Qualidade da madeira de espécies do gênero Acacia plantadas no Brasil

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Qualidade da Madeira de Espécies do Gênero Plantadas no Brasil

FRANCIDES GOMES DA SILVA JÚNIOR

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Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - ESALQ/USP

Alencar, Gláucia Soares Barbosa de

Qualidade da madeira de espécies do gênero Acacia plantadas no Brasil / Gláucia Soares Barbosa de Alencar. - - Piracicaba, 2009.

132 p. : il.

Tese (Doutorado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 2009. Bibliografia.

1. Acácia 2. Bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio 3. Celulose de madeira - Rendimento 4. Leguminosae 5. Madeira - Qualidade - Propriedades físico-químicas 6. Polpação 7. Simbiose 8. Tecnologia da madeira I. Título

CDD 634.973321 A368q

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RESUMO

Qualidade da madeira de espécies do gênero plantadas no Brasil

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ABSTRACT

Wood quality of species of the genus planted in Brazil

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2 DESENVOLVIMENTO 2.1 Revisão Bibliográfica 2.1.1 O Gênero Acacia

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L F%HIH F%KHE F%IJD F%LKH F%LKJ F%KJB I%LD

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3b ? F%HDE F%LCK F%LBB F%LLF F%LEC F%LJE E%DC

F%FJE F%FJH F%EFD F%FHD F%FHK F%FDK F%BI

#$%&' EH%BB IF%EB IK%IC EK%EC EI%BC EB%JL KK%FB

< = #- S ?[ = "

H # # . #

0E2 #- F%LJE U #K

+ ! + #

% + + - # #

# # # . ! # #

# + # + !

B #

# + # ( "

(37)

B + O + !

# 0E2

B = + O + !

-0E2

FONTES GL SQ QM F Pr

L F%FCJLEH F%FEJDHKJ I%DE F%FHIJ

IF F%ELEFBB F%FFCFHKKI

( IL F%IIFLDI

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O #

0E2 . ! ( + "+

HT S # ( ! +

+ ! #

< + ! . # * # %

# ! ' % - ) + . # ) #

# , "+ . * R " # !

# - # ( S # + @ "

H # # . +

0E2 # "

.^ # # + + ! + @ . .

# " % # , - + . *

< C ! #

(38)

C @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0I2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%HDL F%LBI F%LCH F%LFH F%LFJ F%LCB E%CB

I F%HBL F%KDD F%KHH F%KHB F%KBH F%LIJ I%EH

K F%BFJ F%KJC F%KID F%KDC F%LKB F%LKC I%DH

L F%BEB F%LBC F%LCH F%KJL F%LFB F%LDK I%EH

H F%HBB F%LCE F%KCJ F%KHK F%LFI F%LLK I%IL

3b ? F%HDD F%LKC F%LFK F%KCJ F%LFL F%LHL I%IK F%FIL F%FLE F%FBD F%FIK F%FIB F%FIL F%KJ

170T2 L%FB J%KH EC%FE B%EB B%KK H%KK EC%BK

< = #- S ?[ = "

C # # . #

0I2 #- F%LHL U #KS +

-# 0E2 # + #

- # # - % . + * ;

# # - #

+ ! % #- %

. #- - + # # (

. + 0E2

# # R + O + (

(39)

D = + O + ! -0I2

L F%ELELCI F%FKHKBCJ IE%CF F%FFFF

IF F%FKIBFEI F%FFEBKFFB

IL F%ECLFCK

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O # 0I2

# . (

" S @ * @

! # # ! #

# # . # ) * .

) # # # #@ IC . 6

# + ! #

1 # ) + # + !

# 0I2 #- # ) #

(40)

F%HBF F%HCF F%HDF F%HJF F%BFF F%BEF F%BIF F%BKF

FT IFT LFT BFT DFT EFFT

Altura comercial D e n s id a d e b á s ic a m a d e ir a (g /c m 3 ) %)' %*'

K = 7 ! = #

-0I2

K # . # +

0I2 # .

IHT # % + ! ! #

1 @ + # # !

+ # + ! O# #

IHT # % @ . ! !

+ # # # #

# # R ! ' S #

# + ! % ) #

# % ) # # - @ # ! +! +

* ! # % # #

# ( # * ! * ! '

-# J% EE

EK # # - %

+ # # 0E2% 0I2 0K2

(41)

J @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0E2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%HCD F%LCI F%LHB F%LJB F%LIH F%LJF E%LK

I F%HCB F%LKH F%LHH F%LIF F%LBF F%LBC E%HJ

K F%HDB F%LCK F%LKL F%LEL F%LBE F%LDI E%CK

L F%BLE F%LBE F%HEF F%HFB F%LKH F%HEI I%FE

H F%BEF F%LDK F%LLC F%LCH F%LIH F%LDD E%CB

3b ? F%HJD F%LBH F%LBF F%LBI F%LLE F%LDD E%CF F%FIC F%FED F%FIJ F%FLK F%FED F%FEB F%IE

170T2 L%HJ K%JD B%IC J%IL L%FC K%KC EI%HL

< = #- S ?[ = "

D # # . #

0E2 #- F%LDD U #K

+ ! % (

# # # + # # # )

+ @ + ! + %

+ + % # IHT

# # - # - EFFT # !

J + O + !

(42)

EF = + O + ! -0E2

# L F%FDEKIHL F%FIFKKEK IL%DF F%FFFF

IF F%FEBKJBL F%FFFDEJDI

0 ) IL F%FJCCIED

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O #

0E2 # . ( " @

! # # !

@ # # # * . # ) 0 IC2

# 0I2

(43)

EE @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0I2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%BEJ F%LHH F%LKC F%LCL F%LLF F%LDJ E%DJ

I F%BKF F%LJI F%LCI F%HEE F%HIH F%HEB E%BH

K F%BBF F%HLB F%LCI F%LDJ F%HKI F%HKJ E%JD

L F%BIL F%LCH F%LDC F%LLL F%LKE F%LJJ E%DB

H F%BKI F%LDF F%LDK F%LDI F%LHD F%HIF E%BI

3b ? F%BKK F%LJF F%LCF F%LDF F%LCD F%HEK E%DF F%FEB F%FKL F%FIF F%FIL F%FLD F%FEJ F%EB

170T2 I%HK B%JC L%EJ H%FJ EF%FE K%CK D%CB

< = #- S ?[ = "

+ @ . # 0I2

#- F%HEK U #KS + ! * #

7 0EJJJ2% #

. #- F%HIL U #K

# # R + O +

(44)

EI = + O + ! -0I2

# L F%FJHHIHI F%FIKDDEK IH%KJ F%FFFF

IF F%FEDDEID F%FFFJLFB

0 ) IL F%EELKKD

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

< EK ! #

0K2

EK @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2

0K2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%BJD F%HHK F%HLK F%HCE F%HKJ F%HJI E%BK

I F%BIL F%LLJ F%LHH F%LCE F%LBL F%LJL E%DF

K F%BLJ F%HEC F%LJC F%HFE F%HIC F%HKK E%HC

L F%BKK F%LDJ F%HFK F%LLB F%LEK F%HEI I%FF

H F%BED F%LDB F%LLI F%LLL F%LHE F%LJL E%DH

3b ? F%BLL F%LJJ F%LDD F%LDC F%LCJ F%HIH E%CC

F%FKI F%FKJ F%FLE F%FHI F%FHK F%FLE F%EC

170T2 L%JC C%CD D%KE EF%CB EE%FC C%CH J%CD

(45)

< @ #- #

0K2 . + F%HIH U #K + #

+ . # R , 0E I2

+ # - # # - !

