❲❤♦ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦✇❜♦② ✐♥ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥❄ ❇❡❛t✐♥❣ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥
❣❛♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡✉r♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②
❘❡♥❛t♦ ❑♦❣❡②❛♠❛
❆ t❤❡s✐s s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ ✐♥ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❢✉❧✜❧❧♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ▼❛st❡r ♦❢ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥
❉❡❝❡♠❜❡r ✷✵✶✹
❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ●❡t✉❧✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s
❊s❝♦❧❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❊♠♣r❡s❛s
❈♦♠♠✐tt❡❡✿
❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ▲✐♥❤❛r❡s ✲ ❋●❱✴❊❇❆P❊ ✲ ❆❞✈✐s♦r ▲✉✐③ ❆♥t♦♥✐♦ ❏♦✐❛ ✲ ❋●❱✴❊❇❆P❊
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Mario Henrique Simonsen/FGV
Kogeyama, Renato
Who is the cowboy in Washington?: beating google at their own game with
neuroscience and cryptography / Renato Kogeyama. – 2014.
40 f.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas, Centro de Formação Acadêmica e Pesquisa.
Orientador: Alexandre Linhares. Inclui bibliografia.
1. Inteligência artificial distribuída. 2. Neurociência computacional. 3.
Neurociência cognitiva. 4. Redes neurais (Computação). 5. Memória –
Simulação por computador. 6. Criptografia. I. Linhares, Alexandre. II. Escola Brasileira de Administração Pública e de Empresas. Centro de Formação Acadêmica e Pesquisa. III. Título.
❲❤♦ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦✇❜♦② ✐♥ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥❄ ❇❡❛t✐♥❣
●♦♦❣❧❡ ❛t t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❣❛♠❡ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡✉r♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞
❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②
❘❡♥❛t♦ ❑♦❣❡②❛♠❛
❆❜str❛❝t
❲❤♦ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❝♦✇❜♦② ✐♥ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥❄ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❧❛♥❞ ♦❢ s✉s❤✐❄ ▼♦st ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs t♦ t❤❡s❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s r❡❛❞✐❧② ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ ②❡t✱ ❛s ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❡❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ♠♦❞❡r♥ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s✕❛r❣✉❛❜❧② t❤❡ ❡♣✐t♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❡❝❤✲ ♥♦❧♦❣② ✐♥ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❛♥s✇❡rs t♦ ♠♦st q✉❡st✐♦♥s✕❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧② ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞♦ s♦✳ ■t s❡❡♠s t❤❛t ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ❢❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐t❡♠s t♦ r❛♣✐❞❧② ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡r❣❡ t♦ ❛ s❡❡♠✐♥❣❧② ❵♦❜✈✐♦✉s✬ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ st✉❞② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✇✐t❤ t✇♦ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❤❛r❞ ❞❡♠❛♥❞s t❤❛t ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s✿ t❤❡ s♦✉❣❤t ♠♦❞❡❧ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜♦t❤ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ♣❧❛✉s✐✲ ❜❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✉r♦s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝❛❧❧② ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡✳ ❇✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐✲ ❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ♠❡♠♦r② ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❙♣❛rs❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ▼❡♠♦r②✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❡❡ ❤♦✇ s♦♠❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✐♥ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❝❛♥ ♣♦✐♥t t♦✇❛r❞ ❛ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡✱ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ♣r❡s❡r✈❡s ❢♦✉r ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣②✳
✶ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠
■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❤❛s ♥❡✈❡r ❜❡❡♥ s♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❛s t♦❞❛②✳ ❆❧❧ ❛r♦✉♥❞✱ ✐t ✐s r❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✐③✐♥❣ ♦♥❝❡ st❛❜❧❡ r❡❛❧✐t✐❡s✱ t✉r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ✉♣s✐❞❡ ❞♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❡❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✱ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡s ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ♥♦t ❥✉st ♠❛r❦❡ts✱ ❧✐❦❡ ♠❡❞✐❛✱ ❡♥t❡rt❛✐♥♠❡♥t✱ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✱ ❜✉t ❛❧s♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛❧t❡r✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜♦♦♠ ♦❢ s♦✲ ❝✐❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ✐♥st❛♥t ♠❡ss❛❣✐♥❣✱ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❝❤❛t ❛♥❞ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♠❛♥② ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ✇♦r❧❞✬s ❣❡♦♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❜❛❧✲ ❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♦✉t❜✉rst ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆r❛❜ ❙♣r✐♥❣ ✐s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✇✐t❤ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥ts ❜❡✐♥❣ ❢♦r❝❡❞ t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤❡✐r str❛t❡❣✐❝ ❝❤♦✐❝❡s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✇♦r❞s s♣r❡❛❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤❡
✇❡❜❬✸✷✱ ✷✸❪✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡✲ ♥✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❜r♦✉❣❤t t♦ r❡❛❧✐t②✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ st✐❧❧ ✈❡r② ❜❛s✐❝ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s t❤❛t ♠♦❞❡r♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❛❞❞r❡ss✱ ✇❤❡r❡❛s ❤✉♠❛♥ ♠✐♥❞ r❡s♦❧✈❡ q✉✐❝❦❧② ❛♥❞ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧②✱ ♥♦t t♦ s❛② ❛❧♠♦st ❡✛♦rt❧❡ss❧②✳ ❲❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ✐♠✲ ♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❡①t ❡♠❜♦❞✐❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✱ t❤❛t ❤❛s ♠♦r❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ♦✉r ❜r❛✐♥❄ ❲❤❛t ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ♣♦✇❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐t ✉♥❧❡❛s❤❄
❲❤❡t❤❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ♥❡✇ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✱ ❜✉t ❛ r✐❝❤ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧❡♠✐❝ ♦♥❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ st❛rt❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✐ts❡❧❢✳ ❆❧❛♥ ❚✉r✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐s❛❣❡❞ t❤❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❚✉r✐♥❣ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❤❡ ✇❛s tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ t❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛♥s✇❡r ❛♥② q✉❡st✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ❜❡ ❛♥s✇❡r❡❞❬✺✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✇❛s ❧♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ ❜✉t ✇♦✉❧❞ t❤✐s ❜❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥❄ ❙❤♦rt❧② ❛❢t❡r✱ ❚✉r✐♥❣ ✇❛s s✉♠♠♦♥❡❞ t♦ ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❲♦r❧❞ ❲❛r ■■✱ ❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ r❡t✉r♥ ❧❛t❡r ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✭t❤❡ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ ♥♦t t❤❡ ✇❛r✮✳ ❍✐s ✐❞❡❛s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♥✢✉❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡s t❤❛t ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② ❧❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✳ ❚❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ❧❡❞ s♦♠❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs t♦ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♠✐♥❡♥t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s✱ ❜✉t ✐♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✱ ♦t❤❡r r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ✇❡r❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥✐♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❉r❡②❢✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✼✵✬s✱ ❍♦❢st❛❞t❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ✽✵✬s✱ ❋r❡♥❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✾✵✬s✱ ❍❛✇❦✐♥❣s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✷✵✵✵✬s✱ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝r✐t✐❝✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤❡❛✈✐❧② ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐③❡❞ ❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs t❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ♠❛t❝❤ ♦r s✉r♣❛ss t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥❬✹✾✱ ✶✷✱ ✶✽❪✳ ❙♦✱ ✇❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t st❛♥❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇❞❄ ❲❤❛t ❛r❡ ✐♥ ❢❛❝t t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ♦t❤❡r ♠♦❞❡❧s ❢❛❝❡❄ ❲✐❧❧ ❡✈❡r ❡①✐st ❛ tr✉❧② ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡❄
❚❤❡ ✜rst ✐ss✉❡ t♦ ❛❞❞r❡ss✿ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❝✉rr❡♥t st❛t❡✲♦❢✲❛rt ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❢❛❝❡❄ ❖✉r ❛♥❡❝❞♦t❛❧ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❝♦♠❡s ❢r♦♠ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✉❜✐q✉✐t♦✉s s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ ✭■ ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ♠❡t♦♥②♠② ❤❡r❡❛❢t❡r✮✳ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ❢♦r ✻✼✳✻✶✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞❬✷❪✳ ❚❤❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❤❛s t❤❡ ❜✐❣❣❡st ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❤✐st♦r②✱ s✉r♣❛ss✐♥❣ ✺✵ ❜✐❧❧✐♦♥ ♣❛❣❡s ✐♥❞❡①❡❞ ❬✸❪✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❤❛s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❢♦r♠✐❞❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❡♥s❡♠❜❧❡ ♦❢ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ❡✈❡r ✭✐♥ ✷✵✶✷✱ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❤❛❞ ✹✵ ♣❡t❛✢♦♣s ✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r✮✳ ■t ✐s t❤❡ ♣✐♥♥❛❝❧❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤✐s ❢♦r♠✐❞❛❜❧❡ str✉❝t✉r❡✱ t❤❡② ❝❛♥♥♦t ❛♥s✇❡r ✈❡r② ❜❛s✐❝ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts✱ tr✐✈✐❛❧ t♦ ♣❡♦♣❧❡✬s ❜r❛✐♥s✳ ■ ❜r✐♥❣ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐s ✐ss✉❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ❛ s❡❛r❝❤ ❧✐❦❡ ✧❲❤♦ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦✇❜♦② ✐♥ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥❄✑ ✭✜❣✉r❡ ✶✮
▼❛♥② ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② t❤✐♥❦ ❛❜♦✉t ●❡♦r❣❡ ❲✳ ❇✉s❤✱ ❢♦r♠❡r ❯♥✐t❡❞ ❙t❛t❡s ♦❢ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t ✭✷✵✵✶⑦✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ❢r❛♠❡ ❧✐♠✲
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WASHINGTON - CowboyChurch.Net
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19 Results found in the Cowboy Church Net Directory Prosser Cowboy Ministries Contact Name: Dave Taff Phone Numbers: Phone: (509) 973-2304. Mobile:
Cowboys–Redskins rivalry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Cowboys–Redskins rivalry is a rivalry between the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins in the National Football League's NFC East division.
