❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡str❛❞♦ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❯♠❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❆❞❛♣tá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ■♥t❡r♥♦s
▼ár✐♦ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ◆❡t♦
Melo Neto, Mário Andrade Vieira de.
Uma plataforma adaptável para localização em ambientes internos / Mário Andrade Vieira de Melo Neto. - Natal, 2016. 110f: il.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gibeon Soares de Aquino Júnior. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas e Computação.
1. Engenharia de software. 2. Localização em Ambientes Internos. 3. Adaptabilidade. 4. IndoLoR. I. Aquino Júnior, Gibeon Soares de. II. Título.
RN/UF/CCET CDU 004.41
Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte
▼ár✐♦ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ◆❡t♦
❯♠❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❆❞❛♣tá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠
❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ■♥t❡r♥♦s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠á✲ t✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐❜❡♦♥ ❙♦❛r❡s ❞❡ ❆q✉✐♥♦ ❏r✳
PP❣❙❈ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❈❈❊❚ ✕ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❉❊❯❙✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈♦ t✉❞♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ▼❛✉r♦ ❡ ❊♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❙❡♠ ❡❧❡s ❤♦❥❡ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛r✐❛ ❛q✉✐✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠ãs✱ ❈❛♠✐❧❛ ❡ ▼❛r❝❡❧❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ t♦r❝✐❞❛✱ ❢♦rç❛✱ ❛♠♦r ❡ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ ❡✉ s❡r✐❛ ❝❛♣❛③✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ◆♦❡❧❧②✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❡♥tr❛ss❡ ♥♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ss❛ ✜❧❤❛ ❙♦✜❛✳
❆❣r❡❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ●✐❜❡♦♥✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ✉♠ ❛♠✐❣♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❙■◆❋❖✱ ❲❡❦s❧❡②✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦✱ ▼②❝❤❡❧❧✱ ▲✐♥❞❡♠❜❡r❣✱ ■t❛♠✐r ❡ ❈í❝❡r♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✳
❆❣r❡❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ▼❛rq✉✐♥❤♦s✱ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❚♦♥②✱ P❛❜❧♦ ❡ ❆❞r✐❛♥♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡s ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❊✉ ❛❝r❡❞✐t♦ ❞❡♠❛✐s ♥❛ s♦rt❡✳ ❊ t❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♥st❛t❛❞♦ q✉❡✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✉r♦ ❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♠❛✐s s♦rt❡ ❡✉ t❡♥❤♦✳
❯♠❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❆❞❛♣tá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠
❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ■♥t❡r♥♦s
❆✉t♦r✿ ▼ár✐♦ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ◆❡t♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✭❛✮✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐❜❡♦♥ ❙♦❛r❡s ❞❡ ❆q✉✐♥♦ ❏r✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ tê♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ♦ ●P❙ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ ♣❛ss❛r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦✿ ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s✱ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❢á❜r✐❝❛s✱ ❡❞✐❢í❝✐♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉✲ tr♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ ●P❙ t❡♠ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❝✐s♦✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ●P❙ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❛♣tá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘✳ ❊ss❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♦ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦♥t❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢✉sã♦✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳
❆♥ ❆❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r ■♥❞♦♦r ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥
❆✉t❤♦r✿ ▼ár✐♦ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ◆❡t♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐❜❡♦♥ ❙♦❛r❡s ❞❡ ❆q✉✐♥♦ ❏r✳
❆❜str❛❝t
▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ♣❛rt ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬s ❧✐✈❡s✳ ❋♦r ♦✉t❞♦♦r ❡♥✈✐r♦♥✲ ♠❡♥ts✱ ●P❙ ❛♣♣❡❛rs ❛s st❛♥❞❛r❞ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✇✐❞❡❧② ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✉s✉❛❧❧② s♣❡♥❞ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❞❛✐❧② t✐♠❡ ✐♥ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s✿ ❤♦s♣✐t❛❧s✱ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐t✐❡s✱ ❢❛❝t♦r✐❡s✱ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣s✱ ❡t❝✳ ■♥ t❤❡s❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ ●P❙ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣❡r❧② ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣✳ ❈✉rr❡♥t❧②✱ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♦r ♦❜❥❡❝ts ✐♥ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ♥♦ s✐♥❣❧❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❢♦r ✐♥❞♦♦rs t❤❡ s❛♠❡ r❡s✉❧t ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ●P❙ ❢♦r ♦✉t❞♦♦rs ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤✐s✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ s♦✉r❝❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛✐♠s t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛♥ ❆❞❛♣t❛❜❧❡ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r ■♥❞♦♦r ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ❣♦❛❧✱ t❤❡ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❛✐♠s t♦ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡❝❡♣t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ❞❛t❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❞❛t❛ ❢✉s✐♦♥✱ ❞❛t❛ st♦r❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ r❡tr✐❡✈❛❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❧♦❝❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥t❡①t✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s
✶ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✷ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦ ✭●❯❀ ▲❖❀ ◆■❊▼❊●❊✲
❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❖❙●✐✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❆▲▲■❆◆❈❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✹ ❖❙●✐ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❘❡❣✐str② ✭❚❆❱❆❘❊❙❀ ❱❆▲❊◆❚❊✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✺ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ P❡t❡r✲
s❡♥ ❡t ❆❧✳ ✭P❊❚❊❘❙❊◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✻ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❦❡②✇♦r❞✐♥❣ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✉❥t❛❜❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✭▼❯❏❚❆❇❆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ♣✳ ✸✷
