✳
❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❉❊ ▼❆◆❖❇❘❆❙ ❊❱❆❙■❱❆❙ ❈❖▼
P❊❘❚❯❘❇❆➬Õ❊❙ ❖❘❇■❚❆■❙
❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉s❛
❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❉❊ ▼❆◆❖❇❘❆❙ ❊❱❆❙■❱❆❙
❈❖▼ P❊❘❚❯❘❇❆➬Õ❊❙ ❖❘❇■❚❆■❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❞❡ ●✉❛r❛t✐♥❣✉❡tá✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊r♥❡st♦ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ◆❡t♦
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❉❡❧s♦♥ ❈♦♥❝❡✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s
S725e
Sousa, Rafael Ribeiro de
Estudo de manobras evasivas com perturbações orbitais / Rafael Ribeiro de Sousa. - Guaratinguetá, 2015
88 f .: il.
Bibliografia: f. 86-88
Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, 2015.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ernesto Vieira Neto
Co-orientador: Antônio Delson Conceição de Jesus
1. Satélites artificiais -- Orbitas 2. Perturbação (Astronomia) 3. Veículos espaciais – Sistema de propulsão I. Título
❉❆❉❖❙ ❈❯❘❘■❈❯▲❆❘❊❙
❘❆❋❆❊▲ ❘■❇❊■❘❖ ❉❊ ❙❖❯❙❆
◆❆❙❈■▼❊◆❚❖ 06.04.1990−❙❛♥t♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s✲ ❇❆ ✴ ❇r❛s✐❧
❋■▲■❆➬➹❖ ❏♦sé ◆✐❧s♦♥ ❞❡ ❙♦✉s❛ ◆❛✐r ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉s❛
2008/2013 ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❇❛❝❤❛r❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❋❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛♥❛✲❯❊❋❙
2013/2015 ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ◆✐✈❡❧ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♠❡✉s ❞✐❛s✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ◆❛✐r ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❣✉✐♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❛ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ◆✐❧s♦♥ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ▲✉❝❛s ❡ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛ q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❡✉s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❙✐♠♦♥❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r ❡ ❡stá ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ♠❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❢❡❧✐③❡s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s Pr♦❢♦ ❉r✳ ❊r♥❡st♦✱ ❡ Pr♦❢♦ ❉r✳ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❉❡❧s♦♥ ♣❡❧❛ ❜♦❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡
❡ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❡♥❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ s❡✐✳
❵❇✉t ♦♥❧② ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❞r❡❛♠s ❝❛♥ ♠❡♥ ❜❡ tr✉❧② ❢r❡❡✳ ❚✇❛s ❛❧✇❛②s t❤✉s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧✇❛②s t❤✉s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡✬
❙❖❯❙❆✱ ❘✳❘✳ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛s ❊✈❛s✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s✳ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❉✐ss❡r✲ t❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✮ ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❞❡ ●✉❛r❛t✐♥❣✉❡tá✱ ❯◆❊❙P✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛✱ ●✉❛r❛t✐♥❣✉❡tá✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡st✉❞❛♠♦s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ é ❞❡str✉í❞♦ ♦✉ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ t❡♠ s✉❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❆ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦❧✐sã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ❡✈❛s✐✈❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ♣✉❧sã♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ é ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦✱ ❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❛ ❜♦r❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡❧✐r ♣r♦♣❡❧❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r✳ ❆s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛✲ s✐✈❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡s❝❛♣❡ ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ s❡♠ ❛ ❡✈❛sã♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ór❜✐t❛ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠✐ssã♦✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉í♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ tr❛t❛♠♦s ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ♥❛ ór❜✐t❛ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ q✉❡ é ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛✳ ❊st❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❧s♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦✳ ❆s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s sã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡ ✉♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ s♦❜ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ◆❡st❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠♦s ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✱ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✱ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛♣❛r ❞❡st❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s✳
❙❖❯❙❆✱ ❘✳❘✳ ❙t✉❞② ♦❢ ❡✈❛s✐✈❡ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡rs ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❉✐s✲ s❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✮ ✲ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❞❡ ●✉❛r❛t✐♥❣✉❡tá✱ ❯◆❊❙P✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛✱ ●✉❛r❛t✐♥❣✉❡tá✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❲❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ s♣❛❝❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❞❡❜r✐s ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t s♣❛❝❡✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧❧②✱ ❛ s♣❛❝❡ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ ✐♥ ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥ ❝♦✉rs❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♣❛❝❡ ❞❡❜r✐s ✐s ❞❡str♦②❡❞ ♦r ❞❛♠❛❣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ✐♠♣❛✐r❡❞ t❤❡✐r ♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥s ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛t❡❧✲ ❧✐t❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❜② ❛♥ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡r ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❡ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡r✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ✇❡ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ❡✈❛s✐✈❡ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡rs ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❛ s❛✲ t❡❧❧✐t❡ ✈✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ s②st❡♠✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ✐s ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❜② t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛r❡ s❡t ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❢✉❡❧ ♦♥ ❜♦❛r❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❡①♣❡❧ ♣r♦♣❡❧❧❛♥t ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈❛s✐✈❡ ♠❛✲ ♥❡✉✈❡rs ✇❡r❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t t❤❡ s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡ ❡s❝❛♣❡ t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ❞❡❜r✐s ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ♦r❜✐t ♠✐ss✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ tr❡❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ❛s ❛ ❞✐st✉r❜❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❜✐t ♦❢ s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡✳ ■t ❤❛s ❛❧s♦ ❜❡❡♥ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞✱ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❡✈❛s✐✈❡ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡rs ❞r✐✈❡♥✱ ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ❛t ❛ ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ❢r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ♣✉❧s❡ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈❛s✐✈❡ ♠❛♥❡✉✈❡rs ❛r❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❜② ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡❜r✐s ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❡❤✐❝❧❡ s♣❛❝❡ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❣r❛✈✐t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛t✐♦♥s ❛r✐s✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✬s ❛t♠♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡s❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❞❡❜r✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦❝❝✉r ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤✱ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❝❛t❛❧♦❣s ❛❝❝❡ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ s❛t❡❧❧✐t❡ t♦ ❡s❝❛♣❡ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦❧❧✐s✐♦♥s✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ♣❡❧❛ ◆❆❙❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷ ❉❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ❝❛✐r❛♠ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✿ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧
❞❡ ✸ ❦❣✱ ❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✹✱ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ✉♠ t❛♥q✉❡ ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ q✉❡ ❝❛✐✉ ❡♠ ▼❛t♦ ●r♦ss♦ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✹✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦✲♦r❜✐t❛❧ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦
❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷ Ór❜✐t❛ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡q✉❛t♦r✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛çõ❡s ❛t✉❛♥t❡s ♥♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✶ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ♣♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s
❡♠ ▲❊❖✱ ▼❊❖ ❡ ●❊❖✲ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✷ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ♣♦r ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ▲❊❖✱
▼❊❖ ❡ ●❊❖✲ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✸ P♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ♣♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s
✕ ✭■■■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✹ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛çõ❡s ❛t✉❛♥t❡s ♥♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡ ♥♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✺ ❘❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❡ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s❛té❧✐t❡
❡♠ ▲❊❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✼ ❆❝rés❝✐♠♦ ♥❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✽ ❉❡❝rés❝✐♠♦ ♥❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✺✳✾ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ r❛❞✐❛❧ ♣❡❧♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✶✵ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✭♠✴s✮ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡♠♣✉①♦ ❡ ♦ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✶✷ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✶✸ ❉✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s❢ér✐❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✶✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✶✺ ❉✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣♦r ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✶✻ ❉✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣♦r ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✶✼ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ s❡♠✐✲❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✶✽ ❉✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣♦r t❡♠♣♦ ♣✉❧s❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r ♣❛r❛ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✶❊✲✸ ✶✴s ❡ ✶❊✲✻ ✶✴s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✾ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çõ❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡ ♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s tr❛❥ét♦r✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s tr❛❥ét♦r✐❛s r❛❞✐❛s ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❛rr❛st♦
❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❣❡♦❝ê♥tr✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s tr❛❥ét♦r✐❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❡ s❡♠✐✲❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦✲
s❛té❧✐t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷✸ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✷✹ ❚r❛❥ét♦r✐❛s ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ P❙❖ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s
❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✷✺ ❚r❛❥ét♦r✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❞♦ P❙❖ ❛♣ós ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✷✻ ❚r❛❥ét♦r✐❛s ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ P❙❖ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❣❡♦❝ê♥tr✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✷✼ ❚r❛❥ét♦r✐❛s ❞❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ P❙❖ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❣❡♦❝ê♥tr✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✷✽ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ P❙❖ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ✭■✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✷✾ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ P❙❖ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ✭■■✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✸✵ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ P❙❖ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ✭■■■✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✸✶ ❚r❛❥ét♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ✭■✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✸✷ ❚r❛❥ét♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ✭■■✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❘✐s❝♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❊st❛çã♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ■♥✲ t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭■❙❙✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ◆❆❙❆✴ ❚❤❡ ❖r❜✐t❛❧ ❉❡❜r✐s ◗✉❛r✲ t❡r❧② ◆❡✇s✱ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✺✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ ❡ ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✻
