❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ ❘■❖ ●❘❆◆❉❊ ❉❖ ◆❖❘❚❊ ❈❊◆❚❘❖ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
❉❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ ❉Ó❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆ ▲❆❇❖❘❆❚Ó❘■❖ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❈❖▼❉❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❊ ❆❯❚❖▼❆➬➹❖
■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘♦t✐♥❛s
❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❇ás✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛
❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛
▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❈❛♠♣♦s❞♦ ❆♠❛r❛❧ ❇❡③❡rr❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉r♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✉✐③ ▼❛r❝♦s●❛r❝✐❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ ❘■❖ ●❘❆◆❉❊ ❉❖ ◆❖❘❚❊ ❈❊◆❚❘❖ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
❉❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ ❉Ó❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆ ▲❆❇❖❘❆❚Ó❘■❖ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❈❖▼❉❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❊ ❆❯❚❖▼❆➬➹❖
■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘♦t✐♥❛s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❇ás✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♦❉r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉ós✲●r❛✲ ❞✉❛çã♦❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞♦❈❡♥tr♦❞❡ ❚❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦❞♦❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✭▼✳❙❝✳✮✳
▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❞♦ ❆♠❛r❛❧ ❇❡③❡rr❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉r♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✉✐③ ▼❛r❝♦s ●❛r❝✐❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s
Resumo
O Laboratório de Sistemas Inteligentes do Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Automação da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN tem como um de seus projetos de pesquisa -Robosense - a construção de uma plataforma robótica móvel. Trata-se de um robô provido de duas rodas, acionadas de forma diferencial, dois braços, com 5 graus de liberdade cada, um cinturão de sonares e uma cabeça estéreo. Como objetivo principal do projeto Robosense, o robô deverá ser capaz de navegar por todo o prédio do LECA, desviando de obstáculos. O sistema de navegação do robô, responsável pela geração e seguimento de rotas, atuará em malha fechada. Ou seja, sensores serão utilizados pelo sistema com o intuito de informar ao robô a sua pose atual, incluindo localização e a configuração de seus recursos. Encoders (sensores especiais de rotação) foram instalados nas rodas, bem como em todos os motores dos dois braços da cabeça estéreo. Sensores de fim-de-curso foram instalados em todas as juntas da cabeça estéreo para que seja possível sua pré-calibração. Sonares e câmeras também farão parte do grupo de sensores utilizados no projeto. O robô contará com uma plataforma composta por, a princípio, dois computadores ligados a um barramento único para uma operação em tempo real, em paralelo. Um deles será responsável pela parte de controle dos braços e de sua navegação, tomando como base as informações recebidas dos sensores das rodas e dos próximos objetivos do robô. O outro computador processará todas as informações referentes à cabeça estéreo do robô, como as imagens recebidas das câmeras. A utilização de técnicas de imageamento estéreo torna-se necessária, pois a informação de uma única imagem não determina unicamente a posição de um dado ponto correspondente no mundo. Podemos então, através da utilização de duas ou mais câmeras, recuperar a informação de profundidade da cena. A cabeça estéreo proposta nada mais é que um artefato físico que deve dar suporte a duas câmeras de vídeo, movimentá-las seguindo requisições de programas (softwares) apropriados e ser capaz de fornecer sua pose atual. Fatores como velocidade angular de movimentação das câmeras, precisão espacial e acurácia são determinantes para o eficiente resultado dos algoritmos que nesses valores se baseiam. 62
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✹ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✺ ❆ ♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✺
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❆ rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❊stér❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛s ❡stér❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛s ❡stér❡♦×❈❛❜❡ç❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✺ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✻ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐st♦rçã♦ ❜❛rr✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✼ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✷✸
✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❋ís✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✸ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✸✷
✹✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✷ ❈❛♣t✉r❛ ❞♦s ◗✉❛❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ◗✉❛❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✹✳✸✳✶ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐st♦rçã♦ ❇❛rr✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐✲r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✹✶
✺✳✶ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✷ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✺✳✸ ❈♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❈r✉③ ❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❉✐s♣❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✻
✻✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✷ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✻✳✸ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✺✺
❆ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❋ís✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ✻✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❘❯❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❏❛♥♥✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ❈❛❜ ❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❞♦ ❏❛♥♥✉s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❙❤❡♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❙❤❛r♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞✐st♦r❝✐❞❛ ❡ s❡♠ ❞✐rt♦rçã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❞✐st♦rçã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜ ❛rr✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✾ ❖✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐st♦rçã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜ ❛rr✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✶✵ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ▲❡♥❛ ❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐✲r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♠♦♥♦✲r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✷ ❙♦❜ r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❘❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s s♦❜ r❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❈❛❜ ❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❘♦❜ ót✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❊s❜ ♦ç♦ ❞❛ ❈❛❜ ❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✶ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐✲r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✹ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐✲❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✶ ▼ás❝❛r❛3×3❝♦♠ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✭✐✱ ❥✮❂✭✷✱ ✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✻✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❈❛❜ ❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦sα❡β ♥♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✻✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❖♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼♦✈✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ✳ ✹✾ ✻✳✹ ❈❛❜ ❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❖♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❉❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✻✳✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✻✳✻ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✼ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✽ ❋✐❧tr♦ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✾ ❋✐❧tr♦ ●r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✶✵ ❋✐❧tr♦ ●r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❨ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✻✳✶✶ ❋✐❧tr♦ ▲❛♣❧❛❝✐❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✻✳✶✷ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✼✳✶ ❋♦t♦s ❞♦ ❘♦❜♦s❡♥s❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✼✳✷ ❈♦r♣♦ ❞♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✼✳✸ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❞♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ✲ ❯❋❘◆ ✲ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✲ ❘♦❜♦s❡♥s❡ ✲ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ♠ó✈❡❧✳
❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ r♦❜ô ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r♦❞❛s✱ ❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❞♦✐s ❜r❛ç♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ✺ ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❝❛❞❛✱ ✉♠ ❝✐♥t✉rã♦ ❞❡ s♦♥❛r❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❘♦❜♦s❡♥s❡✱ ♦ r♦❜ô ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛r ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣ré❞✐♦ ❞♦ ▲❊❈❆✱ ❞❡s✈✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳
❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ s❡❣✉✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛s✱ ❛t✉❛rá ❡♠ ♠❛❧❤❛ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r ❛♦ r♦❜ô ❛ s✉❛ ♣♦s❡ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s r❡❝✉rs♦s✳ ❊♥❝♦❞❡rs ✭s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦✮ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s r♦❞❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦t♦r❡s ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❜r❛ç♦s ❡ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦✳ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ✜♠✲❞❡✲❝✉rs♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❥✉♥t❛s ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s✉❛ ♣ré✲❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦✳ ❙♦♥❛r❡s ❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛rã♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❖ r♦❜ô ❝♦♥t❛rá ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✳ ❯♠ ❞❡❧❡s s❡rá r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦s ❜r❛ç♦s ❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦✱ t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❛s r♦❞❛s ❡ ❞♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ r♦❜ô✳ ❖ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛rá t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❞❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stér❡♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ✉♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝â♠❡r❛s✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❡♥❛✳
❆ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s é q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥tá✲❧❛s s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✭s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✮ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s✉❛ ♣♦s❡ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❋❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✱ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ sã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ♥❡ss❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❘♦❜♦s❡♥s❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♥❛ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s✉❛ ♠❛tr✐③❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r❡st❛♠♦s ❛ss❡ss♦r✐❛ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡❧étr♦✲♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❝✐♥❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦✳ ❉❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r♦t✐♥❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❞❛rã♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ às ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ r♦❜ô✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠ ♥❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s♠❡♠❜r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s q✉❡ ❞❡❧✐♥❡✐❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✱ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❡♥✉♠❡r❛r✿
• ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦❀
• ❆ss❡ss♦r✐❛ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛❀ • ❆ss❡ss♦r✐❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛❀
• ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s❀ • ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦❀ • ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❝â♠❡r❛s❀
• ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ r♦t✐♥❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s❀
• ●❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛
q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦❀
• P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s
❆ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s✉r❣❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡✳ ◆❡❧❛✱ ❡stá ♣r❡✈✐st❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ r♦❜ô✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦✈❡r ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s s❡✉s ❞♦✐s ❜r❛ç♦s ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❉❛í ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ r♦❜ô ✧❡♥①❡r❣✉❡✧ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡❝✐❞✐✉✲s❡ ♣♦r ❡q✉✐♣❛r ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❞♦t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s✳