✼ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ s❡✉s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✽ ❆rt✐❣♦s ■♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ♣♦r ❆♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✾ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣♦r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶
✶✵ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶
✶✶ ❆❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦r ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷
✶✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ❡♠ ❝ ❛❞❛ ❝❛t❡♦❣r✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✶✸ P❡sq✉✐s❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦r ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✶✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❤í❜r✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✶✺ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾
✶✻ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❋✉sã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✶✼ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✶✽ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s✉♣♦rt❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✶✾ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✷✶ ❆P■ ❞❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽
✷✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❈♦♥❡❝t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✷✸ ❋♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✷✹ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❆❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✷✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❞❛ ❆P■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✷✻ ❊st✐❧♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ P✉❜❧✐s❤✴❙✉❜s❝r✐❜❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❣st❡r ❡t✳ ❆❧✳
✭❊❯●❙❚❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺ ✷✼ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ♣✳ ✻✻
✷✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❇❛s❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✷✾ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✸✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✸✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✸✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✸✸ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❲■❋■ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❙♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛✲
❢♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✸✹ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❞❡
♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✸✺ ❆♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❆P■ ❡ ❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❛♣tá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦
■♥❞♦♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✽
✸✻ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❆❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❲■❋■ ❡ ❘❋■❉ ♣✳ ✽✵
✸✼ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❆❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸
✸✽ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹
✸✾ ❚❡❧❛ ❞♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❆♥❞r♦✐❞ ❡①✐❜✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♥♦
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐tór✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
✹✶ ●rá✜❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s
❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✹
✹✷ ●rá✜❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ t♦✲
t❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✹
✹✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❞❛ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙t❛❝❦ ✭❍■●❍❚❖❲❊❘❀ ❇❘❯▼■❚❚❀ ❇❖❘❘■✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❢❛❝❡t❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✷ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❛ ❋❛❝❡t❛ ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✸ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❛ ❋❛❝❡t❛ ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✺ ❋♦r♠✉❧ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻
✻ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♣✳ ✺✷
✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s
q✉❡ ❛s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✺
✽ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♥t❡❞♦ ❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦✲
♥❡♥t❡s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✼
✾ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✽
✶✵ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ♣❡❧♦s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✽
✶✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ✉t✐✲
❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ s✐❣❧❛s
●P❙ ✲ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ●❧♦❜❛❧
❖❙●✐ ✲ ❖♣❡♥ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ●❛t❡✇❛② ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡
❘❙❙ ✲ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✐♥❛❧ ❘❡❝❡❜✐❞♦
❆❖❆ ✲ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛
❚❖❆ ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❡❣❛❞❛
●❙▼ ✕ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ▼ó✈❡✐s
❘❋■❉ ✕ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r r❛❞✐♦❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❘❋ ✕ ❘❛❞✐♦❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
❈❉▼❆ ✕ ❆❝❡ss♦ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ♣♦r ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦
❯❲❇ ✕ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❯❧tr❛❧❛r❣❛
❱▲❈ ✕ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ▲✉③ ❱✐sí✈❡❧
❋▼✕ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛
◆❋❈ ✕ ◆❡❛r ❋✐❡❧❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥
■♦❚ ✕ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❞❛s ❈♦✐s❛s
❘◆❋ ✲ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ◆ã♦✲❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❘❋ ✲ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s
■▼❉ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ▼❡tró♣♦❧❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛❣❡♥s
✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❣❡t❋✐❧t❡r ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛❧■♥❞♦♦r❙❡r✈✐❝❡ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ♣✳ ✻✽ ✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❊①t❡r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽ ✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ P❛❞rã♦ ♣✳ ✼✵ ✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❝t✐✈❛t♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ P❛❞rã♦ ♣✳ ✼✶ ✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❝t✐✈❛t♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❆❞❛♣✲
