Effect of seismic pounding between reinforced concrete buildings

(1)

(IIHFWRI6HLVPLF3RXQGLQJEHWZHHQ5HLQIRUFHG

&RQFUHWH%XLOGLQJV

$USLWKD.

P.G Student, Department of Civil Engineering, A C S. College of Engineering, Karnataka, India

8PDGHYL5

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, A C S. College of Engineering, Karnataka, India

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

.H\ZRUGV±1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV3RXQGLQJ5HLQIRUFHG&RQFUHWH%XLOGLQJV$GMDFHQW6WUXFWXUHV

,,1752'8&7,21

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

%HFDXVH RI LWV HQRUPRXV PDVV WKH VWUXFWXUHV ZLOO YLEUDWH ZLWK H[WHQVLYH IRUFH DQG ODUJH PRPHQWXP FDXVH PRUH GDPDJHV GXULQJ SRXQGLQJ

$FFRUGLQJO\ LW KDV EHHQ UHFRJQL]HG WKDW SRXQGLQJ LV D XQSUHGLFWDEOHPDUYHOSKHQRPHQRQWKDWRXJKWWREHDYHUWHGRUPRGHUDWHGZLWKDSSURSULDWHGHVLJQ

7KHEHVWDQGPRVWHIIHFWLYHWHFKQLTXHWRUHGXFHSRXQGLQJGDPDJHLVWRJLYHDGHTXDWHVHSDUDWLRQJDS6RPHWLPHVLW WXUQV RXW WR EH GLIILFXOW WR LPSOHPHQW LQ VLWHV VLQFH H[SHQVH RI DUHD LV KLJK DQG VSHFLI\LQJ GHWDLOLQJ LVVXHV $ VXEVWLWXWHWRWKHSURFXUHPHQWRIVHSDUDWLRQJDSLQWKHRXWOLQHRIEXLOGLQJKHOSVWRUHGXFHWKHLPSDFWRIGDPDJHE\ SRXQGLQJE\UHGXFLQJVLGHORQJVZD\PRYHPHQWRIWKHVWUXFWXUHZKLFKFDQEHDFFRPSOLVKHGE\SURYLGLQJODWHUDO ORDGUHVLVWLQJV\VWHPDQGDORQJWKHVHOLQHVSDUDOOHOGLVORGJLQJRIWKHVWUXFWXUHVFDQEHLQSKDVHZLWKHDFKRWKHU

6HLVPLFSRXQGLQJEHWZHHQDGMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVXVXDOO\RFFXUZKHQWKHVWUXFWXUHVDUHLQWKHIROORZLQJSDWWHUQV DGMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVZLWKVDPHKHLJKWVDQGVDPHIORRUOHYHOV

(2)

DGMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVZLWKGLIIHUHQWWRWDOKHLJKWDQGGLIIHUHQWIORRUOHYHOV %XLOGLQJVVLWXDWHGLQDURZ

DGMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVZLWKGLIIHUHQWG\QDPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

DGMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVZLWKXQHTXDOKHLJKWVSRXQGLQJPD\RFFXULQFROXPQV DGMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVZLWKXQHTXDOGLVWULEXWLRQRIPDVVDQGVWLIIQHVV

D E

)LJXUH5HSUHVHQWDWLRQRIGLIIHUHQWSODFHVZKHUHSRXQGLQJPD\RFFXUDQGLWV6WDJHVRILPSDFW

,,2%-(&7,9(2)7+(678'<

7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ LV WR HYDOXDWH WKH HIIHFWV 6HLVPLF 3RXQGLQJ EHWZHHQ 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH %XLOGLQJVE\QRQOLQHDUWLPHKLVWRU\DQDO\VLVDQGOLQHDUUHVSRQFHVSHFWUXPDQDO\VLVXVLQJWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDOILQLWH HOHPHQWDQDO\VLVVRIWZDUH(7$%V

7KHSULPDU\DLPRIWKLVVWXG\LVWRDQDO\VHWKHHIIHFWRISRXQGLQJEHWZHHQ5& EXLOGLQJVZLWKGLIIHUHQWDQGVDPHIORRUKHLJKWDQGVHWEDFN

,,,5(9,(:2)/,7(5$785(

3UDGHHS.XPDU5DPDQFKDUODDQG&KHQQD5DMDUDP

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

(3)