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✶✾
✸ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s Pré✈✐♦s ✷✷
✸✳✶ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛s ❖r❜✐t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ ❉❡tr✐t♦s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✹ P❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ✷✾
✹✳✶ ❊q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❧♦❤❡ss②✲❲✐❧ts❤✐r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✸ P❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆rr❛st♦ ❆t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✹ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✺ ❊s❝r✐t❛ ❞❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❧♦❤❡ss②✲❲✐❧ts❤✐r❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✽
✺✳✶ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝♦❧✐s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✭▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧ ✷✵✶✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✶✳✶ ▼❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✷ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ▲❊❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✷✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ Pr♦♣✉❧sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❆ r❡tr♦♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✺ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✻ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ s❡♠✐✲❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✸ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝♦❧✐s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✱ ♦ ♣❡r✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s❛té❧✐t❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ t❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ✶✾✾✻✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾ ❡ ✷✵✵✵✱ ❤♦✉✈❡r❛♠ sér✐♦s ❛❧❡rt❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥st❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ■r✐❞✐✉♠ ✭❘♦ss✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❖ ❝❛s♦ ♠❛✐s ❞r❛♠át✐❝♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❡♠ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✾ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ■r✐❞✐✉♠ ✸✸ ❝♦❧✐❞✐✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❈♦s♠♦s ✷✷✺✶✱ q✉❡ ❥á ❡st❛✈❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❣❡r♦✉ ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✷ ✵✵✵ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ✉♥s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❝❡♥tí♠❡tr♦s ✭❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❊ss❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦ é tã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ✜❧♠❡ ●r❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊ss❡ ✜❧♠❡ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ❡stór✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛str♦♥❛✉t❛s✱ ❛♦ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ô♥✐❜✉s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ sã♦ s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣♦r r❡st♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s❛té❧✐t❡✳
❖ ❈♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❊str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ✭❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s ❙tr❛t❡❣✐❝ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞ ✕ ✏❯❙❙❚❘❆❚✲ ❈❖▼✑✮ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✻ ✵✵✵ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡ ✺ ❝♠ ❛ ✶ ♠ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✳ ❚❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡stã♦ ♦r❜✐t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧ q✉✐❧ô♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❛té ❛s ór❜✐t❛s ❣❡♦✲ ❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛s✳✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çõ❡s ♣❡r✐❣♦s❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r s❡ ❢❛③✱ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ❡✈❛s✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢✉❣✐r ❞❛ ❝♦❧✐sã♦✳
❊st✉❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♥❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ ✾✵✵ ❦♠ ❛ ✶ ✹✵✵ ❦♠✱ ❛ ♣r♦❧✐❢❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s t❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❛✉t♦ss✉st❡♥tá✈❡❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✱ ❛ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ✭❑❡ss❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❘♦ss✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✹✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r✱ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳
P❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❣r❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❧❛♥❡tár✐❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡t❡s✐♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✼✽✮ ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦❧✐s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛st❡r♦✐❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❋❛r✐♥❡❧❧❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❖ ❝✐♥t✉rã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❛st❡r♦✐❞❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❙♦❧❛r é ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❇❛❣❛t✐♥ ❛♥❞ P❡t✐t ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ❣✉❛r❞❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞❡✈✐❞❛s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❡ ♠❛ss❛s✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♥♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ✭❘♦ss✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛s ❞❡ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s✱ sã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✈❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ r✐s❝♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s é ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ♦ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♠✐❧✐♠étr✐❝♦s é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♦✉ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦s r❛❞❛r❡s ❡ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦s ót✐❝♦s ❞❛s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ▲❉❊❋ ✭▲♦♥❣ ❉✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❊①♣♦s✉r❡ ❋❛❝✐❧✐t②✮ ❡①♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡s✲ t❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞❡t❡❝tá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❡st❡s r❛❞❛r❡s ✭❑❡ss❧❡r ❛♥❞ ❈♦✉r✲P❛❧❛✐s✱ ✶✾✼✽✮✳
▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦s ❢r❛❣✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ♥ã♦ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❛s ❢♦rç❛s ❞✐ss✐♣❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❛❣❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡✲ r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❊st❛s ❢♦rç❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❛❝❤❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✱ ❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▲✉❛ ❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ré ♣❧❛♥❡tár✐♦✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r três r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✱ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❞❡ ór❜✐t❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ✭▲❊❖ ✕ ▲♦✇✲❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❊❛rt❤ ❖r❜✐t✮ ❝✉❥❛ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❡ ✶✻✵ ❦♠ à ✷ ✵✵✵ ❦♠✱ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❞❡ ór❜✐t❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ✭▼❊❖ ✕ ▼❡❞✐✉♠✲❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❊❛rt❤ ❖r❜✐t✮ ❝✉❥❛ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ✈❛✐ ✷ ✵✵✵ ❦♠ ❛té ✸✺ ✽✵✵ ❦♠✱ ❡ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦s s❛té❧✐t❡s ❣❡♦❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✭●❊❖ ✕ ●❡♦st❛t✐♦♥❛r② ❊❛rt❤ ❖r❜✐t✮ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❛❝✐♠❡❛ ❞❡ ✸✺ ✽✵✵ ❦♠ ✭❱❛t❛❧❛r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮ ❛té ♦ ✜♠ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ❙❛té❧✐t❡s ♥❡ss❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s s♦❢r❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝❡rt❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ❊ss❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ❞❡s✈✐❛♠ ♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ór❜✐t❛ ♥♦♠✐✲ ♥❛❧✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ❛s ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stã♦ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛s ❡st❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s✳
❆ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s é q✉❡ ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉✲ ❧❛❞❛s ❡rr♦♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ◆❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ▲❊❖✱ ♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ✭❏❛❝❝❤✐❛✱ ✶✾✻✵❀ ❉❡❧❤❛✐s❡✱ ✶✾✾✶❀ ❇❡③❞➙❦ ❛♥❞ ❱♦❦r♦✉❤✲ ❧✐❝❦②✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ❈♦❧♦♠❜♦ ❛♥❞ ▼❝■♥♥❡s✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ◆❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ▼❊❖✱ ❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❡s❢❡r✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ✭❇❡rt❛❝❤✐♥✐ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ Pr❛❞♦✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❈♦❧♦♠❜♦ ❛♥❞ ▼❝■♥♥❡s✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❡r✲ t✉r❜❛çã♦✳ ❊ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ●❊❖✱ ❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ▲✉❛ ✭❱❛❧❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ▲❛r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷✮ é ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ é ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s sã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❡stã♦ s♦❜ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛s ❞✐ss✐♣❛✲
t✐✈❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ór❜✐t❛s✳ ◆❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s✱ ❡stã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡ t♦r♥❡ ♠❛✐s r❡❛❧✐st❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❛✐s s❡❣✉r❛✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♣❡rt✉r✲ ❜❛çõ❡s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞✐ss✐♣❛t✐✈❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ▲❊❖✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠♦s ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛t❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ♠❛✐s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✱ ❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ór❜✐t❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ♠✐ssã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♠♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠❛✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛t❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧s♦r tr❛t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ✐♠✐♥❡♥t❡✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✱ ❡stá ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
➱ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡ç❛ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❡s❝❛♣❛r✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡stã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✱ ♦s s❡✉s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❊st✉❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❡✐❛✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♦r✲ ❜✐t❛✐s ♥ã♦ út❡✐s ✭❑❡ss❧❡r ❛♥❞ ❈♦✉r✲P❛❧❛✐s✱ ✶✾✼✽✮✳ ❙❛té❧✐t❡s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ▲❉❊❋ ✭▲♦♥❣ ❉✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❊①♣♦s✉r❡ ❋❛❝✐❧✐t②✮✱ ❡①♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♥❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s✳
❊st❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s✲ ♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❑❡ss❧❡r ❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦s ♥♦ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ▲❉❊❋ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ✶✵ ❝♠✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❡♥s❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ✭❑❡ss❧❡r✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳ ❖✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠✐❝r♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦s sã♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✼✵✳✵✵✵ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛s ▲❊❖ ✭❑❡ss❧❡r✱ ✶✾✾✶✮✳ ❈♦r❞❡❧❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❝r✐❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ✶ ♠❣ ❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❛ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✭❈♦r❞❡❧❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❉❛✈✐s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ♠út✉❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦r t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❉❊ ✭❉❛✈✐s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✾✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❖ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❢r❛♥❝ês ❈❡r✐s❡ ❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧✐❞✐✉ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦ ❢♦❣✉❡t❡ ❆r✐❛♥❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♥ã♦ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛❞♦s tê♠ ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s✳
❆ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❝✐♥ét✐❝❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❝♦♥✈❡r✲ t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦r♣♦✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ àq✉❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠ã♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡str✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦♥❛✈❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛✳ ❖❜✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❡✐❛✱ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡✱
s❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❢♦r ♠❛♥t✐❞❛ ♥♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛rá ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✐♥t✉rã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❛ t❡rr❛✱ s❡✲ ♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❝✐♥t✉rã♦ ❞❡ ❛st❡r♦✐❞❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥❝❛❞❡❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✷ ♦✉ ✸ ✈❡③❡s ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❛ ✺✵ ❛♥♦s ✭❘♦ss✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✳ ❆ ❆❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❊✉r♦♣❡✐❛ ❛✜r♠♦✉ q✉❡ ✏❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s✲ ♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❛✉t♦✲s✉st❡♥tá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s é ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛rá t♦❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ r❡q✉❡r ❡st✉❞♦ ✉❧t❡r✐♦r ❡ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s♦✑ ✭❉❡❜r✐s✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳
❆s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛r ❞❡ ✐♠✐♥❡♥t❡s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛✲ ❝✐❛✐s ❡stã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s✳ ❊st❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ s♦♥❞❛s✱ ô♥✐✲ ❜✉s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡st❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♥ã♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✮✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳
❊♠ ❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✱ ❢♦✐ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s❛té❧✐t❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❤❡ss②✲ ❲✐❧ts❤✐r❡ ❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①❛✉stã♦ ❞♦s ❣❛s❡s✱ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦t♦r ❢♦❣✉❡t❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❞♦ s❛té❧✐t❡✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠❛ ✐♥✜♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦✱ q✉❡ é ✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛té ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tí♠❡tr♦s✳ ▼♦str♦✉ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ❣❛st♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ss❡s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠✐ssã♦✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈❧♦❤❡ss② ❡ ❲✐❧ts❤✐r❡ ✭✶✾✻✵✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ❡st❡❥❛ ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ✭❈❧♦❤❡ss②✱ ✶✾✻✵✮✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s❡rã♦ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳
◆♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❈❧♦❤❡ss② ❡ ❲✐❧ts❤✐r❡ ❡ ❏❡s✉s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦✳ ❆ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❈❤♦❤❡ss② ❡ ❲✐❧ts❤✐r❡ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭▲❡♦♥❛r❞✱ ✶✾✽✻❀ ▲❡✲ ♦♥❛r❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✾✮ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ô♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s s❛té❧✐t❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❈❛rt❡r ❡ ❍✉♠✐ ✭❈❛rt❡r ❛♥❞ ❍✉♠✐✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛r❛♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞ ❡ r❡❡s❝r❡✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❧♦❤❡ss②✲❲✐❧ts❤✐r❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✉♣♦✲ s✐çõ❡s ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛rr❛st♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s✳ ❙❝❤✇❡✐❣❤❛rt ❡ ❙❡❞✇✐❝❦ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ✭❙❝❤✇❡✐❣❤❛rt ❛♥❞ ❙❡❞✇✐❝❦✱
✷✵✵✷✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦✱ ♠❛s✱ ❛❣♦r❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❛❝❤❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❏✷✳ ❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡st❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦♦ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❞❡ r❡♥❞❡③✈♦✉s✳ ❆ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡✈❛s✐✈❛s só ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ♥♦ í♥✐❝✐♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ✷✶✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛ ❞❛ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞❡✲ tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡①✐st❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛❜❡rt❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s Pré✈✐♦s
✸✳✶ ▼❛♥♦❜r❛s ❖r❜✐t❛✐s
❆s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳ ❊st❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s sã♦ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ é ❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ór❜✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❛ s✉❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♦r❜✐t❛❧✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐③❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡❧❛s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦ q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛rá ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❛ss❛ ✭~ro, ~vo, mo✮ ♥✉♠ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ to✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ ❡st❛❞♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝✲
t✐✈❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ✭~rf, ~vf, mf✮ ♥✉♠ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ✜♥❛❧✱ tf > to✳ ❉❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱
❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ❆ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ às ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❧❡✐s ❞❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❡ ❞❡ ❑❡♣❧❡r✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❝♦r♣♦s ✐❞❡❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞♦✱ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ três ❝♦r♣♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆✲❝♦r♣♦s✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛❞♦✱ ♥❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆✲❝♦r♣♦s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✲▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s s❡♠✐✲❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❧❣é✲ ❜r✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❖r❜✐t❛❧✱ q✉❡ r❡❣❡ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✭❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡ ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s✱ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳
❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s sã♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❧✐❞❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ✈✐❛❣❡♥s ✐♥t❡r♣❧❛♥❡tár✐❛s ✭♠✐ssõ❡s ❱♦②❛❣❡r ■ ❡ ■■✱ P✐♦♥❡❡r✱ ●❛❧✐❧❡♦✱ ❡t❝✳✱ s♦♥❞❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♥♦rt❡ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦✱ r✉ss♦ ❡ ❥❛♣♦♥ês✱ ❡t❝✳✮ ❛té ❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ór❜✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ❖ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛s ❣❡♦❡st❛❝✐♦♥ár✐❛s✱ ♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❡ r❡♥❞❡③✈♦✉s✱ ❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛çã♦✱ ❡t❝✳ sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ♦r❜✐t❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❛✲ ♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛ ❞♦s s❛té❧✐t❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❡♠♦t♦ ✭❙❙❘✶✱ ❙❙❘✷✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮✱ ❞♦s s❛té❧✐t❡s ❙✐♥♦✲❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❚❡rr❡str❡s ✭❈❇❊❘❙ ✶ ❛ ✹✮✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞♦s s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s r❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ❛s t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❚❱✱ ❡t❝✳✮✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛str♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❆ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❖r❜✐t❛❧ é ✉♠❛ s✉❜✲ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❈❡❧❡st❡✱ ♣♦✐s tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♦r❜✐t❛❧ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❡r ❞✐t♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❝♦rr✐❞❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙♣✉t♥✐❦ ❡♠ ✶✾✺✼✱ ❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❈❡❧❡st❡ s❡ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡✉ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❛❜❡❞❛❧ t❡ór✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳
✸✳✷ ❉❡tr✐t♦s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s
❱❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛✱ ♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥✉♠ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦ s❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ út✐❧✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛s ❞✐ss✐♣❛t✐✈❛s ♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ♣❡r❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❢❛③ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ❛ ór❜✐t❛ ❡ ♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣❡r❞❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛✱ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✈❛✐ s❡ ❡s❣♦t❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ ór❜✐t❛ ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦rç❛s ❞✐ss✐♣❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ s✉❛ r❡❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ q✉❡ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♥s♦♠❡ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ r✐s❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ s❡ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦ ❞❡tr✐t♦ é ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ r❡st❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❡❛ç❛r ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ❆s ❢♦♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s sã♦✿ ✶✮ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ✭❤✉♠❛♥ ❞❡❜r✐s✮ ❡❀ ✷✮ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡❜r✐s✮❀ ❆s ❢♦♥t❡s s❡❝✉♥❞ár✐❛s sã♦ ❛s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s✱ ❛s ❡①♣❧♦sõ❡s ♥ã♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❛s ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❖s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ♣❛rt❡s ❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦♥❛✈❡s ❞❡✐①❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ trás ♥♦s ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❧✉✈❛s ♣❡r❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①tr❛✲✈❡✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❢♦❣✉❡t❡s✱ ❡①♣❧♦sõ❡s ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s✱ ✈❛③❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✱ ❡s❝❛♣❡ ❞❡ t✐♥t❛ ❞❡ ❢✉s❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ❛r♠❛s ❛♥t✐✲s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ❡t❝✳ ❖s ❞❡tr✐t♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r❛♠ ❡♠ é♣♦❝❛s r❡♠♦t❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡tr✐t♦s sã♦✿ ♣♦❡✐r❛ ❝ós♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❣ás ❞❡✐①❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡t❛s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ✭❡st❡s ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♠❡t❡♦r♦✐❞❡s✮✱ ♠❡t❡♦r♦s✱ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ s✐❞❡r❛❧ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ t❡rr❡str❡✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱
