛r❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡
▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢
❛✳ ❉r
❛✳ ▲❡❧✐❛♥❡ ◆✉♥❡s ❞❡ ❇❛rr♦s
P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✉s❝❛
♥✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❏❛✈✐❡r ❈❛s❛♥✐ ❉❡❧❣❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✵✹✴✵✷✴✷✵✶✸✳ ❖ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✿
• Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▲❡❧✐❛♥❡ ◆✉♥❡s ❞❡ ❇❛rr♦s ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❙✐❧✈✐♦ ❞♦ ▲❛❣♦ P❡r❡✐r❛ ✲ ❋❆❚❊❈✲❙P
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♥♦ P❡r✉ ❡ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ❛♥♦s✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❯♠ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s✱ é ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♠❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥♦ ✭▼❛r❦♦✈ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ✲ ▼❉P✮✳ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✭❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✲ ❘❚❉P✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛r❡♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡✐s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ❆◆❉ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦s ♥ós ❖❘ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❚❛✐s s♦❧✉çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛✲ ❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡✐s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ✉♠ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❡ ✉s❛♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦s ♥ós ❞❡ss❡ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ♣rát✐❝♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ▼❉Ps ❢❛t♦r❛❞♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ▼❉Ps ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛ ❡ ❛s✲ s✐♠✱ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ▼❉Ps✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛✲ ♠♦s ❝♦♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼P❉s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ▼❉Ps ❢❛t♦r❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■▲❆❖✯ ❡ ♦ t❡st❛♠♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦ ■PP❈✲✷✵✶✶✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✱ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧✱ ❇✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ❝♦♠ tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❡✛❡❝ts✱ ✐s t❤❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ✲ ▼❉P✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ✇❤❡r❡❛s t❤❡ ♠♦st ❡✣❝✐❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✲ ❘❚❉P✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ r❡❛❝❤❛❜❧❡ st❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ st❛t❡✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s❡❛r❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ ❛ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ❣r❛♣❤✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❆◆❉ ♥♦❞❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❡✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❖❘ ♥♦❞❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❧t❡r♥❛✲ t✐✈❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛❧s♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ ♦♥❧② r❡❛❝❤❛❜❧❡ st❛t❡s ❜✉t ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✉♣❞❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s✉❜❣r❛♣❤✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❧❛r❣❡ st❛t❡ s♣❛❝❡s ❧✐♠✐t t❤❡ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❋❛❝t♦r❡❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▼❉Ps ❛❧❧♦✇ t♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❡ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ✈❡r② ❧❛r❣❡ ▼❉Ps ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❧② ❛♥❞ t❤✉s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ▼❉Ps✱ ✇✐t❤ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐s ♦♥ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ s❡❛r❝❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❲❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛rt✳ ❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❢❛❝t♦r❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ■▲❆❖✯✳ ■t ✐s ❛❧s♦ t❡st❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥ ■PP❈✲✷✵✶✶✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✱ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤s ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✐✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ✼
✷✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✶✳✶ ●r❛❢♦s ♦r❞✐♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✶✳✷ ●r❛❢♦s ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✷ ❇✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❖❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✷✳✶ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥ã♦✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✷✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✿ ❆✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✷✳✸ ❇✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✸✳✶ ❇✉s❝❛ ♥ã♦✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✸✳✷ ❇✉s❝❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦s✿ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❖✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✸✳✸ ❇✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ❝í❝❧✐❝♦s ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ♣❛r❛ ❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ▼❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥♦s ✷✾
✸✳✶ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦ ❡ ▼❉Ps ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✷✳✶ ▼❉P ❞❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥t❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✷✳✷ ▼❉P ❞❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ✜♥✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✷✳✸ ▼❉P ❞❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✈✐✐✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✸✳✷✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ▼❉P ✉s❛♥❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❙í♥❝r♦♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✸✳✶ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✸✳✷ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸✳✹ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❆ssí♥❝r♦♥❛✿ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❘❚❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸✳✺ ❯❈❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✻ ❇✉s❝❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❉Ps✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✻✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ▼❉P ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✻✳✷ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ▲❆❖✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✻✳✸ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■▲❆❖✯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✻✳✹ ❖✉tr❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ▲❆❖✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✻✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ▼❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥♦s ❋❛t♦r❛❞♦s ✹✾