,90(7+2'2/2*<$1'$1$/<6,6

7KHWHFKQLTXHVFXUUHQWO\LQXVHGIRUWKLVVWXG\DUH'\QDPLFDQDO\VLVE\FRQVLGHULQJERWK1RQ/LQHDU'\QDPLFDQG /LQHDU'\QDPLFDQDO\VLV

A. Time history analysis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

J

B. Response Spectrum Analysis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

7KH VHOHFWHG PRGHO RI WZR EXLOGLQJV FRQVLVW RI HLJKW VWRUH\ DQG ILYH VWRUH\ ZKHUH WKH GLPHQVLRQ RI ERWK WKH EXLOGLQJVLV;PZLWKIORRUKHLJKWRIPDQGP7KHVODEZLWK5LJLGIORRUGLDSKUDJPWKLFNQHVVLVP DQGDOOFROXPQDUHRI[P7KHPRGHOVDUHFRPSXWHGIRUDQH[SDQVLRQMRLQWRIPP7KHVHPRGHOVZHUH DQDO\]HGXVLQJ(7$%6/LYHORDGDSSOLHGRQIORRUDQGURRILVWDNHQDVN1P_DQGN1P_7KHIORRU ILQLVKDSSOLHGDVORDGRQHDFKIORRURI.1P_{:DOOORDGRIN1PDQGSDUDSHWZDOOORDGRIN1PLV} DSSOLHGRQWKHEHDPV7KHEXLOGLQJLVRUGLQDU\PRPHQWUHVLVWLQJIUDPHLVDQDO\]HGLQWHQGHGIRUFRPPHUFLDOXVH

)LJXUH6KRZV$FFHOHUDWLRQ9V7LPH )LJXUH6KRZVWKH5HVSRQVH6SHFWUXP

JUDSKRI(OFHQWURHDUWKTXDNH )XQFWLRQ6DJ9V3HULRG

9121/,1($567,))1(66(/(0(17*$3(/(0(17

(4)

)LJXUH6KRZVWKHSODQRIWZRFROOLGLQJIORRUVVKRZLQJD[LDOHOHPHQWVWLIIQHVV

7KHUHIRUHQRQOLQHDUVWLIIQHVVHOHPHQW.IRUWKLVPRGHOLVDVIROORZV

ܭ ܧܣ,[ ܮ

$, :,îW

( <RXQJ¶V0RGXOXV W 6ODEWKLFNQHVV

:, $YHUDJHHOHPHQWZLGWK

9,5(68/76$1'',6&866,216

7KHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHEXLOGLQJZLWKIORRUKHLJKWRIPDQGPZHUHDQDO\]HG/HWXVFRQVLGHUHGVL[GLIIHUHQW 5&EXLOGLQJPRGHOVXFKDV

Case 1$GMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVDWHTXDOIORRUOHYHOZLWKGLIIHUHQWVWRU\KHLJKW Case 2$GMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVDWHTXDOIORRUOHYHODQGVWRU\KHLJKW

Case 3$GMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVDWVHWEDFNRIPZLWKHTXDOIORRUOHYHODQGGLIIHUHQWVWRU\KHLJKW Case 4-$GMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVDWGLIIHUHQWVWRU\KHLJKWDQGIORRUOHYHO

Case 5$GMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVDWGLIIHUHQWIORRUOHYHOZLWKVDPHVWRU\KHLJKW

Case 6$GMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVDWVHWEDFNRIPZLWKGLIIHUHQWVWRU\KHLJKWDQGGLIIHUHQWIORRUOHYHO

)LJXUH6KRZV5&EXLOGLQJV$DQG%ZLWKVDPHIORRUOHYHOVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWVHWEDFN

(5)

)LJXUH6KRZV5&EXLOGLQJV$DQG%DWGLIIHUHQWIORRUOHYHOVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWVHWEDFN

Time History Analysis 7KLV DQDO\VLV LV FDUULHG RXW E\ FRQVLGHULQJ QRQ OLQHDU WLPH KLVWRU\ GDWD RI (OFHQWUR HDUWKTXDNH )RU WKH DERYH GLIIHUHQW VL[ FDVHV JUDSKV DUH SUHVHQWHG IRU WKH PRGHOV 7KH UHVXOWV RI GLVSODFHPHQW $FFHOHUDWLRQ,PSDFWIRUFH6WRUH\GULIWIRUDERYHVL[FDVHVDW*VWRUH\OHYHOZHUHGLVFXVVHGEHORZ

7DEOH%XLOGLQJVZLWKRXWODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJV\VWHPVVXEMHFWHGWRSRXQGLQJ

&DVH 0RGHOV

'LVSODFHPHQWPP $FFHOHUDWLRQPV_{,PSDFWIRUFHN1}

$ % _>$%@7RWDO $ % *DSHOHPHQW

6DPHIORRUWRIORRUKHLJKW_{+$ +%}

6DPHIORRUWRIORRUOHYHO_{+$ +%}

6DPHIORRUWRIORRUOHYHOZLWK_{6HWEDFN+$ +%}

'LIIHUHQWIORRUWRIORRUKHLJKW_+$+%

'LIIHUHQWIORRUWRIORRUKHLJKW_{ZLWK6HWEDFN+$+%}

)LJXUH7KHPD[LPXP'LVSODFHPHQWYVWLPHJUDSK )LJXUH6KRZVPD[LPXPLPSDFWIRUFHYVWLPH DWILIWKIORRUIRUFDVHZLWKVHWEDFN JUDSKDWILIWKIORRUIRUFDVHZLWKVHWEDFN

(6)

)LJXUH6KRZV$FFHOHUDWLRQYVWLPHJUDSKIRUFDVHZLWKHTXDOIORRUKHLJKWDWILIWKIORRU

)LJXUH6KRZVDJUDSKRI6WRUH\GULIWIRUDQGVWRUH\EXLOGLQJ

1RQOLQHDU G\QDPLF DQDO\VLV ZLWK (OFHQWUR JURXQG PRWLRQ GDWD IURP SDVW XVHG DV D LQSXW WR FDUULHG RXW WKH DQDO\VLVRQWKRVHPRGHOVWRREVHUYHWKHEHKDYLRURIWKHVWUXFWXUHXQGHUVHYHUHJURXQGPRWLRQLQIXWXUH

Response Spectrum Analysis

7KLVDQDO\VLVWHFKQLTXHKDYHEHHQSUDFWLFHGDVSUHVFULEHGGDWDPHQWLRQHGLQ,6FRGHV SDUW)RUDERYHFDVHVJUDSKVDUHSUHVHQWHGIRUWKHPRGHOV7KHUHVXOWVIRUGLIIHUHQWFDVHVLVSUHVHQWHG LQWHUPVRISDUDPHWHUVVXFKDVGLVSODFHPHQWDFFHOHUDWLRQEDVHVKHDUVWRUH\GULIW

7DEOH%XLOGLQJVZLWKRXWODWHUDOORDGUHVLVWLQJV\VWHPVVXEMHFWHGWRSRXQGLQJ

&DVH 0RGHOV

'LVSODFHPHQWPP $FFHOHUDWLRQPVHF

%DVHVKHDUN1

$ % _>$%@7RWDO $ %

_{IRUGLIIHUHQWVWRU\+$ +%}6DPHIORRUWRIORRUKHLJKW

6DPHVWRU\DQGIORRUOHYHO_{+$ +%}

6DPHIORRUWRIORRUOHYHO_{ZLWK6HWEDFN+$ +%}

'LIIHUHQWIORRUWRIORRUKHLJKW_{IRUGLIIHUHQWVWRU\+$+%}

'LIIHUHQWIORRUWRIORRUKHLJKW_{ZLWK6DPHVWRU\+$+%}

'LIIHUHQWIORRUWRIORRUKHLJKW_{ZLWK6HWEDFN+$+%}

(7)

)LJXUH6KRZVGLVSODFHPHQWRI )LJXUH6KRZVD$FFHOHUDWLRQRI

EXLOGLQJ$DQG% EXLOGLQJ$DQG%

)LJXUH6KRZVD%DVHVKHDUIRUGLIIHUHQWSRXQGLQJFDVHV

9,&21&/86,216

7KHIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVZHUHGUDZQE\UHYLHZLQJWKHUHVXOWRQLPSDFWRISRXQGLQJLQ5&EXLOGLQJ

x :KHQFRPSDULQJDOOVL[FDVHVLQWKHVWXG\DGMDFHQWEXLOGLQJVZLWKVDPHIORRUOHYHOGLIIHUHQWIORRUOHYHODQGVHW EDFN RXW RI SKDVH PRYHPHQW LV JUHDWHU WKDQ H[SDQVLRQ MRLQW ZKLFK FUHDWHV LPSDFW IRUFH ZKLFK OHDGV WR SHUPDQHQWRUUHSDLUDEOHGDPDJH