✶✳✸ ❉❡s❛✜♦s
❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ é ♣♦r s✐ só ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡♥❝❛❞❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r✲❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r✱ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠ ❡♠ s✐ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡♣❛ss❛r ♦s ❡rr♦s ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s às ♣ró①✐♠❛s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ✧❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✧✳ P❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❢♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝❛♣t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✱ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ss❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r✐❛ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ q✉❛❞r♦s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♦✉ ♣r♦①✐♠♦ ❞✐ss♦✱ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ r♦❜ô ♣❛r❛ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞✐r❡t♦✳
❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ t❛①❛ ✭♦✉ ♣ró①✐♠❛✮ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛ ♦✉ ♥❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ss❛❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳
✶✳✹ ■♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s ♥ã♦ é ♥♦✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❡①❡❝✉t♦r❡s ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ t❡♦r✐❛✲♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ár❡❛s✳
❆ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐rá ❝♦♠ ♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ■♥t❡❧✐✲ ❣❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡rá ❛♦s ❣r❛❞✉❛♥❞♦s✱ ♠❡str❛♥❞♦s✱ ❞♦✉t♦r❛♥❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❛ ❡❧❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ s❡rá ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛✱ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥❞♦ ❞❡
❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ r♦❜ô✳ ❆ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❡q✉❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛❣r❡❣❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡✳
✶✳✺ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❯♠ r♦❜ô ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢✉♥❝õ❡s út❡✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❣✉✐❛r ✈✐s✐t❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ ❛rt❡✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♦❜r❛s ❡ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳ P♦❞❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❡♠ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✐t♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❛ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛❞❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ t❡❧❡❢ô♥✐❝❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ é ❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ r♦❜ô tr❛♥s✐t❛r✐❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛♥❞❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣ré❞✐♦ ❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛r✐❛ ♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❝❛s♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ss❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s✉s♣❡✐t❛✳ ■♥ú♠❡r❛s t❛r❡❢❛s t❡❧❡✲♦♣❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡✳ ◆❡❧❛s✱ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r✱ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛❞✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦♣❡r❛ ♦ r♦❜ô✱ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✳
❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❛s✱ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♦✉tr❛s t❛r❡❢❛s út❡✐s ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛s ♦✉ t❡❧❡✲♦♣❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡✲ s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♦♦s ❡ ■♥tr♦♦✉çã♦
❚❡ór✐❝❛
P❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦✱ tr❛t❛r❡♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡❞✉♥❞♦ ❛❧❞✉♥s t❡♠❛s✳ ❙ã♦ ❡❧❡s✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❱✐sã♦ ❊stér❡♦✱ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❈✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❈❛❜❡ç❛s ❊sté✲ r❡✐s✱ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛❜❡ç❛s ❊stér❡✐s ×❈❛❜❡ç❛s ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦
❈✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛✱ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐st♦rçã♦ ❇❛rr❡❧ ❡ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s✳
■♥ú♠❡r♦s sã♦ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❛rt✐❞♦s✱ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡ t❡①t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❱✐sã♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❈❛❜❡ç❛s ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛s ❡ s❡✉s s✉❜tó♣✐❝♦s✳ ❋✐③❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❛♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❞✉♥s ❞❡st❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s s❡çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡ s❡❞✉❡♠✳
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧
▼✉✐t❛s ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ♦✉ ❞❡r✐✈❛♠ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❞✐❝♦s✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❢♦rt❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ ♥❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❜✐♦❧ó❞✐❝♦ ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ ✧✐♠✐t❡✧✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥♦ss♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❙❡♠ ❡❧❛✱ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❞✉♠❛s t❛r❡❢❛s s❡ t♦r♥❛r✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❆ ✈✐sã♦ ♣r♦✈ê ✉♠❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✉♠ ❞r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦✳ ■ss♦ ❞á ✉♠❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❛ ❞r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❛ ✈✐sã♦✳
❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❛❞q✉✐r❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥♦s ❝❡r❝❛✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦s ❛t✉❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♦♣❡r❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥✜♥❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛ ❝❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s ♣❡❧♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s s✐♥❛✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ s❛❜❡ é q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✱ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳
❙❡♠ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ❛♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s ♥❡r✈♦s♦s ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❧✉③ ✜❧tr❛❞❛ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡t✐♥❛ ♦✉ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ♥♦ss♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♥ós ✉s❛♠♦s ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝❛♣t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♥♦ss♦s ♦❧❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r✱ ♣♦r tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ✭❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✮ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❞✉❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❊❧❡ é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ ❡ é ♦ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❛t✐✈❛ ♣♦r ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞✐s✲ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s à ❧✉③ r❡✢❡t✐❞❛ ♦✉ ❡♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❢♦t♦✲s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✉♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ sã♦ q✉❛♥t✐③❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦✳ ❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✉❜❞✐✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✉s✉❛❧ ❞❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ é ♣í①❡❧ ✭♣✐①♠❛♣ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t✮✳
P❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❧✐❝r♦♠át✐❝♦s✱ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✉♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ❡♠ três ❝♦r❡s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛s✳
P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝♦r❡s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛s é ❝r✐❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❜✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❣r✉✲ ♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❝❛♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s✳
◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ é ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s três ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❜✐✲ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦r✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥t❡ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❣❡r❛r ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ r❡❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✜♥❛❧✳
❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛✱ t❡①t✉r❛ ❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦r✳
❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛ à ✈✐sã♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❜❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ r♦❜ót✐❝❛✳
✷✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❊stér❡♦
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①❝❧✉✐r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ❛s r♦t✐♥❛s ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛rã♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ t❛❧ té❝♥✐❝❛✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ t❡rá q✉❡ s❡r ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❡ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❛ ❞❡ss❛s r♦t✐♥❛s t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❛ ❞❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥❡ss❛ s❡çã♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❏ú❧✐♦ ▼✳ ❖t✉②❛♠❛❬✶✻❪✱ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ é ♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❧❛t❡r❛❧✳
❇❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❡ss❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ♥❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦ r♦❜ô r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r tr✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❡r❝❛✱ é ❢á❝✐❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ t❡♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô✳
❆ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s é ❞♦t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✈✐sí✈❡❧✱ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♦❝✉❧❛r✱ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❧❤♦s✳
❖s ❛♥✐♠❛✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r❡❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❛s ♣r❡s❛s✱ ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❞♦✐s ♦❧❤♦s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣♦rçã♦ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❝râ♥✐♦✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡✉ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ é ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ❞❛♥❞♦✲❧❤❡ ♠❛✐♦r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦s ♣r❡❞❛❞♦r❡s✱ s♦❜ ♣❡♥❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦s ♣r❡❞❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ ♦s ♦❧❤♦s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❢r♦♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ❝râ♥✐♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐s♣♦✲ s✐çã♦ ❧❤❡s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❞✉❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❡♥❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣ü✐r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❝❡♥❛✳
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣r❡❞❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❡♥❛ ❝❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❧✐❣❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ r❡❝♦♥str✉✐r tr✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❝❡r❝❛♠✳
❆ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ tr✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡stér❡♦ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❤á ❞♦✐s sé❝✉❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❢♦t♦❣rá✜❝❛✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ é s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣♦r tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛s s✉❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ✭❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❛s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦✉❝♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✮✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❛ q✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦✳
❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❢♦t♦❣r❛♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ✉s❛♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳
♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❢♦t♦❣r❛✜❛s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ t❡rr❡str❡✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❛ s✉❜✲s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❛❡r♦✲tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞❛✳
❈♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✼✵✱ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❢♦t♦❣r❛♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s♦❢r❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✱ s✉r❣✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡stér❡♦ ♦✉✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡stér❡♦ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧❡s ✧s❤❛♣❡ ❢r♦♠ st❡r❡♦✧✮✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ✭♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✮ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❡♥❛✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛✳ ❊st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡stã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦ss✉✐♥❞♦ ✈❛st❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♠ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ ❧✐✈r♦s t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❬✷✶❪✱ ❘♦❜♦t ❱✐s✐♦♥❬✶✾❪✱ ❋r♦♠ ■♠❛❣❡s t♦ ❙✉r❢❛❝❡s❬✷✷❪ ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥❬✷✵❪✳
❊①❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐st♦rçõ❡s ♦✉ ❡rr♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ✭✐st♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✮✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡✐çõ❡s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ✭tr✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✭❜✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s sã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛❞♦s q✉❡ r❡✢❡t❡♠ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛✳ ❊st❡ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③q✉❡ ❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❣✉❛r❞❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥s✲ tr✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✐♥✈❡rs❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♠❛♣❡❛r ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✭❜✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛ ✭tr✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✮✱
r❡❝♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ♥❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊st❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s sã♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦s✱ sã♦ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦✱ tr❛♥s❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡st❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s✉❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛✳
◆❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡stér❡♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❝✉st♦s♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♥❛s ❞✉❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞❛s ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳ ❊st❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛s❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❣❧❡s ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ✭✉s❛r❡♠♦s ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣♦r s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✮✳ ❆ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♦✉ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❬✷✸❪✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝✐♥③❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s sã♦ ♣ré✲✜❧tr❛❞❛s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ç❛r ♦✉ s❡♣❛r❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳ ❆♣ós ❡st❛ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ é ❡♥tã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♦ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❆ ♣ré✲✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡t❛♣❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❖ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ r❡q✉❡r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❝❤✐♥❣ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s sã♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s✳ ❆♣ós ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ s❡rã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ tr✐✲ ❛♥❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ é ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣✐①❡❧s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡rá✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♦❝❧✉sã♦ ♦✉ ❛♠❜✐✲ ❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♦✉tr❛✳ ◆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ t❡r❡♠♦s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s q✉❛✐s s❡rã♦ ✐♥t❡r♣♦❧❛❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡✳
❙❡ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡r t❡①t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛ ✭❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ♣✐①❡❧s✮✱ ♥ã♦ s❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✿ s❡ ♥♦s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❧✐s❛ ❡ s❡♠ ❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❧✐s❛ ❡ ❜r❛♥❝❛✱ ♥♦ss♦s ♦❧❤♦s ✈❡rã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ✐♠❡♥s✐❞ã♦ ❜r❛♥❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ é q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ t❡①t✉r❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦✲♦❜❥❡t♦✲♦❧❤♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✳
▼❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ✏✈✐sã♦ ❡stér❡♦✑ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐♦s t❡①t♦s ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛ ❙t❡r❡♦ ❇✐♥♦❝✉❧❛r❬✶✼❪✱ ❞❡ ❆❧❜❡rt♦ ❱❛❧❡✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❧❡r ❡ ❝♦♠ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❘❯❋
✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛s ❡stér❡♦
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ P❛✉❧ ❆✳ ❑❡❡♥❛♥❬✶✹❪✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ é✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ r♦❜ô✱ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❞✉③✐r ❛s ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥❛s✱ r❡✲ ♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❥✉♥t❛ ❞♦ r♦❜ô✳
P♦ré♠✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ é tr❛t❛❞♦ s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ót✐❝❛ ❧✐❣❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❖ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❛q✉✐ é❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❥✉♥t❛s ❞♦ r♦❜ô✱ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ às tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠✳ ❚❛✐s ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡✱ t✐♣♦ ❞❛s ❥✉♥t❛s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❥✉♥t❛s ♥❛ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ sã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦s ❡❧♦s ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳
◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❆♥❞r❡❛s ❘❯❋ ❬✼❪✱ é❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ s❡✐s ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❝✉❥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ s❡❣✉❡ ♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ P❛♥✲❚✐❧t ♣❛r❛ ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✳ ◆❡❧❡✱ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ P❛♥ ❡ ❚✐❧t✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s✱ sã♦ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✳ ◆❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘❯❋✱ ❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s tê♠ ✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✜①❛ ❞❡ ✶✺o✳ ❊❧❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❡♠ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✵✶o✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ✷✵ ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ P❆◆ ❡ ✶✵ ❞❡ ❚■▲❚✱ t♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❏❛♥♥✉s✿ ❘♦❜ô ❆♥tr♦♣♦♠ór✜❝♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ tór❛① ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❞♦ ❏❛♥♥✉s✳
✶o✳
❆ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘❯❋ t❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠✲ ♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r❡str✐t♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦ss✉✐ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❜❡♠ às ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛s ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s r❡q✉❡r✐✲ ❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ tr✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦r ❡❧❛ ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦ ✭q✉❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❜r❛ç♦✮ ér❡❞✉③✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❡ ✜①♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s✉❛ ❜❛s❡✳
❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❈❤r✐st♦♣❤❡ ●❛r❝✐❛❬✽❪✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô ❛♥tr♦♣♦♠ór✜❝♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞♦ tór❛① ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳ ❊❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ♦❜❥❡t♦s s❡♠ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦✳ ❊❧❛ é♠♦str❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✷ ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①♣♦st♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❙❤❡♥❣✳
❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❯❋❬✼❪ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❥✉♥t❛ r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ φ❡ ❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✜①❛
❡ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
P❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❛✐✇❛♥ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ três ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❬✾❪✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡❧❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♠♦♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s tr✐❧❤♦s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ tr❛♥s❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ s♦❜r❡ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦✳ ❖ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✜❝❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❛ ✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡s é r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛φ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛ss✉♠❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✱
q✉❡ sã♦ r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ só ♠♦t♦r✳
❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❜✉s❝❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❘❛❥❡❡✈ ❙❤❛r♠❛ ❡ ◆❛r❛②❛♥ ❙r✐♥✐✈❛s❛❬✶✵❪ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✳ ❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❝♦♥st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜r❛ç♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ três ❥✉♥t❛s r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ r♦❜ót✐❝❛✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❥á ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ P❆◆ ❡ ❞❡ ❚■▲❚ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡stér❡♦ sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s às ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ♥♦ q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ◆❡❧❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝â♠❡r❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ à ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ✉♠ q✉❛rt♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦s q✉❛tr♦ ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ sã♦ P❆◆✱ ❚■▲❚✱ ❱❊❘●✃◆❈■❆ ❊❙◗❯❊❘❉❆ ❡ ❱❊❘●✃◆❈■❆ ❉■❘❊■❚❆✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①♣♦st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❘♦❜♦❙❡♥s❡ s❡rá ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈✐♥❡♠át❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❙❤❛r♠❛✳
❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✳
✷✳✹ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛s ❡stér❡♦
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❈❛❜❡ç❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦
♠❡r❝❛❞♦
❉✉❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✿
• ❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❊stér❡♦ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛❀
• ❆❞q✉✐r✐r ✉♠❛ ❈❛❜❡ç❛ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡ss❡ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳
❆❞q✉✐r✐r ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r✐❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❛❣✐❧✐③❛r✐❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞♦✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣❡s❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r❡♠ ♣♦r ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣rá✲❧❛ ♣r♦♥t❛✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❛s r❛③õ❡s ❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ♣r♦♥t❛✱ q✉❡ és✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦✳
▼❡s♠♦ ❝❡rt♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐✉✲s❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛❜❡ç❛s r♦❜ót✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣r♦✈❡r✐❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛✱ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛r✐❛ ✉♠ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r✐❛ ❛♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✉♠ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❧❛r♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡st❛❞♦✲❞❛✲❛rt❡ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✳