✹✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢❛t♦r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢❛t♦r❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢❛t♦r❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ❡ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✺ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ▼❉P ❋❛t♦r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✺✳✶ ❙P❯❉❉ ✭❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✉s✐♥❣ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✺✳✷ s❘❚❉P ✭❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❘❚❉P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹✳✺✳✸ ❋❛❝t✲▲❘❚❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✹✳✺✳✹ s▲❆❖✯ ✭❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ▲❆❖✯✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺ ■▲❆❖✯ ❋❛t♦r❛❞♦ ✺✾
✺✳✶ ❘❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✷ ❊①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺✳✸ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡♠ ♣ós✲♦r❞❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✹ ❋❛❝t✲■▲❆❖✯ ✈s✳ s▲❆❖✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✺ ❋❛❝t✲■▲❆❖✯ ✈s✳ ❋❛❝t✲▲❘❚❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✻✼
✻✳✶ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✻✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❘❉❉▲✳s✐♠ ❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✻✳✷✳✶ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❘❉❉▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✻✳✷✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❘❉❉▲✳s✐♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✻✳✷✳✸ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✻✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✻✳✸✳✶ ●▲❯❚❚❖◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✻✳✸✳✷ ❋❛❝t✲▲❘❚❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✻✳✸✳✸ ❊♥✉♠✲■▲❆❖✯ ❡ ❋❛❝t✲■▲❆❖✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✻✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋❛❝t✲■▲❆❖✯ ❡ ❊♥✉♠✲■▲❆❖✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✐①
✻✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋❛❝t✲■▲❆❖✯✱ ❋❛❝t✲▲❘❚❉P ❡ ♦ ●▲❯❚❚❖◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✾
✼✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✼✳✷ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
▼❉P ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ❙❙P ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❙❤♦rt❡st P❛t❤
▲❆❖✯ ▲♦♦♣✲❆♥❞✲❖r
■▲❆❖✯ ■♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ▲❆❖✯
❘▲❆❖✯ ❘❡✈❡rs❡ ▲❆❖✯
❇▲❆❖✯ ❇✐❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❆❖✯
▼❇▲❆❖✯ ▼✉❧t✐✲t❤r❡❛❞ ❇✐❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❆❖✯ ■❇▲❆❖✯ ■t❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❇♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ▲❆❖✯
s▲❆❖✯ ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ▲❆❖✯
❋❛❝t✲■▲❆❖✯ ❋❛❝t♦r❡❞ ■▲❆❖✯
❘❚❉P ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣
▲❘❚❉P ▲❛❜❡❧❡❞ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❇❘❚❉P ❇♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❋❘❚❉P ❋♦❝✉s❡❞ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ s❘❚❉P ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❋❛❝t✲▲❘❚❉P ❋❛❝t♦r❡❞ ▲❘❚❉P
❆❉❉ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠ ❇❉❉ ❇✐♥❛r② ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠
❉❇◆ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❙P❯❉❉ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ✉s✐♥❣ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠s
❆P❘■❈❖❉❉ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ P♦❧✐❝② ❈♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
❱ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s
A ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦s
◆ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥ós
❚ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥ós t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s E ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦s H ❍✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦
¯
H ❙✉❜ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦
F ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦
ˆ
h ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ S ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s A ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s
A(s) ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ s
C ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ R ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛
P ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛ γ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥t♦
π P♦❧ít✐❝❛ π∗ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ót✐♠❛ V ❋✉♥çã♦ ✈❛❧♦r V∗ ❋✉♥çã♦ ✈❛❧♦r ót✐♠❛
G ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♠❡t❛
ǫ ❊rr♦
● ❍✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦ ●✬ ❍✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ πG′ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❛✮ ❯♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ♦r❞✐♥ár✐♦✳ ❜✮ ❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós sã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❖❘ ✭♥ós ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ❞❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✭♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✮ ❛✮ ❖s ❡st❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♥ós ❖❘ ❡ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❛r❝♦s ✉♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ s❡♠✐✲❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ❜✮ ❘❡♣✲ r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ó ✜❝t✐❝✐♦ ❆◆❉ ✭❝ír❝✉❧♦ ♣r❡t♦✮ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞♦ s❡♠✐✲❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ó ❆◆❉ ♥ã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❝✮ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦✳ ❞✮ ❆ ❛çã♦a0 ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ④♣✱q⑥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♥ós ④♣✱¬q⑥ ❡ ④¬♣✱q⑥
✭✵✳✸ ❡ ✵✳✼ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷✳✶ ❛✮ ●r❛❢♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦✳ ❜✮ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭◆✐❧ss♦♥✱✶✾✽✵✮✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛✮ ❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♥ós ❖❘ ❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ✜❝tí❝✐♦ ❆◆❉✳ ❜✮ ❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ❝♦♠ ❛r❝♦ ❆◆❉ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝✉r✈❛✳ ❝✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♥ós ❖❘ ❡ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦s ✭❆◆❉✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✸ ❖ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦ e1❂✭❚✭e1✮✱❍✭e1✮✮ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦s s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❚✭e1✮❂④n1✱n2⑥ ❡ ❍✭e1✮❂④n4✱n5✱n6⑥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✹ ❛✮ ❍✐♣❡r❛r❝♦ ♣❛r❛ trás✳ ❜✮ ❍✐♣❡r❛r❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✺ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❋✲❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ n0 é ♥ó ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ✶✲❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦ ✭④n0⑥✱④n1⑥✮ ❡ ❞♦ ✷✲❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦ ✭④n0⑥✱④n4✱n5⑥✮ ❡ ♦s ♥ós n7 ❡ n8 sã♦ ♥ós ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ✷✲❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦ ✭④n6⑥✱④n7✱n8⑥✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✻ P♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❛s♣✐r❛❞♦r✳ ❖s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ✐❞❡♥✲ t✐✜❝❛♠ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❘✉ss❡❧❧ ❡ ◆♦r✈✐❣✱✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✼ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❛s♣✐r❛❞♦r✳ ✶✸
✷✳✽ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛s♣✐r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♣ó✳ ◆❡ss❛ ✜❣✉r❛✱ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❆s♣✐r❛r é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❙ ✭❙✉❝❦✮✱ ▼♦✈❡r✲♣❛r❛✲❊sq✉❡r❞❛ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ▲ ✭▲❡❢t✮ ❡ ▼♦✈❡r✲♣❛r❛✲❉✐r❡✐t❛ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘ ✭❘✐❣❤t✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❘✉ss❡❧❧ ❡ ◆♦r✈✐❣✱✷✵✶✵✮✳✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✾ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶✺✲♣✉③③❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✶✵ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❛s♣✐r❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❡✈✐t❛ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r ♥ós r❡♣❡t✐❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
①✈✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✷✳✶✶ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ✽✲♣✉③③❧❡✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♥ó ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡ ♦s ❛r❝♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛çõ❡s✳ ◆♦ r❛♠♦ ♠❛✐s ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✉♥❡ ♦ ♥ó ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ♥ó ♠❡t❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❊rt❡❧✱✷✵✶✶✮✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✷✳✶✷ ❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❆s♣✐r❛❞♦r ■■✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ ❆s♣✐r❛r é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ó ❆◆❉ ❙ ✭❙✉❝❦✮✱ ▼♦✈❡r✲♣❛r❛✲❊sq✉❡r❞❛ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ó ❆◆❉ ▲ ✭▲❡❢t✮ ❡ ▼♦✈❡r✲♣❛r❛✲❉✐r❡✐t❛ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ó ❆◆❉ ❘ ✭❘✐❣❤t✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡
✭❘✉ss❡❧❧ ❡ ◆♦r✈✐❣✱✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳✶✸ P❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❛s♣✐r❛❞♦r ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦✳ ❆s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ♥❡❣r✐t♦ ♠♦str❛♠ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❘✉ss❡❧❧ ❡ ◆♦r✈✐❣✱
✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✶✹ ❉♦✐s ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦s s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✶ ❖ r♦❜ô ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦r✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❈♦rt❡s✐❛ ❞❛ ◆❆❙❆✴❏P▲✲❈❛❧t❡❝❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✸✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ▼❉P ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✳ ❖s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♥ós ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ▼❉P✳ ❖s ❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s tr❛♥✲ s✐çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼❉P✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡t✐q✉❡t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❛r❝♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✸ ❇✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ✭❍●❙P✮✳ ❖s ♥ós ❝✐♥③❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ❍●❙P✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✸✳✹ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ✭❍●❙P✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✺ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ✭❍●❙P✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✻ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣✐st❛s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❘❛❝❡tr❛❝❦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❝♦r ❝❡❧❡st❡ ❡ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ❝♦r ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✶ ❛✮❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❇◆ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ▼❉P✳ ❜✮ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❈P❚s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐sX1′ ❡ X2′✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❛✳ ❝✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❈P❚s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆❉❉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆❉❉✳ ❆ ❡t✐q✉❡t❛ ✈ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ♦ ♥ó✱ ♦ r❛♠♦ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ❡ ♦ r❛♠♦ ❢❛❧s♦ ❞♦ ♥ó sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❤✐✭✈✮ ❡ ❧♦✭✈✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✸ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛❞♦s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❆❉❉ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✺ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❢ ❡ ❣ ❡ s✉❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❆❉❉s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿✭❉❡❧❣❛❞♦✱✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✻ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❢ ❡ ❣ ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❢ ✰❣✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿✭❉❡❧❣❛❞♦✱✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✼ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ✉♥ár✐❛ ▼❆❳ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿✭❉❡❧❣❛❞♦✱✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✽ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ▼❆❳ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❢ ❡ ❣✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿✭❉❡❧❣❛❞♦✱✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✾ ❆ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ r❡str✐çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ◗✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿✭❉❡❧❣❛❞♦✱✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✶✵ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❇❉❉✳ ❛✮ ❖ ❇❉❉ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❜✮ ❖ ❇❉❉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ✺✺
✹✳✶✶ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❇❉❉s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✶✷ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ①✳ ❛✮ ❖ ❆❉❉ VDDt ✱ ❜✮ ❖ ❡st❛❞♦ ①DD✱ ❝✮
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✈✐✐
✻✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ◆❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❘❉❉▲✳s✐♠✳ ❆ ❧❡tr❛ ● ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r ❡♠ t♦♥s ❞❡ ❝✐♥③❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡r✳ ❯♠ t♦♠ ♦s❝✉r♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✻✳✷ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❙②s❆❞♠✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻✳✸ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❢❢✐❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻✳✹ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❊❧❡✈❛t♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻✳✺ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ●❛♠❡ ♦❢ ▲✐❢❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻✳✻ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ◆❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✻✳✼ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✻✳✽ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❈r♦ss✐♥❣ ❚r❛❢❢✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✻✳✾ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❙❦✐❧❧ ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✻✳✶✵ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❙②s❆❞♠✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻✳✶✶ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❢❢✐❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻✳✶✷ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❊❧❡✈❛t♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻✳✶✸ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ●❛♠❡ ♦❢ ▲✐❢❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻✳✶✹ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ◆❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✻✳✶✺ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✻✳✶✻ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❈r♦ss✐♥❣ ❚r❛❢❢✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✻✳✶✼ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❙❦✐❧❧ ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✻✳✶✽ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❙②s❆❞♠✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✻✳✶✾ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❢❢✐❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✻✳✷✵ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❊❧❡✈❛t♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✻✳✷✶ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ●❛♠❡ ♦❢ ▲✐❢❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✻✳✷✷ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ◆❛✈✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✻✳✷✸ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❝♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✻✳✷✹ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❈r♦ss✐♥❣ ❚r❛❢❢✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s
❯♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ s❡✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❞♦r❡s ✭❘✉ss❡❧❧ ❡ ◆♦r✈✐❣✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ✐♥✲ t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦ ♥❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ✭♣❧❛♥♦s✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭●❡✛♥❡r✱✷✵✵✷✮✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡str✐t✐✈❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✿ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ é ú♥✐❝♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡❀ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥ís✲ t✐❝♦s❀ ❝♦♠ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s r❡str✐t❛s ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦ ✭●❤❛❧❧❛❜ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆ ❜✉s❝❛ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✳ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✮✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ◆❡st❛ ✈✐sã♦✱ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s é ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ♦s ❛r❝♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❣r❛❢♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó é ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♥ó ❖❘✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠ ♥ó q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ♥ó ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s✳
❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✶✳✶❛✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛❞♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥❛s ♣ ❡ q✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ④♣✱¬q⑥✱ ♣ t❡♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦ ❡ q ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❢❛❧s♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❝♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ é r♦t✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❞✐st✐♥t❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝❛r❛t❡r✐③❛ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ❜✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ r♦t✉❧❛ ♦s ♥ós ❝♦♠♦ ❖❘✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡ss❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛ ♥♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r✿ ✐✮ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ✐✐✮ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✭❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛❢♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✮ ❡ ✐✐✐✮ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♠❡t❛✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛té ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ♠❡t❛ ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛✱ s❡ t❛❧ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st✐r✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ❖❘ é ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆✯
✭❍❛rt ❡t ❛❧✳✱✶✾✻✽✮ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✭♦✉ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞❛
t❛r❡❢❛✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❛❞♠✐ssí✈❡✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❢♦❝❛r ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ót✐♠❛s ✭❍❛s❧✉♠ ❡ ●❡✛♥❡r✱✷✵✵✵✮✳
P❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s✱ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❧❛①❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ❛s s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧áss✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡✴♦✉ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ é ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❛✮ ❯♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ♦r❞✐♥ár✐♦✳ ❜✮ ❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❛✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós sã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❖❘ ✭♥ós ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ❞❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✮✳
✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ ❞✐③❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡ss❡ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ ❞✐③❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡ss❡ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✳
P❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♥ó ❖❘✱ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❛çõ❡s ❛❧t❡r✲ ♥❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❆◆❉ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✿ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ sã♦ ❖❘✱ ❡ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛r❝♦s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❡ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ é ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❣r❛❢♦s ♦r❞✐♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳
❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ✭◆✐❧ss♦♥✱ ✶✾✽✵✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r✲ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✱ ♦s ❦✲❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❦✲❡st❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r q✉❡ ✉♠ ❦✲❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ♥♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡st❛❞♦s s✉❝❡s✲ s♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ✈ár✐❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✶✳✷❛✮ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ sã♦ ♥ós ❖❘ ❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ♦ s❡♠✐✲ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✉♥✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❛r❝♦s r♦t✉❧❛❞♦s ♣♦ra0 ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛
❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♥ós s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷ ❜✮ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♠♦s ✉♠ ♥ó ❆◆❉ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♥ós s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r a0 ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ④♣✱q⑥✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ♥ós ♥ã♦
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦s✱ ♠❛s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♥ós s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✶✳✷❝✮ ❡ss❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✳ ❆s três r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♦✉tr❛✳
❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ♦✉ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ é ✉♠ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛❝❛❜❛ ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ♠❡t❛✱ ❝♦♠ r❛♠✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♥ós ❆◆❉ ✭♦✉ ♣❡❧♦s ❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦s✮✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❖✯ ✭❍❛♥s❡♥ ❡ ❩✐❧❜❡rst❡✐♥✱✶✾✾✽✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ót✐♠❛ ♥✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ♦✉ ♥✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✳ ❊❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡①✲ ♣❛♥sã♦ ✭♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✮ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ✭♣❛r❛ trás✮✳ ❆❖✯ ✉s❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❛❞♠✐ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ♠❡t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r✳
✶✳✶ ❈❖◆❙■❉❊❘❆➬Õ❊❙ P❘❊▲■▼■◆❆❘❊❙ ✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✭♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♣r♦❜✲ ❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✮ ❛✮ ❖s ❡st❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♥ós ❖❘ ❡ ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❛r❝♦s ✉♥✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ s❡♠✐✲❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ❜✮ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ó ✜❝t✐❝✐♦ ❆◆❉ ✭❝ír❝✉❧♦ ♣r❡t♦✮ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞♦ s❡♠✐✲❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ó ❆◆❉ ♥ã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❝✮ ❆ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦✳ ❞✮ ❆ ❛çã♦ a0 ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ④♣✱q⑥
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♥ós ④♣✱¬q⑥ ❡ ④¬♣✱q⑥ ✭✵✳✸ ❡ ✵✳✼ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮✳
❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡✈♦❧✉✐ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❞♦✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ✭♦✉ ❝✉st♦✮ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✭♦✉ ♣❡r✲ ♠❛♥❡❝❡ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦✮✳ ❖ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♠❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s s❡❥❛♠ ✐♥❝❡rt♦s✱ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ t❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✉s✉❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ▼❉P é ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r t♦♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ót✐♠❛ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛ ❛ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❝✉st♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ✭P✉t❡r♠❛♥✱✶✾✾✹✮✳
✹ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
P❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❡♠ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ▼❉Ps ❢❛t♦r❛❞♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ▼❉Ps ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛ ✭●✉❡str✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✵✸✮✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❡✈✐t❛ ❛ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛✱ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ sí♥❝r♦♥❛ ✭❙P❯❉❉ ✭❍♦❡② ❡t ❛❧✳✱✶✾✾✾✮✱ ❆P❘■❈❖❉❉ ✭❙t✲❆✉❜✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥❛s ✭s❘❚❉P ✭❋❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ❋❛❝t✲▲❘❚❉P ✭●❛♠❛rr❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✶✷✮✮✳ ❊ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❆❉❉s ❆❧❣❡❜r❛✐❝ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠s ✭❇❛❤❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❇❉❉s ❇✐♥❛r② ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❉✐✲ ❛❣r❛♠s ✭❇r②❛♥t ❡t ❛❧✳✱✶✾✽✻✮ ❡ ❉❇◆s ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✭❉❡❛♥ ❡ ❑❛♥❛③❛✇❛✱✶✾✾✵✮✳
❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ▼❉Ps é ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛r ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ✭♦✉ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✮✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈❡♠♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❛♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s ❡✴♦✉ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦
✭❍❛♥s❡♥ ❡ ❩✐❧❜❡rst❡✐♥✱✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ✉♠ ▼❉P t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡
❜✉s❝❛ ♥✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ▼❉P sã♦ ♦s ♥ós ❞♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r ❡st❛❞♦✲❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❉P é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❦✲❤✐♣❡r❛r❝♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛✶✳✷❞✮ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ▼❉P✳ ◆♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ④♣✱q⑥ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ❛ ❛çã♦ a0 ♦✉ a5✳ ❈❛s♦ ❡❧❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ a5✱ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ s❡
♠❛♥té♥ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ❈❛s♦ s✉❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ s❡❥❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ a0✱ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ✈❛✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ④♣✱¬q⑥ ❝♦♠
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✵✳✸ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ④¬♣✱q⑥ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✵✳✼✳
❈♦♠♦ ♥✉♠ ▼❉P ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐s✐t❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛✱ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s r♦❜✉st❛s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❛❧✲ ❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❖✯ ✭▼❛rt❡❧❧✐ ❡ ▼♦♥t❛♥❛r✐✱ ✶✾✼✽✮ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ▼❉Ps ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛❝í❝❧✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ✭❍❛♥s❡♥ ❡ ❩✐❧❜❡rst❡✐♥✱✷✵✵✶✮ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❖✯ ❢♦✐ ❡st❡♥✲ ❞✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ▼❉Ps ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦ ✭❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❙❤♦rt❡st P❛t❤ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✮ ✭❇❡rts❡❦❛s ❡ ❚s✐ts✐❦❧✐s✱✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ▲❆❖✯ ✭▲♦♦♣ ❆❖✯✮ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ❆❖✯ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❝✐❝❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ▼❉Ps✳
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ▲❆❖✯ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳ ■▲❆❖✯ ✭❍❛♥s❡♥ ❡ ❩✐❧❜❡rst❡✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❞♦ ▲❆❖✯ ✭■t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛❧♦r ♦✉ ■t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ P♦❧ít✐❝❛✮ ❡ ❢❛③ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ✈ár✐❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ót✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❝✐❛✐s ❣✉❧♦s❛s✳ ❘▲❆❖✯ ✭❉❛✐ ❡ ●♦❧❞s♠✐t❤✱✷✵✵✻✮ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ r❡❣r❡ss✐✈❛ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ♠❡t❛ ❡ ❢❛③ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❇▲❆❖✯ ✭❇❤✉♠❛ ❡ ●♦❧❞s♠✐t❤✱✷✵✵✸✮ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❜✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✿ ✉♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ♠❡t❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ▼❇▲❆❖✯ ✭❉❛✐ ❡ ●♦❧❞s♠✐t❤✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❡s✲ t❡♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ✭t❤r❡❛❞s✮ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✈ár✐❛s ❜✉s❝❛s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛ trás✳ ■❇▲❆❖✯ ✭❲❛r♥q✉✐st ❡t ❛❧✳✱✷✵✶✵✮ é ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ▲❆❖✯ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ót✐♠♦✳ ❆ ❜✉s❝❛ é ❣✉✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ▲❆❖✯ ❡ ♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❛r r❛♠♦s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s▲❆❖✯ ✭❋❡♥❣ ❡ ❍❛♥s❡♥✱✷✵✵✷✮ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✳ ❖s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❆❉❉s✳ ❯s❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙P❯❉❉ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❝✉st♦s✳