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✶✽
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✶✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✾
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✷ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦ ♣✳ ✷✸
✷✳✶ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ■♥t❡r♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✷✳✶✳✶ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ■♥❞♦♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✷✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✷✳✶✳✶✳✷ ❋✐♥❣❡r♣r✐♥t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✷✳✶✳✶✳✸ Pr♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✷✳✶✳✶✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❱✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✷✳✷ ❖♣❡♥ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ●❛t❡✇❛② ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ ✭❖❙●✐✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✷✳✷✳✶ ❖❙●■ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✸ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ♣✳ ✷✾
✸✳✶ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✸✳✶✳✶ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✸✳✶✳✷ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ■♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶
✸✳✶✳✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✸✳✶✳✺ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✸✳✶✳✻ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✸✳✶✳✼ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s à ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✸✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s às q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✸✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ◗✶✿ ◗✉❛✐s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ té❝✲
♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❞♦♦r ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✜♥❣❡r♣r✐♥ts❄ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✸✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ◗✷✿ ❈♦♠♦ ❡ss❡s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡stã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s
❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✸✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ◗✸✿ ◆♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✱ q✉❛✐s ♦s t✐♣♦s
❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✸✳✷✳✶✳✹ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ◗✹✿ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦s ❛rt✐✲
❣♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶
✸✳✷✳✷ ❉✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷
✸✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✹ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ♣✳ ✹✼
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✼
✹✳✷ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✼
✹✳✷✳✶ ◆ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽
✹✳✷✳✷ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✹✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✹✳✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✹✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ▼ó❞✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✹✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❈♦♥❡❝t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✹✳✸✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❆❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✹✳✸✳✹ P❛❞rõ❡s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❆❞♦t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✹✳✸✳✹✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✹✳✸✳✹✳✷ P✉❜❧✐s❤✴❙✉❜s❝r✐❜❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✹✳✸✳✹✳✸ P❛❞rã♦ ❡♠ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✹✳✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✹✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❈♦♠✉♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✹✳✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s P❛❞rõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✹✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦✿ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ■♥❞♦♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❲■❋■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶✳✶ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❲■❋■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✺✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❉❛t❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✺✳✶✳✶✳✷ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✺✳✶✳✶✳✸ ❉❛t❛ ❙t♦r❛❣❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✺✳✶✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✺✳✶✳✸ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✼
✺✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦✿ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ■♥❞♦♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❲■❋■ ❡ ❘❋■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✽
✺✳✷✳✶ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✺✳✷✳✶✳✶ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✺✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❙✉❥❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✺✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✺✳✷✳✶✳✹ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷
✺✳✷✳✶✳✺ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷
✺✳✷✳✷ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷
✺✳✷✳✸ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s à ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✾
✺✳✷✳✹✳✶ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✶✿ ◗✉❛❧ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✵
✺✳✷✳✹✳✷ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✷✿ ❈r✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛
♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s❛❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✶
✺✳✷✳✹✳✸ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✸✿ ❖ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ é ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s tê♠ s✉❛s
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛s❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✷
✺✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾✹
✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣✳ ✾✻
✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ♣✳ ✶✵✵
✼✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✶
✼✳✷ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✷
✼✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✵✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣✳ ✶✵✹
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ ▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❆rt✐❣♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❡ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❢♦r♠✉✲