! 7 @ % # -#% . + + !

@ - # 0K2% .

-- # , " 0EJDB2 # .

-+ ! @

EK 0 2

# # R + O + ( ,

" EL 1 @ .

+ O ( , "

% * @ ! # # !

# + ! . IC

EL = + O + !

-0K2

# L F%FJDCJCL F%FILBJJL EI%BC F%FFFF

IF F%FKDJDD F%FFEJLJL

0 ) IL F%EKCCDH

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

L # + ;

(46)

Altura comercial

D

e

n

s

id

a

d

e

b

á

s

ic

a

m

a

d

e

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a

(g

/c

m

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%)' %*'

L = 7 ! = #

-% , 0E% I K2

L # # .

# " # + - #

+ #" # EFFT #

< EH ,# #

(47)

EH @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0E2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%BLK F%LJH F%LJK F%LCD F%LBI F%HID E%CF

I F%BHL F%LBH F%LCC F%LDL F%LLL F%HEL I%FE

K F%BIB F%LDB F%LHC F%LBH F%HFE F%HFC E%CB

L F%BJC F%HDC F%HIH F%HLD F%BFE F%HJI E%DF

H F%BBC F%LLI F%LDF F%LKJ F%HIC F%HFE I%LC

3b ? F%BHC F%LJH F%LDB F%LDK F%HFC F%HID E%JH

F%FIC F%FHH F%FIH F%FLF F%FBI F%FKC F%KI

170T2 L%FH EE%ED H%EB D%KC EI%EJ C%FF EB%EC

< = #- S ?[ = "

EH # # .

#- # 0E2 - F%HID U #K # # #- + @

# , # # # !

-CHT # # # - EFF T # S

# # * 0EJDB2 7 0EJJH2

7 0EJJJ2 #

# R + O + ( "

(48)

EB = + O + ! -0E2

# L F%EEFEE F%FICHICH EK%JC F%FFFF

IF F%FKJLIKI F%FFEJCEEB

0 ) IL F%ELJHKK

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O + !

0E2 # . ( " O#

S .^, " * @

! # O# # # # # #

) #@ IC

EC + O + !

(49)

EC @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0I2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%BLL F%LLK F%KHI F%KDD F%IBJ F%LLH K%LF

I F%HLB F%LEK F%LLK F%KLJ F%KLC F%LKF I%FF

K F%BCH F%LKB F%LIE F%LII F%KJJ F%LDK I%BH

L F%LCC F%LDK F%LIC F%LIL F%HFD F%LHB F%CJ

H F%BCI F%HLK F%LHB F%LBC F%LHB F%HIL I%KI

3b ? F%BFK F%LBL F%LIF F%LEF F%KJB F%LBD I%IK F%FDC F%FHE F%FLF F%FLL F%FJK F%FKC F%JB

170T2 EL%HE EF%JC J%BK EF%CH IK%HL C%JK LI%JF

< = #- S ?[ = "

EC # # . #

0I2 #- F%LBD U #K +

# 0E2 # +

# - # # - - %

, E I% # . # # " @

# + ! - %

# + # ( , # # #

-# # #

(50)

ED = + O + ! -0I2

# L F%ELKELD F%FKHCDCE C%JL F%FFFH

IF F%FJFEHKB F%FFLHFCBD

0 ) IL F%IKKKFI

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

) # + !

# - 0E2 0I2

# # H

Altura comercial D e n s id a d e b á s ic a m a d e ir a (g /c m 3 ) %)' %*'

H = 7 ! = #

(51)

( # . + H # + !

# # # , % @ #

+ #

-#

< EJ ! #

0E2

EJ @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2

0E2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%LBI F%KHE F%KCK F%KKB F%KHB F%KCL E%ID

I F%HII F%KHB F%KKL F%KLD F%KLC F%KCK E%DJ

K F%LJH F%KHF F%KKC F%KLE F%KJI F%KBJ E%BD

L F%HLD F%KEH F%ICF F%ICE F%KIC F%KKH I%JF

H F%LHJ F%KFI F%KFL F%KIB F%KFE F%KKB E%BL

3b ? F%LJC F%KKH F%KIL F%KIL F%KLH F%KHC E%DD F%FKJ F%FIH F%FKD F%FKE F%FKL F%FIF F%BE

170T2 C%CH C%KL EE%DJ J%HH J%DB H%HJ KI%KJ

< = #- S ?[ = "

< EJ @ + . #

#-- F%KHC U #K # 0E2

, @ !

' # # % # + * .

+ # # 0 # #K2 * # - #

EJ # #

# ( " #

(52)

IF = + O + ! -0E2

# L F%EEFDKC F%FICCFJJI IL%LF F%FFFF

IF F%FIICFJI F%FFEEKHLB

0 ) IL F%EKKHLB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O IF # . (

" # 0E2

+ ! * ! #

) O# # # # # # ) #@

IC

< IE ! #

(53)

IE @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0I2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%HIF F%LEH F%KKF F%KLF F%KHI F%KJB I%FL

I F%LJK F%LFC F%KLD F%KLI F%KKF F%KJL E%BC

K F%LBE F%KKB F%LEF F%IJH F%IJL F%KBC E%DL

L F%LCF F%LIL F%KHF F%ICK F%IJF F%KCJ I%FE

H F%LCB F%KCJ F%KBE F%KHL F%KDK F%KDC E%IH

3b ? F%LDL F%KJI F%KBF F%KIE F%KKF F%KDL E%CB F%FIK F%FKB F%FKF F%FKH F%FKJ F%FEI F%KI

170T2 L%DE J%FB D%LC EF%DL EE%JK K%FC ED%KF

< = #- S ?[ = "

IE # # . #

0I2 #- F%KDL U #K #

# # + !

# - # # - % . # + +

- ! # # +

< II + O + !

(54)

II = + O + ! -0I2

# L F%FDBDFDI F%FIECFIE EJ%CC F%FFFF

IF F%FIEJHKI F%FFEFJCBB

0 ) IL F%EFDCBE

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O II # # .

( " # 0I2

O# # # # # # )

" ! +

! # IC

< IK ! #

(55)

IK @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0K2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%HDI F%LIH F%KDD F%KDC F%KIF F%LLC I%IJ

I F%HII F%KBD F%KHH F%KKE F%KKL F%KDC E%JE

K F%HBL F%KEH F%KIH F%KKI F%KKF F%KBB I%HE

L F%HDC F%LFD F%KHI F%KBJ F%KBF F%LIC I%LK

H F%HBH F%KCH F%KJF F%LIK F%KBD F%LKE I%FH

3b ? F%HBL F%KCD F%KBI F%KBD F%KLI F%LEI I%IL F%FIH F%FLI F%FIC F%FKJ F%FIE F%FKL F%IH

170T2 L%HI EE%EJ C%HI EF%HK B%FL D%IL EE%KD

< = #- S ?[ = "

# 0K2 #- F%LEI

U #KS + - # # - @

+ O + ! #

(56)

IL = + O + ! -0K2

# L F%EBHLKK F%FLEKHDI LF%KF F%FFFF

IF F%FIFHIHI F%FFEFIBIB

0 ) IL F%EDHJHD

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O IL # . (

" + # 0K2

+ ! * ! #

) #@ # * IC

< IH ! #

(57)

IH @ 7 ! @ 0+ #- 2 0L2 "

POSIÇÃO

ÁRVORE _0% _25% _50% _75% _100% POND IH

E F%HIF F%LKF F%LKB F%LLC F%HEL F%LHD E%FB

I F%HCK F%LCL F%LJI F%HFB F%LJF F%HFD E%FK

K F%HBF F%LIE F%LFJ F%LFD F%LID F%LLB E%HB

L F%HKJ F%HFI F%LIC F%LFD F%LLE F%LCD E%LE

H F%HIC F%LFK F%KBD F%KJF F%KHE F%LIK E%CF

3b ? F%HLL F%LLB F%LIB F%LKI F%LLH F%LBK E%KH F%FII F%FLE F%FLH F%FLC F%FBK F%FKI F%KF

170T2 L%EK J%EC EF%HK EF%CJ EL%EB C%FF II%FD

< = #- S ?[ = "

IH # # . #

0L2 #- F%LBK U #K

# # # # + ! #

0E I2 # 0K L2%

# HFT # *

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. # # ) # # "+

! # # .

IB + O + !

# 0L2

>c % 7 $ S 1 $ ?3% 3 S $$?1[ 9 % 9 , %

(58)

IB = + O + ! -0L2

# L F%FLBDEBB F%FEECFLE H%BC F%FFKI

IF F%FLEIDJB F%FFIFBLLD

0 ) IL F%FDDEFBI

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

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" + # 0L2

+ ! * ! #

) #@ IC

< B - # # + !

# 0E% I% K L2% +

#-F%LLF F%LBF F%LDF F%HFF F%HIF F%HLF F%HBF

Altura comercial D e n s id a d e b á s ic a m a d e ir a ( g /c m 3 ) %)' %*' %+' %,'

B = 7 ! = #

(59)

7 @ % B . # # #@

# + + ,

-, # - % -#%

7 0EJJJ2 , + ! #

% # # ! - HFT

# - % # % +

0IFFI2 # 0IFFK2 # # (

# # * # # # % # ! ' # # % # # + # # -# # # + ! # - # # - % . # + + - ! #

# + C ! #

#-0?3 2 # #

y = 0,7257e=0,0166x

R2 = 0,7264

F%KFF F%KHF F%LFF F%LHF F%HFF F%HHF

EF EH IF IH KF KH LF LH

Incremento médio anual (IMA)

D e n s id a d e b á s ic a d a m a d e ir a (g /c m 3 )

C = 1 ! # #

(60)

< C% # . - %

, 0E2% + #- ! +

# ( # 0?3 2 # #

# -#% , # ! ) #

# ?3 # %

+ + + ! # # 0 U 2 # !

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# # * 0EJDH2% + #@ R # ! ! %

! R ; # +

# % # # % %

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% # # #

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H IB% @ . #

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K% L% H B # # # ,

# ! + * - # ( !

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# # ,

-( + !

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# # # ! ' %

(61)

# # ! # # + # % !

! # . #

7 % 3 0EJJJ2 + #

#-# X % F%HIL d F%FCB

U #K - , # ! - #

# % #% % +

IC # # . ! + !

- + < #@ + *

+ O 0 + ! 2% # ) % #

(62)

IC = 3 . ! + !

-Espécie Anova Modelo

ajustado

a b

R2

0E2 <!

+ @ @ @ @

0I2 + _{\ a} _e F%HBHJ @F%FIFEDFB CE%LJ

0E2 + _{\ a} _e F%HCDF @F%FEHFCC CE%FD

0I2 + _{\ a} _e F%BFCB @F%FEHDJEL BC%LJ

0K2 + _{\ a} _e F%BIEE @F%FEBHBDC BF%DD

0E2 + _{\ a} _e F%BIHK @F%FEBIFCE HK%BD

0I2 + _{\ a} _e F%HDDK @F%FIEELEK HD%HL

0E2 + _{\ a} _e F%LBHE @F%FEBKEEE BF%DD

0I2 + _{\ a} _e F%LCJK @F%FEBHJKC CC%KB

0K2 + _{\ a} _e F%HKCF @F%FIHJFB CB%BF

# # 0L2 + _{\ a} _e F%HILD @F%FECJEB LF%KJ

(63)

IC # # . #

% # + ! 0 *@. 2 .

# ) % # # #

# ! (

1 # ) + # ! #

. @ # % * @

+ O 0 ID2 A W 0 IJ2

#-ID @ + O

#-Parâmetros GL SQ QM F PR

3 - @ # EF F EDBEHDJH F FEDBEHDJ EE DI f FFFE

$ " LL

HL

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O # # . ( "

(64)

-IJ @ A W #

#-Espécies Densidade Básica da Madeira = Média ponderada

0E2 F%HKL 0K2 F%HIH 0I2 F%HEK 0E2 F%LJE 0E2 F%LDD 0I2 F%LCE 0I2 F%LHK 0L2 F%LHK 0K2 F%LFF 0I2 F%KBB 0E2 F%KHC # # # + * ! !

ID IJ # #- %

# # 0 D2

F F%E F%I F%K F%L F%H F%B

0E2 0I2 #

0E2 #

0I2 #

0K2 0E2 0I2

# #0E 2 # #0I 2 # #0K 2 # #0L 2 D e n s id a d e b á s ic a d a m a d e ir a m é d ia p o n d e ra d a ( g /c m 3 )

(65)

#-A W # # # # + !

# F%KHC U #K F%HKL U #K . +

# # # - % ! ! # +

! ' # # -# ; # % # ! %

- % +! +

0EJJC2 # + # .

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# # # #

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0IFFB2 # O #

! ' % - . #

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+ # # # . #

# #- #- @ #

# * # - *

(66)

KF = 7 #

-Espécie Massa (ton/ha)

0E2 BL%LI

0K2 HH%BI

0I2 BD%CE

0E2 BC%FH

0E2 BL%EF

0I2 JB%CD

0I2 LC%KB

0L2 CL%DK

0K2 CD%FK

0I2 BL%LF

# #%)' BI%KC

, @ " #

. ( + %

# 0 # # I K I E #

#- 2

< J ! + "

(67)

E%CBD I%IID

E%CFH E%CJC E%CBD I%IFH I%HIC I%FKC I%ELB F%CJI E%LKC F F%H E E%H I I%H K

0E2 0I2 #

0E2 #

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# #0E 2 # #0I 2 # #0K 2 # #0L 2 Ín d ic e d e h e te ro g e in id a d e

J = G

+ " % # # )

# % # # . # !

# + "

# # + #

( "+ # # - # *

* 0EJCL2% # H % + !

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# # # ,

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# # "

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+ , - # # .

-2.3.2 Composição química da madeira

# ! . # % + !

(68)

! + # , ! %

# % # # ' %

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# #@ ) # # ( # #

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#-. "# #

(69)

KE = 1 " . "# #

%

Espécies Holo L. I. L. S. L. T. E. T. Pentosana

0E2 BD%CJ IK%KJ K%IB IB%BH L%HB ED%FK

0I2 BC%FJ IH%KI I%IC IC%HJ H%KI EH%IC

0E2 BF%JJ IL%JH I%HI IC%LB EE%HH IE%FE

0I2 BL%KH IK%LL E%BB IH%EF EF%HH EC%JH

0K2 BL%CL IL%KH E%CJ IB%EL J%EI EH%JF

0E2 BH%KE IC%JD E%DH IJ%DK L%DB D%KI

0I2 BB%HD IH%LB I%LI IC%DD H%HL J%FH

0E2 BL%CK IL%KD I%KB IB%CL D%HK EJ%DC

0I2 BC%LD IL%BK E%JB IB%HJ H%JK ED%JE

0K2 BD%FJ IK%KJ E%LF IL%CJ C%EI IK%JB

0L2 BK% HE IL%CC I%FH IB%DK J%BB EJ%LH

+ # # # ! # + # "+

HT

[ a 0T2

9 ? a 6+ 0T2

9 a 6+ 0T2

9 a 0T2

a ( + 0T2

# + # + ! # ! R # ! . "#

# + O %

6+ % 6+ % % ( + #

(70)

< # ! # + %

+ @ . #

-# # + ! BF%JJT 0E2 BD%CJT

0E2 # + #" # # ( #

0IFFI2% # # # ( #

# . . # # "+ !

% . # # # ! !

" ( # S !

# % . + , " @# O % -#

# -# # . ' . # # !

# 1 + 0EJJD2% #

# # ( # . "#

* # % # # # ( + % . # -# # %

-# " # # # ! ' & / #

. # % # % # !

".

# ,

! # O # + 9 V 0EJJD2% .

# - 0 # EI EK %

. 2 + +

0IH%BFS ED%EF ED%LFT2 " 0EJDB2 #

L% C EF # . !

+ + # ED%IDS EJ%FB EJ%BLTS + #

+ ( + ! + #

! A

. - + # ( +

+ # % # # # B%JJT

-# ( + # % !

#

- # # + ( +

(71)

# # # # . "# + ;

& / # ; S -#% ! +

( + # ! % # ! !

# ! # # # !

# # # # + #

# 0IFFH2 . + # # ! . "#

C % % ( + #

+ CF%JS IC%E L%IBT% + # '( #

# # # .

# . . - %

# 0EJJC2% !

O # . # # %

-% # # ! , % #

! # .^, % #

" @# O

2.3.3 Dimensões das fibras

# ; % # # % % O# #

! # % " @# O '

#@ % # # # "

< KI ! # ;

* * #

# # . # + # + % #

(72)

KI = # ;

Espécies C

(mm)

L (Tm)

DI (Tm)

E (Tm)

FP (%)

CF (%)

IR

0E2 E%FL ED%IH EF%IH K%JJ LH HH F%JFC

0I2 F%JC ED%FF EF%FF K%JJ LH HH F%DBL

0E2 F%DC ED%IH EF%CH K%CH LI HD F%DIE

0I2 F%DJ EC%HF EF%CH K%KC KJ BE F%BLH

0K2 E%FE EJ%CH EK%FF K%CH KJ BB F%HDJ

0E2 F%JH IF%CH EK%HF K%BI KC BL F%HJL

0I2 E%EE EJ%IH EE%HF K%DC LF HJ F%BDB

0E2 F%DE IC%CH IE%IH K%IH IL CB F%KEI

0I2 F%JD IL%FF EC%IH K%KC ID CE F%LEK

0K2 F%JF II%FF EH%CH K%EI IJ CE F%LFI

0L2 F%JF IH%FF EH%CH L%BI KC BK F%BED

KI% . # +

"+ % # # . + # ;

, * #

# 9 V 0EJJD2% " 0EJDB2

0IFFH2 #

, % # +

# # # # % # ,

0I2 + 0E2 # KCT

, # + ! 0E2 + 0I2

# + ! # # '( # IFT% -# # # "

% # " @# O !

-# A 0EJJL2% + 86 0IFFH2 + # . # # #

( # , + + ,

(73)

# , # # + #

6# # # + #

+ # "

KI + @ . 0K2 #

# % # (

( % ! " $ A # # !

# # + # " 0& A/2% # " #

S ) # ! ( # + , R

! 0 9N 9% EJCBS 1 $ ?3 % EJDCS % IFFIS + 86 IFFH2

+ #@ ( # # # +

! A 0EJCD2% # 0EJDD2 ` +

0EJDJ2% # . ! ! . . #

( # HFT% " $ A E%H "

-F%B U #K

# ; # # ! # ;

+ # # % # # @

# " % . # # # '

-# " R # ; !

+ # * # ! # #

# # ` 0EJCC2

< EF% EE%EI EK ! + # ;

(74)

F F%I F%L F%B F%D E E%I

0E2 0I2 #

0E2 #

0I2 #

0K2 0E2 0I2

# #0E 2 # #0I 2 # #0K 2 # #0L 2 C O M P R IM E N T O = m m

EF = 1 # #

F%FF H%FF EF%FF EH%FF IF%FF IH%FF KF%FF

0E2 0I2 #

0E2 #

0I2 #

0K2 0E2 0I2

# #0E 2 # #0I 2 # #0K 2 # #0L 2 L A R G U R A = T m

(75)

F%FF H%FF EF%FF EH%FF IF%FF IH%FF

0E2 0I2 #

0E2 #

0I2 #

0K2 0E2 0I2

# #0E 2 # #0I 2 # #0K 2 # #0L 2 D IÂ M E T R O D O L U M E = T m

EI = O# #

F%FF F%HF E%FF E%HF I%FF I%HF K%FF K%HF L%FF L%HF H%FF

0E2 0I2 #

0E2 #

0I2 #

0K2 0E2 0I2

(76)

< @ . , # #

+ ! % O# # 0EJJB2%

* ! + O# # R + !

.

< EL @ + !

, F H EF EH IF IH KF KH LF LH HF

0E2 0I2 #

0E2 #

0I2 #

0K2 0E2 0I2

# #0E 2 # #0I 2 # #0K 2 # #0L 2 F R A Ç Ã O P A R E D E = %

EL = !

! # + # ( # #" # LH ILT%

+ # % , 0E I2

0E2% + , #

# - 0E I2 0E2 #

+ LFT ! % , .

* # - ! # . # # !

# # - ! - # " . .

% ( ( ! ,

% A ` 0EJCH2% + LF T # #

# ) "* . ? . ! ( # # " %

(77)

+ ! + - #

( + " 0EJDB2% . + # #

# L% C EF + # + + #

KJ%ICTS LI%IBT LK%EDT < % " # . ;

# ; # + # . ! % "

# ! # # # + % . !

+ ! # # " @# O %

# ,

# 0IFFH2 0IFFB2 # . # "

# - # ! # + + # " 0&

A/2 0& /2 - . % # -#

# % * # .

# # ; # * # #

(78)

2.3.4 Polpação

A - # ; +

, # " . "# + + % # ! . "#

# # * # # #

# + % # + # . ( + !

# 0 + 86 % EJJC2% # + * .

# )

' # ! *

# ! - & / # # + S

-. ) # . "+ +

1 @ # % !

# + * + "+ !

# # # "+ # + * . O#

# # .^ # %

# - #

* # # * + R ! #

+ ! + @ #

1 @ . ! #

! - # ! % & /

' + # . % #

. ! # . # % 6# A +

# # ( IF EHT # # #- # 6# A

EDT 1 # ) + # # ! A

# * # ! ! ' % ) @

. ; ; % # . + + 6# A %

+ + + # '

! + !

O# ! !

# 0$ 2% # 0$ 2% ) 0 $ ) 2 6#

(79)

KK = 7 #- ! 0E2% + ! + !

AA (%) Parâmetros RB (%) RD (%) T. REJ. (%) Kappa

3- BF%DB HJ%LB E%LF IC%EI

K%FI I%DJ F%BC L%FJ

ED%F

17 0T2 L%JC L%DH LC%DJ EH%FD

3- HD%LE HC%LE E%FF IL%FD

K%EL I%DJ F%HF K%BE

EJ%H

17 0T2 H%KD H%FL LJ%DL EH%FE

3- HD%BH HD%FC F%HD IF%DL

I%BE I%KE F%KL I%CE

IE%F

17 0T2 L%LB K%JD HD%FC EK%FI

3- HD%FL HC%CB F%ID IF%FB

I%BC I%BB F%EE E%DD

II%H

17 0T2 L%BF L%BE KJ%CF J%KB

3- HH%DH HH%CE F%EL EH%EH

E%EL E%EB F%EK E%JE

IL%F

17 0T2 I%FL I%FD JL%JC EI%BF

3- HH%IH HH%FE F%IL EL%LH

F%DI F%JB F%IF E%IL

IH%H

17 0T2 E%LD E%CL DL%DL D%HB

"+ . # "+ * # #@

# # "+ ! .^ # % ! 6#

A % # 0 2 )

1 # ! # A ! % + 86 0IFFH2

# . # #

+ ! . 6# A #

! % ! + +

(80)

KL KH # + O + #

# 6# A # !

! - 0E2

KL = + O # # !

- 0E2

1 H BB%FJDHIF EK%IEJCFL I%FI F%EEEH

$ " IL EHB%DCHDFF B%HKBLJEB

IJ III%JCLKIF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O #

0E2 + . ! ( +

"+ HT%

< " # % #

+ ; " + # + # ! S #

% + ! E # # #

# # + ! '

# # ! % # # ! # "

(81)

KH = + O 6# A # !

- 0E2

1 H BFJ%BCIFBB EIE%JKLLEK EI%CB F%FFFE

$ " IL IIJ%KFDCIF J%HHLHKFF

IJ DKD%JDFCDB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O 6# A - 0E2

+ # . (

" S @ * #@

! # 6# A # ! +

# # # . # ) )

# # # #@ BC . 6 #

(82)

KB = 7 #- ! 0I2% + ! + !

AA(%) Parâmetros RB (%) RD (%) T. REJ. (%) Kappa

3- HC%LB HB%BI F%DL IC%LI

E%DB I%LE F%BC K%HF

ED%F

17 0T2 K%IL L%IH CJ%FH EI%CH

3- HL%JE HL%LL F%LB IH%BF

I%BE I%BH F%IC L%IK

EJ%H

17 0T2 L%CB L%DC HD%HB EB%HI

3- HH%BE HH%IK F%KD II%ID

I%BH I%BB F%EC I%LL

IE%F

17 0T2 L%CC L%DI LL%KE EF%JH

3- HL%JD HI%JJ E%JJ IE%BF

I%JB E%BL K%LI K%FB

II%H

17 0T2 H%KD K%FJ ECE%DL EL%EC

3- HH%EC HH%FJ F%FL EC%LJ

E%HB E%HC F%FE E%JB

IL%F

17 0T2 I%DI I%DH KH%KB EE%IE

3- HK%CC HL%EL F%FL EB%HE

E%IB E%EI F%FL E%BC

IH%H

17 0T2 I%KL I%FC JC%BI EF%EL

# + ! ' #

6# A ED d F%H - 0I2 ILT #

# ( + HH%FJT% # .

, # 0IFFH2 # . '

# * #

A . . - # +

# ! . # # # #- HI%JT

(83)

# 6# A # #

R + O # + # KC KD

KC = + O # # !

- 0I2

1 H KB%JLDKLB C%KDJBBJ E%KH F%ICDH

$ " IL EKE%HHCHIF H%LDEHBK

IJ EBD%HFHDBB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O KC # # .

! ( " #

-0I2% +

KD = + O 6# A # !

- 0I2

1 H LBL%KHKIEB JI%DCFBLK D%HB F%FFFE

$ " IL IBF%LIDIDF EF%DHEECD

IJ CIL%CDELJB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

(84)

) 6# A

+ - 0E2 0I2 # #

EH

F H EF EH IF IH KF

EC%F ED%F EJ%H IE%F II%H IL%F IH%H IC%F

Álcali ativo (como NaOH) = (%)

N

ú

m

e

ro

k

a

p

a

0E2 0I2

EH = 6# A

-EH # # ,

! - + 86 0IFFH2% .

# - % . #

+ # ! ; ! .

( +- ! 6# A # ! %

+ @ . # # + # ! # +

6# A - #

6# A - # O# + !

' . % # + * . # # - # + .

% # - + +

. # % . + + # .^, 6# A - #

+ + -@ % . ( ,

(85)

" # - @ # # # %

( + % + # #

6# A

KJ = 7 #- ! 0E2% + !

+ !

3- HD%KB HK%DD L%LJ KF%EL

L%IE K%KK I%JB L%FB

ED%F

17 0T2 C%IE B%EJ BB%FE EK%LB

3- HL%IJ HE%JK I%KB IC%CB

K%LD K%HD F%DE L%LE

EJ%H

17 0T2 B%LE B%JF KL%LE EH%DJ

3- HL%CK HK%CC F%JB IK%DI

E%BE E%LI F%HE K%LJ

IE%F

17 0T2 I%JH I%BL HI%HF EL%BH

3- HK%DC HE%EC I%CE IH%DL

K%KJ K%LC K%BF C%EK

II%H

17 0T2 B%ID B%CC EKI%DJ IC%HJ

3- HI%HF HI%LK F%FB EB%JC

I%KH I%KC F%FB E%LE

IL%F

17 0T2 L%LD L%HK JF%KI D%KI

3- HI%DH HI%CH F%EF EB%LK

E%KJ E%LB F%FD E%HK

IH%H

17 0T2 I%BK I%CC CC%ID J%KF

1 @ . - 0E2 ,

- , 0E I2 # "+

* # #@ # # "+ ! .^ # %

(86)

- 0E2 - . #

# ) % # . # ( +

0ED%F T2 + L%LJT < ! ! @ . + %

O# # # # O # !

# % # . ! . # %

) ! # ) + % # + * . # #

# # # # # . . "#

. #

+- # # # ) % # @

# # 6# A ED d F%H + @ + #

IL%CT HI%IDT + #@ BD

# # #

6# A # ! 0 + #

LF LE2 # R + O

LF = + O # # !

- # 0E2

1 H IC%BHDFKF H%HKEBFB F%HD F%CELH

$ " IL IID%BJFKIF J%HIDCBK

IJ IHB%KLDKHF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

1 @ +- LF . + O

-0E2 + !

+ O# # % #

(87)

# 6+ % # + + # # M# 0IFFF2

. # # ! @ . - # #

+ M# '

0IFFF2% # . + ! # +

A ! @ . % # ! R #

+ . # - # ! %

-#% , + - *

! % + - * , #

LE = + O 6# A # !

- 0E2

1 H DFE%JIEIFF EBF%KDLIIL C%LB F%FFFI

$ " IL HEB%IDJJIF IE%HEIFDF

IJ EKED%IEEEF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O # +

+ 6# A - 0E2 !

BC ) # # #

(88)

LI = 7 #- ! 0I2% + ! + !

3- HC%EL HK%DI I%JH IB%HL

I%EC I%BC E%JH E%CJ

ED%F

17 0T2 K%DF L%JB BB%EC B%CH

3- HB%LF HK%FE K%LF IL%BL

I%BI K%KK K%IF H%KF

EJ%H

17 0T2 L%BL B%ID JL%EI IE%HI

3- HL%JC HL%EI F%DH IF%BF

L%DB L%JF F%EL E%JH

IE%F

17 0T2 D%DK J%FB EB%HL J%LC

3- HL%IK HK%KK F%JF EC%DB

K%FC I%CJ F%LI E%KL

II%H

17 0T2 H%BH H%IK LB%CJ C%LD

3- HL%KI HL%IC F%FH EB%CH

F%CI F%CF F%FL F%CK

IL%F

17 0T2 E%KI E%KF DE%JH L%KL

3- HK%EL HK%EL F%FF EL%CB

F%BD F%BD F%FF F%JL

IH%H

17 0T2 E%IC E%ID IFF%FF B%LF

@ . +

; ! S LI

+ . - 0I2% # #

! # + II%HT # #

#- HK%KKT ) F%JFT + ! +

# ! ( % #

(89)

LK LL #

# # ( # #

6# A +

-0I2

LK = + O # # !

- 0I2

1 H C%FCFJIF E%LELEDL F%EK F%JDKI

$ " IL IHH%FCIDFF EF%BIDFKK

IJ IBI%ELKCIFF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O #

+ - 0I2 ! # + #

0IFFC2 # # - # " ( # # O #

# % # ! ' % #

(90)

LL = + O 6# A # !

- 0I2

1 H HKH%IDIECB EFC%FHBLKH EK%LF F%FFFE

$ " IL EJE%CFEFLF C%JDCHLK

IJ CIB%JDKIEB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O 6# A - 0I2

# . ( " +

@ ! # 6# A # !

(91)

LH = 7 #- ! # 0K2% + ! + !

3- HD%CK HC%LD E%IH ID%JF

I%EI I%LD F%BD I%JI

ED%F

17 0T2 K%BI L%KI HL%FL EF%EE

3- HH%FK HL%IL F%CJ IB%HI

B%HI B%KE F%JE K%EI

EJ%H

17 0T2 EE%DB EE%BK EEB%KK EE%CC

3- HE%BF HE%KL F%IB II%BI

B%CJ B%CE F%IF K%FL

IE%F

17 0T2 EK%EB EK%FC CH%BJ EK%LI

3- HL%JH HL%DI F%EK EJ%JF

I%FE E%JD F%FJ I%FL

II%H

17 0T2 K%BH K%BE CE%DL EF%IK

3- HL%CF HL%BD F%FK EC%CD

E%FB E%FH F%FI F%JE

IL%F

17 0T2 E%JL E%JE HE%BL H%EF

3- HK%FE HI%JJ F%FI EB%FI

E%KK E%KK F%FE F%CK

IH%H

17 0T2 I%HE I%HE HK%FE L%HC

+ @ . # 0K2 #

# A !

-% # #- # HL%BDT% (

) F%FKT 6# A EC%CD% +

IL%FT 1 0EJDK2% # # - 0

% % % % 2% + %

# "+ . "# ' % + . %

(92)

# R # - % # # HK%FT

# ; ! * #

-0K2 . # 0F%HIK U #K2% #

# + , + 0

IB%ELT2 # # # 0HL%BDT2

@ + O #

6# A + #

-0K2

LB = + O # # !

- 0K2

1 H EFL%JKHDIB IF%JBCEHK E%FK F%LIIF

$ " IL LBD%HLIJIF IF%KHHJHH

IJ HJK%LCDCLB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O #

0K2 + . ! (

(93)

LC = + O 6# A # !

- 0K2

1 H BKE%JJBJFB EIB%KJJKDE ED%KJ F%FFFE

$ " IL EBL%JJHEBF B%DCLCJD

IJ CJB%JJIFBB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

EB 6# A

- % , 0E% I K2

F H EF EH IF IH KF KH

N

ú

m

e

ro

k

a

p

a

# 0E2 # 0I2 # 0K2

(94)

-EB # # .

-0I2 # 6# A # +

. # , 0E K2 # # .

, # # # # #

+ % # "+ ! ,

+

LD = 7 #- ! 0E2% + !

+ !

3- HD%BH HL%DB K%CD KB%LD

K%DB E%DE I%KF K%FF

ED%F

17 0T2 B%HD K%KF BF%DI D%II

3- HH%LE HK%CJ E%BI KK%CF

I%HK E%JB F%BH L%HC

EJ%H

17 0T2 L%HC K%BL KJ%DF EK%HB

3- HK%DC HI%JK F%JL KF%LL

E%CD E%BL F%BD H%BI

IE%F

17 0T2 K%KE K%EF CE%DL ED%LB

3- HI%KJ HE%DK F%HC IC%HL

I%KD I%ED F%KD H%HF

II%H

17 0T2 L%HH L%IE BB%LL EJ%JC

3- HI%EJ HI%FB F%EK II%HK

F%LC F%LJ F%FJ F%HH

IL%F

17 0T2 F%JE F%JL CL%ED I%LK

3- HE%EB HE%FC F%FD IF%HD

E%EF E%FD F%FC E%IE

IH%H

(95)

< @ A !

- 0E2 . ( # # +

! ' # 6# A ED%F d F%H

.^ # . # # ( "+

, HE%FC T 6# A IF%HD #

+ IH%HT% # . * # #

!

# # ! .^ # " %

# ! 1 0EJJF2%

# . # - # ! # >#

"+ ( ! - . " # !

# # !

# ! ! +

# + #- ! %

# % + R ! ( % . ! "+

# % ) + ! 0 % IFFH2

# 0EJCJ2 0IFFH2% %

# # % # # + % # ;

! % # . " ; " %

! .

; ! # # ! #

6+ ( # # % .^ # % # - #

#

# 6# A 0

LJ HF + # 2% # # R + O +

( # " O# #

(96)

LJ = + O # # !

- 0E2

1 H LD%BLDLFF J%CIJBDF I%JK F%FKKH

$ " IL CJ%DFIHIF K%KIHEFH

IJ EID%LHFJIF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

HF = + O 6# A # !

- 0E2

1 H JBD%DFKCHF EJK%CBFCHF J%JH F%FFFE

$ " IL LBC%EBFFFF EJ%LHHFFF

IJ ELKH%JBKCHF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

LJ # HF 6#

A + # + % * @

! # # ! # # # #

(97)

HE = 7 #- ! 0I2% + ! + !

3- BI%EI HJ%EC I%JH KC%CB

I%HJ E%BK K%FK J%HD

ED%F

17 0T2 L%EC I%CB EFI%DD IH%KC

3- BF%ED HJ%EE E%FC KI%FE

I%FH E%DL F%JF B%HL

EJ%H

17 0T2 K%LE K%EI DL%HL IF%LL

3- HD%HH HC%CE F%DL KF%IF

E%CI E%HB F%BI H%KH

IE%F

17 0T2 I%JL I%CF CK%LC EC%CF

3- HC%HI HB%JB F%HB IB%DK

E%KF E%EF F%LK H%BI

II%H

17 0T2 I%IB E%JI CC%HC IF%JH

3- HL%BF HL%HH F%FL EH%HH

E%EK E%EL F%FK E%CJ

IL%F

17 0T2 I%FC I%FJ BE%JJ EE%HI

3- HI%JK HI%JE F%FI EH%IK

E%BD E%BD F%FE F%DE

IH%H

17 0T2 K%ED K%ED CF%CE H%IJ

+- + ! "+ # #

+ ! # 6# A ED d F%H

-0I2% # + + IL%LT #

HL%LHT% + ! BD

- , 0E I2%

# 6# A # # # # #

(98)

+ - # # % .

R # ! " % # #

HI HK # + O #

6# A + # # !

! - 0I2

HI = + O # # !

- 0I2

1 H EBF%EEJHBF KI%FIKJEI EE%EI F%FFFE

$ " IL BJ%EECJBF I%DCJJEH

IJ IIJ%IKCHIF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

HK = + O 6# A # !

- 0I2

1 H IFDC%DKCHKF LEC%HBCHBF EF%FJ F%FFFE

$ " IL JJK%FKJIFFF LE%KCBBKK

IJ KFDF%DCDKFF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

(99)

LL LD HI HB BF BL

R

e

n

d

im

e

n

to

d

e

p

u

ra

d

o

(

%

)

0E2 0I2

EC = #

-EC # # # ,

( # ! # . + ! #

, 0E I2

-# + # ! # S

! ! # + * .

(100)

F H EF EH IF IH KF KH LF

N

ú

m

e

ro

k

a

p

a

0E2

ED = 6# A

-ED # . - 0E2%

( , # ! 6# A

(101)

HL = 7 #- ! 0E2% + ! + !

3- BH%DD HJ%JC H%JE BF%FB

E%HI E%CE E%CJ L%BJ

ED%F

17 0T2 I%KF I%DL KF%EJ C%DE

3- BI%DK BF%CJ I%FK LD%HD

F%CE E%HC E%LH L%KD

EJ%H

17 0T2 E%EK I%HD CE%IF J%FI

3- BE%II BF%LF F%DI KB%EE

I%KE I%LF F%LB H%FH

IE%F

17 0T2 K%CC K%JC HB%LF EK%JD

3- HJ%EJ HD%DH F%KH IJ%LK

F%CC F%CC F%EB K%BH

II%H

17 0T2 E%KE E%KF LB%FB EI%LI

3- HH%EE HH%FL F%FC ED%EL

E%CI E%CE F%EI I%EL

IL%F

17 0T2 K%EE K%EE ECE%KH EE%DI

3- HL%BE HL%HK F%FD EH%KI

E%CF E%CE F%EL E%LH

IH%H

17 0T2 K%EI K%EK ECB%EI J%LH

- E # %

HH%FLT # # #

#-- , 0F%KHC U #K2 IL%FT #

# # # ( ) F%FCT% ; 6# A

# ED%EL

@ + O #

6# A % HH HB + # %

(102)

HH = + O # # !