x 7ZRDGMDFHQW5&EXLOGLQJVZLWKGLIIHUHQWG\QDPLFSURSHUWLHVYLEUDWHRXWRISKDVHZKLFKOHDGLQJWRSRXQGLQJ GDPDJH7KHPD[LPXPUHVSRQVHGLVSODFHPHQWRUGHIRUPDWLRQLVPRUHLQWDOOEXLOGLQJVWKDQWKHVKRUWHURQHDV VRZQLQOLQHDUDQGQRQOLQHDUDQDO\VLV

x $GMDFHQW EXLOGLQJV ZLWK D GDPSHU RU OLQN HOHPHQW ZKLFK LV OHVV VWLIIHU WKDQ WKH FRQWDFW HOHPHQW DUH PRUH HIIHFWLYHDYRLGLQJSRXQGLQJGDPDJH3RXQGLQJPXVWEHFKHFNHGLQWKHEXLOGLQJVDQGWKHQGHVLJQHGWRDYRLGWKH SRXQGLQJGDPDJHV

x ,PSDFWIRUFHLQFUHDVHVFRQVLGHUDEO\LQWKHEXLOGLQJVZLWKLQFUHDVHGVHWEDFNZKHQFRPSDUHGZLWKEXLOGLQJVDW GLIIHUHQW IORRU OHYHOV 7KH DGMDFHQW 5& EXLOGLQJV FRQVLVWLQJ RI VDPH IORRU OHYHO VKRXOG EH GHVLJQHG ZLWK VXIILFLHQWVHSDUDWLRQJDSE\FRQVLGHULQJG\QDPLFDQDO\VLVWRSUHYHQWWKHHIIHFWRISRXQGLQJGXHWRHDUWKTXDNHLQ IXWXUH

9,,$&.12:/('*(0(176

,DPWKDQNIXO3URIHVVRUDQG+HDG'HSWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ3ULQFLSDORI$&6&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJDQGP\ EHORYHGIULHQGVIRUWKHLUWLPHO\KHOSUHQGHUHGDQGWKHLPPHQVHVXSSRUWH[WHQGHGIRUWKHVXEPLVVLRQRIWKLVSDSHU

5()(5(1&(6

>@ 5REHUW-DQNRZVNL3RXQGLQJ)RUFH5HVSRQVH6SHFWUXP8QGHU(DUWKTXDNH([FLWDWLRQ (QJLQHHULQJ 6WUXFWXUHV 9RO SS

>@ 6XVHQGHU0XWKXNXPDUDQG5HJLQDOG'HV5RFKHV$+HUW]&RQWDFW0RGHO:LWK1RQOLQHDU'DPSLQJIRU 3RXQGLQJ 6LPXODWLRQ (DUWKTXDNH(QJLQHHULQJDQG 6WUXFWXUDO'\QDPLFV9ROSS

>@ +/6XUHVK5DYLQGUDQDWKD6KLYDQDQGD60DQG7DXVHHI0+RQQ\DO ³$VWXG\RIVHLVPLF SRXQGLQJ EHWZHHQ DGMDFHQW EXLOGLQJV´

>@ 3UDGHHS.XPDU5.LUDQ.XPDU5HGG\.DQG&KDQGUD6HNKDUD5HGG\7³3RXQGLQJSUREOHPVLQ XUEDQDUHDV´ >@ 3UDGHHS.XPDU5DPDQFKDUODDQG&KHQQD5DMDUDP³7KUHHGLPHQVLRQDO PRGHOLQJRISRXQGLQJ´

(8)

>@ ,63DUW³&ULWHULDIRU(DUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWGHVLJQRIVWUXFWXUHV *HQHUDOSURYLVLRQVDQG EXLOGLQJV´ %XUHDX RI ,QGLDQ6WDQGDUGV1HZ'HOKL

>@ ,6³(DUWKTXDNHUHVLVWDQWGHVLJQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQRIEXLOGLQJV&RGH 2I3UDFWLFH%XUHDXRI ,QGLDQ 6WDQGDUGV 1HZ'HOKL

>@ ,6³3ODLQDQG5HLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH&RGHRISUDFWLFH´%XUHDXRI,QGLDQ6WDQGDUGV1HZ'HOKL>@ ³(DUWKTXDNH 5HVLVWDQW(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV9,,´E\&$%UHEELD03KRFDV DQG3.RPRGURPRV