✶✽
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s✐t✉❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✶✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✷ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ tr❛t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✸ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡❧❛✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✹ é ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
◆♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❡s ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ✭❍❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❚❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r
❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✉♠❛ r♦t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❧♦✲ ❝❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❜♦♠❜❡✐r♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣ré❞✐♦ ❡♠ ❝❤❛♠❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✭▲■❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛✲ çã♦✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛ ❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ✭❍■●❍❚❖❲❊❘❀ ❇❖❘❘■❊▲▲❖✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✭❙❆❚❨❆◆❆❘❆❨❆◆❆◆✱
✷✵✵✶✮ ✭❲■◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ ❣❛st❛r ❞❡ ✽✵✲✾✵✪ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❧❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ✭❙■▼❖◆■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊st❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ s❤♦♣♣✐♥❣s✱ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✱ ❛❡r♦♣♦r✲
✶✾
❉❛❞❛ ❡ss❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ✭❉❖❉●❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❆❧é♠
❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❖♣✉s❘❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ✭❘❊❙❊❆❘❈❍✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❛té ✷✵✶✽ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❣❛st♦s
❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✵ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞ó❧❛r❡s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❞♦♦r✳ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ ❛s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❡♠❡r❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛s ✭❘❊❙❊❆❘❈❍✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r♥♦✳ ❊♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛♠ ❞❡st❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦✿
• ❘❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❆✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ✭❏❯◆❆■❖✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
• ❈❛♠♣✉s ❊s❝♦❧❛r ✭▼❆❩❊▼❆P✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✭❇❊❊❙❚❆❘✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✭❆◆❨P▲❆❈❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
• ❚♦✉r ❡♠ ♠✉s❡✉s ❣✉✐❛❞♦ ✭❋❘❆❯◆❍❖❋❊❘✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
• ❙❤♦♣♣✐♥❣s ✭❆◆❨P▲❆❈❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
• ◆❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▲♦❥❛ ✭▲■P❙✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✭P❖■◆❚■◆❙■❉❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
• ❉❡♣ós✐t♦s ✭▲■P❙✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✭❆◆❨P▲❆❈❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
• ❊st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❡♠ ❡ ô♥✐❜✉s✱ ❛❡r♦♣♦rt♦s ❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s s✉❜t❡rrâ♥❡❛s ✭❍❊❘❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
• ❊st❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦
• Pr♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛ ❉✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ✭●▲❖P❖❙✱ ✷✵✶✺✮
✶✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛
❆ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❜❡♠ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ P♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ✭●P❙✮ ✭❍❖❋❋▼❆◆◆✲❲❊▲▲❊◆❍❖❋❀ ▲■❈❍❚❊✲ ◆❊●●❊❘❀ ❈❖▲▲■◆❙✱ ✶✾✾✹✮ ❝✉❥♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ❞❡st❛
✷✵
❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✜❝❛③✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✶✵♠ ✭❑❆P▲❆◆❀ ❍❊●❆❘❚❨✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✭❊❍❙❆◆■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ✭▲❊▼■❈ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛s
❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ✭●❖❖●▲❊✱ ✷✵✶✹✮ ❡ ❆♣♣❧❡ ✭❆P✲ P▲❊✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ❡stã♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♥❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ✭■◆❙■❉❊❘✱ ✷✵✶✺✮ ✭❙❯▼▼■❚✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ■ss♦ ❞❡♠♦♥s✲
tr❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ s❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ r❡s♦❧✈❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ❡ ❛ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ✭▲❨▼❇❊❘❖P❖❯▲❖❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❊ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❛③õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐st♦ é ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❡❞❡s✱ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛té ♣❡ss♦❛s ✭▼❊▲❖❀ ❆◗❯■◆❖✱ ✷✵✶✺❜✮✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛✲ ❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❧❡✈❡♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ ▼❡❧♦ ❡ ❆q✉✐♥♦ ✭▼❊▲❖❀ ❆◗❯■◆❖✱ ✷✵✶✺❛✮✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡
❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ár❡❛✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❛♣tá✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛✲s❡ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
• ▼❛♣❡❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s❀
• ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s❀
• Pr♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❛♣tá✈❡❧ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✏■♥❞♦▲♦❘✑✱ ❛❝rô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ■♥❞♦♦r
✷✶
✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡❣✉✐✉ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❡t❛♣❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❛s✿ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❊①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛✱ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❖ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛r ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❧❛❝✉♥❛s ❞❡ ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♥♦t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥❡r❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡❧❡rô♠❡tr♦s ❡ ❣✐r♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❆♣ós ❡ss❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛rt✐✉✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ss❡ ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐✉✲ s❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♥ã♦✲❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❢❛r✐❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❖♣❡♥ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ●❛t❡✇❛② ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡ ✭❖❙●✐✮ ✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❢♦ss❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s✳