- 0E2

1 H EJI%CKDDBB KD%HLCCCK EF%HL F%FFFE

$ " IL DC%CKHFDF K%BHHBID

IJ IDF%LCKJLB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

HB = + O 6# A # !

- 0E2

1 H CHCH%CBILHB EHEH%EHILJE DK%DB F%FFFE

$ " IL LKK%BLHIDF ED%FBDHHK

IJ DFFJ%LFCCKB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O HH HB # # .

( # " + # 6# A

+ # - 0E2

+ ! * ; # )

(103)

HC = 7 #- ! 0I2% + ! + !

3- BE%EL BF%HB F%HJ IC%JJ

I%IJ I%KD F%IH E%BH

ED%F

17 0T2 K%CH K%JL LI%DD H%JF

3- HH%HC HH%EC F%LE IH%FD

L%JC L%DE F%IE I%HB

EJ%H

17 0T2 D%JH D%CI HF%IB EF%IF

3- HJ%II HD%BD F%HL IL%DI

E%DH E%LJ F%HD L%JE

IE%F

17 0T2 K%EK I%HL EFC%EI EJ%CD

3- HB%DE HB%HD F%II EJ%LI

E%CC E%DB F%ED E%HB

II%H

17 0T2 K%EI K%ID DF%KJ D%FL

3- HH%CH HH%CK F%FI EB%KC

F%KH F%KH F%FI E%ED

IL%F

17 0T2 F%BK F%BK DD%DJ C%IE

3- HL%CH HL%BJ F%FH EH%EL

F%BF F%BE F%FB F%CC

IH%H

17 0T2 E%EF E%EI EEF%IL H%FC

- 0I2 # # 0E2% #

# ( 0F%KDL U #K2 # + #

IK%CT # # HH%DT +- + !

6# A ED%F d F%H

# 6# A

# # R + O #

(104)

HD = + O # # !

- 0I2

1 H EIJ%HEDJBF IH%JFKCJI K%HH F%FEHE

$ " IL ECL%DJHJIF C%IDCKKF

IJ KFL%LELDDF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

HJ = + O 6# A # !

- 0I2

1 H BDL%CKBJEF EKB%JLCKDI EC%KJ F%FFFE

$ " IL EDD%JCBHBF C%DCLFIK

IJ DCK%CEKLCF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

1 @ . + + "+ HT%

+ # 6# A

-0I2% HD HJ # ) "

# 6# A # +- ;

(105)

BF = 7 #- ! 0K2% + ! + !

3- HJ%DB HJ%LK F%LL IH%CC

F%CI F%BC F%IB L%EB

ED%F

17 0T2 E%IF E%EI HC%DE EB%EK

3- HD%HC HD%LI F%EL IK%CH

I%BI I%LJ F%EL I%DB

EJ%H

17 0T2 L%LC L%IB EFF%IE EI%FH

3- HB%CF HB%BF F%FJ II%HI

I%FB I%FH F%FB E%LE

IE%F

17 0T2 K%BL K%BI BD%DE B%IH

3- HB%CK HB%BJ F%FL EJ%II

F%CE F%CF F%FK I%KK

II%H

17 0T2 E%IH E%IL BD%JI EI%EF

3- HL%LL HL%LK F%FE EB%BK

I%LD I%LD F%FE E%BD

IL%F

17 0T2 L%HH L%HH EFJ%HL EF%EE

3- HH%EE HH%EF F%FI EH%IH

E%IB E%IB F%FI I%EE

IH%H

17 0T2 I%IJ I%ID EFE%HH EK%DC

- 0K2% # # # !

% # # HH%EFT

) ( # #- F%EIT +- + !

# @ IK%HT # HH%BBT

# # #

6# A # ! 0 + #

(106)

BE = + O # # !

- 0K2

1 H JF%KKKLBB ED%FBBBJK L%HH F%FFLB

$ " IL JH%IEJKIF K%JBCLCE

IJ EDH%HHICCD

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

BI = + O 6# A # !

- 0K2

1 H LKK%ICFCJF DB%BHLEDF EF%KB F%FFFE

$ " IL IFF%CDKEBF D%KBHJBH

IJ BKL%FHKJHF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

+ O # 0 BF2

6# A 0 BE2 # # . ( #

" + +

-0K2 ! * ! ) #

BB BC% # # 6#

(107)

BK = 7 #- ! 0L2% + ! + !

3- BF%FL HJ%DE F%IK IH%JE

F%DF F%CK F%EK E%LL

ED%F

17 0T2 E%KK E%IK HL%CJ H%HH

3- HJ%HL HJ%KD F%EB IK%KD

E%ID E%KB F%FJ E%ID

EJ%H

17 0T2 I%EB I%IJ HC%JJ H%LJ

3- HD%LH HD%IB F%ED IF%CH

F%CD F%DD F%EC E%DC

IE%F

17 0T2 E%KL E%HI JL%EC J%FE

3- HC%EH HC%EI F%FK ED%LJ

F%CL F%CH F%FK E%DE

II%H

17 0T2 E%IJ E%KE DJ%LL J%CD

3- HK%FH HK%FI F%FK EB%FF

I%JB I%JH F%FK E%FF

IL%F

17 0T2 H%HD H%HB EFL%JE B%IK

3- HL%FI HK%JL F%IC EK%HK

K%FK K%FB F%KK F%JC

IH%H

17 0T2 H%BI H%BC EIE%BK C%EL

BK # # .

-0L2 # # ( # % HC%EIT% #

( ) F%FKT 6# A ( ED d F%H% +

ED%L% # . # #

A ! ( # + #

(108)

BL = + O # # !

- 0L2

1 H IFE%BLBKLB LF%KIJIBJ D%JF F%FFFE

$ " IL EFD%CBEFLF L%HKECEF

IJ KEF%LFCKDB

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S

a +

BH = + O 6# A # !

- 0L2

1 H HKI%IJDKIF EFB%LHJBBL LE%IF F%FFFE

$ " IL BI%FFDBFF I%HDKBJE

IJ HJL%KFBJIF

9a S : a # . S :3 a . #- S