✷✷
♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡ s✉❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛❝õ❡s ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛r ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❲■❋■ ❡ ❘❋■❉✳ ❊ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡ s✉❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s
❛♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦❀
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t✐♥❤❛ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛r ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❧❛❝✉♥❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❛♣tá✈❡❧✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ■♥❞♦▲♦❘✱ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛✲
çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s s❡✉s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠✲
❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐tór✐♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦s s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❲■❋■ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ❡ s✉❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳
• ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ❡①♣õ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
✷✸
✷ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❖❙●■✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳
✷✳✶ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ■♥t❡r♥♦s
❆ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ s✉❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ❝♦✐s❛s ✭❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❡str❡❧❛s✱ ❜✉ss♦❧❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛✈❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡r❛♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦❜r✐❛♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❣❧♦❜♦ t❡rr❡str❡✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s s✉r❣✐✉ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✵ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ●P❙✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s é ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛ ✭❑❆P▲❆◆❀ ❍❊●❆❘❚❨✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❖ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ●P❙ é t♦❞♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ t♦r♥❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ é ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s s❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❝❤❡✐❛s ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♦✉ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛❧✈♦✳ P❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ss❛ ✐♥❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ■♥❞♦♦r✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦ ♦✉ ❛❧❣✉é♠ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❤♦s♣✐t❛✐s✱ ❣✐♥ás✐♦s✱ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ s❤♦♣♣✐♥❣s ❡ ❡t❝ ✭❱❖❙❙■❊❑ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✷✹
♣ré❞✐♦ ❡♠ ❝❤❛♠❛s✱ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ã❡s ♣♦❧✐❝✐❛✐s tr❡✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ♣ré❞✐♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭▲■❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ■♥❞♦♦r
P❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦✐s❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ●P❙✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ✭●❯❀ ▲❖❀ ◆■❊▼❊●❊❊❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ t❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s sã♦✿ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❋✐♥❣❡r✲
♣r✐♥t✐♥❣✱ Pr♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❱✐sã♦✳
✷✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦
❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞♦s tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ três ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡s✿
• P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ✭❘❙❙✮ ✿
❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❡ ✉♠ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❛té ♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ✭❱❖❙❙■❊❑ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
• ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ✭❆❖❆✮ ✿
❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❡ ✉♠ r❡❝❡♣t♦r é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥t❡♥❛s ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❝♦❜r✐♥❞♦ ✸✻✵♦ ❣r❛✉s✮ ❡♠
❝❛❞❛ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✳ ❆♦ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♠✐ss♦r✱ ♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛♥t❡♥❛ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡✱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ❡ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦ tê♠✲s❡ ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♦♥❞❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✭❚❆❍❊❘■❀ ❙■◆●❍❀ ❊▼▼❆◆❯❊▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
• ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ✭❚❖❆✮ ✿
✷✺
❖ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞✐♠❡♥✲ sõ❡s é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❙❡ ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✭①✐✱②✐✮ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s três ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❆✱❇ ❡ ❈ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❊✶ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♦✉ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❘✶✱ ❘✷ ❡ ❘✸✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❚r✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦ ✭●❯❀ ▲❖❀ ◆■❊▼❊●❊❊❘❙✱
✷✵✵✾✮
✷✳✶✳✶✳✷ ❋✐♥❣❡r♣r✐♥t✐♥❣
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❋❛r✐❞ ❡t✳ ❆❧✳✭❋❆❘■❉❀ ◆❖❘❉■◆❀ ■❙▼❆■▲✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ❡ ❇♦❧❧✐❣❡r ✭❇❖▲▲■●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❡st❛ é ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦✐s❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❆ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❞♦♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❋✐♥❣❡r♣r✐♥t✐♥❣ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❛r✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✭❑❆❊▼❆❘❯◆●❙■✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
✷✳✶✳✶✳✸ Pr♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡