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Cowboy Church of Kitsap County - Port Orchard ... - Facebook
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Reject and Protect: Stop Keystone XL
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April 22-27, Washington DC ... the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline route, called the Cowboy Indian Alliance, rode into Washington DC and set up camp near the ...
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Comprehensive and up-to-date Dallas Cowboys news, scores, schedule, stats and ... Washington vs. .... Jason Witten Dallas Cowboys Collectible Lot of 20 NF …
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Cowboy boots Washington, DC - Yelp
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Reject and Protect: Cowboy and Indian Alliance to Set Up ...
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Reject and Protect: Cowboy and Indian Alliance to Set Up Camp in D.C. April 22- ... called the Cowboy and Indian Alliance, will ride into Washington DC and set ...
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Cowboys And Indians Descend on Washington To Protest ...
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by Denver Nicks - Apr 22, 2014 - The National Mall in Washington, D.C., will look like a scene out of an Old Western this week, as the Cowboy and Indian Alliance holds a ...
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❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✿ ❲❤♦ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❝♦✇❜♦② ✐♥ ❲❛s❤✐♥❣t♦♥❄
✐t❛t✐♦♥s ✭②♦✉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡ t♦ ❤✐♠ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ✐s ❣♦✐♥❣ ♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❯❙❆✱ ♦r ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ t♦♦ ②♦✉♥❣✱ ♦r ②♦✉ ♠✐❣❤t ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡ t♦ ❘♦♥❛❧❞ ❘❡❛❣❛♥ ✐❢ ②♦✉✬r❡ ♦❧❞ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❤✐s ♠❡♠♦r✐❡s ✲ ❛♥❞ ✐❢ t❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ♠♦r❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t ❢♦r ②♦✉ t❤❛♥ ❇✉s❤✬s✮✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ●♦♦❣❧❡✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❞✐s♣❧❛②❡❞ ❛r❡ ♥♦✇❤❡r❡ ♥❡❛r ❢r♦♠ ❇✉s❤ ❏r✳✬s✱ ♥♦r ❢r♦♠ ❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ♣❡rs♦♥✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛s❦❡❞ ❢♦r ❛ ✧✇❤♦✑✳ ▲❡t ✉s ❞✐❣ ❛ ❧✐tt❧❡ ❞❡❡♣❡r ❤❡r❡✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛ s❡❛r❝❤ ✐s st❛rt❡❞ ✐♥ ●♦♦❣❧❡✬s ❡♥❣✐♥❡✱ ❛ ♠②r✐❛❞ ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s st❛rt✳ ❚❤❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ s❡❛r❝❤❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥②✬s ❤✉❣❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✱ r❡t✉r♥✐♥❣ ♣❛❣❡s t❤❛t ❝♦♥✲ t❛✐♥ t❤♦s❡ ✇♦r❞s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛r❡ t❤❡♥ r❛♥❦❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣❛t❡♥t❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ t❤❡ P❛❣❡❘❛♥❦✳ ■t ✐s ❛♥ ❛♠❛③✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❡✛♦rt ❞❡❧✐✈❡r❡❞ ❛t ❤✉❣❡ s♣❡❡❞ ✭❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✵✳✺ s❡❝♦♥❞s✮❬✶❪✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❢♦r s✐♠♣❧❡ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t ✇❤❡♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞✱ ❛s ✇❡ s❡❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❢❛✐❧ ❜❛❞❧②✳ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❦❡②✱ ❜✉t ✇❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐t ❜❡❄
❆ t❡❡♥❛❣❡r ❞❡❧✐❣❤t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡❝❡♥t ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉s❤✐✱ ✐s ❝✉r✐♦✉s ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♠❛r✈❡❧♦✉s ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ s✉❝❤ ❛ t❛st❡❢✉❧ ❞✐s❤✱ s♦ ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❝❛❧❧ ✉♣♦♥ ●♦♦❣❧❡ t♦ s❡tt❧❡ s✉❝❤ ✉♥s❡tt❧✐♥❣ ❞♦✉❜t ✭✜❣✉r❡ ✷✮✳
❚❤❡ ♠♦st ♣♦✇❡r❢✉❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❡✈❡r ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ✐s ♥♦t ✈❡r② ❤❡❧♣❢✉❧ t♦ t❤❡ t❡❡♥❛❣❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst t❤♦✉❣❤t t❤❛t ♠♦st ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦r ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✧✇❤❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❧❛♥❞ ♦❢ s✉s❤✐❄✧ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧② ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❛ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t ✐♥ ❉❡♥✈❡r✱ ❈♦❧♦r❛❞♦✳ ▼❛②❜❡ t❤✐s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧❡ r❡s✉❧t ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦✇♥❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❤✐s ♠♦st ❝❧♦s❡ ❢r✐❡♥❞s ❛♥❞ ❝❧✐❡♥ts✱ ♠❛②❜❡ t❤❡ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t ✐s ❢❛♠♦✉s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝✐t② ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ st❛t❡✱ s♦ t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❦♥♦✇ ✐t✳ ❇✉t t❤✐s r❡s✉❧t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛r❞❧② ❜❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❧✐❦❡❧② t❤♦✉❣❤t ♠♦st ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡✱ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❧②✱ ✐t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ t❡❡♥❛❣❡r✬s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ♥♦ ❝❧✉❡ ♦t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♦✛❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❧✉♥❝❤✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ✈❡r② ❣♦♦❞ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❛♥②✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❜✉t ❉❡♥✈❡r✳ ■t ✐s ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ t♦ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ t❡❡♥❛❣❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦✇♥❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t ❛r❡ r❛❞✐❝❛❧❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✱ ❡✈❡♥ t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣❤r❛s❡ ✐s ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐❝❛❧✳ ❚♦ t❤❡ t❡❡♥❛❣❡r✱ ❤❡ ♦r s❤❡ ✐s tr②✐♥❣ t♦ s❛t✐s❢② ❤✐s ✐♥♥❡r ❝✉r✐♦s✐t②✱ st✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉s❤✐♠❛♥✱ ❜r✐♥❣✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s st✐♠✉❧✐✳ ❚♦ t❤❡ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t ♦✇♥❡r✱ t❤❛t ✐s ❤✐s ❧✐✈❡❧✐❤♦♦❞✱ ✐t ✐s ❤✐s ♣r♦♣❡rt②✱ ♦♥❡ t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❡ ❡✈❡♥ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❍♦✇ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐s ♥♦t ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ✐♥ t❤❛t ♣❤r❛s❡❄ ❍♦✇ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❛ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs❄ ❆❢t❡r s✉❝❤ q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② ❢r♦♠ ●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♥st❛♥t❧②
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Land of Sushi... Welcome! www.landofsushi.net/
Land of Sushi is a unique Japanese Sushi restaurant located at Arapahoe and University in the old Safeway shopping center in Centennial, Colorado! You will ...
3.8 34 Google reviews · Write a review
2412 E Arapahoe Rd, Centennial, CO 80122 (303) 779-0608
Menu - Header for Land of Sushi
+ soup and salad - Land of Sushi... Menu! www.landofsushi.net/menu.html
SOUP AND SALAD. Miso Soup, $3. Seafood Soup Shrimp, scallop & vegetables in miso broth, $7. Seaweed Salad, $6. Spicy Seafood Salad Shrimp, octopus ...
Land of Sushi... Menu! www.landofsushi.net/menu_APPETIZERS.html
APPETIZERS. New Style Lamb Carpaccio 6 Pcs thinly sliced lamb with yuzu-soy and seared by hot sesame oil, $14.5. Yakika Grilled whole squid served with ...
Land of Sushi - Centennial, CO | Yelp www.yelp.com › Restaurants › Sushi Bars
Rating: 4 - 126 reviews - Price range: $$
126 Reviews of Land of Sushi "One of the best sushi lunch experiences I've had in awhile! Great lunch specials, generous fish portions, and very fresh and ...
Yelp, Inc.
Land of Sushi - Centennial, CO | Groupon https://www.groupon.com/biz/centennial/land-of-sushi
Steve Lin, owner of Land of Sushi, opens up shipments of fresh fish and live scallops every day in the kitchen. Behind the restaurant's sushi bar, the chefs ...
Groupon
Land of Sushi - Centennial - Littleton | Urbanspoon www.urbanspoon.com › Denver › Metro Area › Centennial
Rating: 88% - 118 votes
Land of Sushi, Japanese Restaurant in Centennial. See 3 photos, 5 critic reviews , 1 blog post and 1 user review. Reviews from critics, food blogs and fellow ...
Urbanspoon
Land of Sushi, Littleton - Restaurant Reviews - TripAdvisor www.tripadvisor.com › ... › Littleton › Littleton Restaurants
Rating: 4.5 - 16 reviews
Land of Sushi, Littleton: See 16 unbiased reviews of Land of Sushi, rated 4.5 of 5 on TripAdvisor and ranked #30 of 367 restaurants in Littleton.
TripAdvisor
Best Sushi Restaurant Denver 2012 - Land of... - Westword www.westword.com/bestof/.../best-sushi-restaurant-2118224/
The Westword 2012 award for Best Sushi Restaurant in Denver goes to Land of Sushi.
Westword
Land of Sushi - Denver Japanese Restaurants - Southeast ...
www.westword.com/locations/land-of-sushi-395767/
For a Southeast Denver Suburbs Restaurant, we present Land of Sushi. Read restaurant reviews, browse online menus, or get directions.
Westword
Land of Sushi - Cherry Knolls - Centennial, CO - Foursquare https://foursquare.com/.../land-of-sushi/4b8b27e3f964a52069...
Rating: 8.1/10 - 129 votes - Price range: $ $
See 50 photos and 35 tips from 394 visitors to Land of Sushi. "Best Sushi!! Fish is so
Foursquare
"We ordered hot sake to start and I had sushi and she had baked salmon." 11 reviewers
"Salad came out with a rotting old water-logged cucumber in it."
"I asked about it and she said, it is lemon." 3 reviewers
Address: 2412 E Arapahoe Rd, Centennial, CO 80122
Phone:(303) 779-0608
Prices:$$$$
Hours: Open today ·11:00 am – 3:00 pm, 4:30 – 9:30 pm
Menu:urbanspoon.com
Reviews
3.8 34 Google reviews
Sushi & hot dishes served in a casual, strip-mall Japanese restaurant with Asian decor touches. - Google
View all Google reviews
More reviews:cityvoter.com, kudzu.com,
westword.com, urbanspoon.com
Sushi Sasa Taki Sushi Banzai Sushi Land of Sushi
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❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✿ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❧❛♥❞ ♦❢ s✉s❤✐❄
❧♦♦❦ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ♠❡♠♦r② ❢♦r ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ s✉s❤✐✱ ♠❛②❜❡ t❤❡ ✈❡st♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t✬s ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥♦t❤❡r ❝❧✉❡✱ ✇❤❛t ✐♥ t✉r♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡ t♦ ❛ ♠♦✈✐❡ ♦❢ s❛♠✉r❛✐✱ ❛♥❞ ❜② s♦♠❡ ✉♥❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐t ✇♦✉❧❞ r❡♠✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ♦r ❛t ❧❡❛st ✧s♦♠❡ ❝♦✉♥tr② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢❛r ♦r✐❡♥t✧✱ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ♠❛② ❤❛✈❡ ❞♦✉❜ts ❛❜♦✉t ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ✐s ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❑♦r❡❛ ♦r ❏❛♣❛♥✳ ■s t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ✐♥ ❛ s✉❝❤ ♥♦♥✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ✇❛②❄
❙✐♥❝❡ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t✱ ✇❤❛t ✐s ❛❜♦✈❡ ❙♦✉t❤ ❑♦r❡❛❄ ✭s❡❡ ✜❣✳ ✸✮
❖r ✇❤❛t ✐s ❜❡❧♦✇ ◆♦rt❤ ❑♦r❡❛❄ ✭s❡❡ ✜❣✳ ✹✮
❚❤❡s❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤♦s❡ t❤❛t ♣❡♦♣❧❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞ q✉✐❝❦❧②✱ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ❛♥❞ ❡✛♦rt❧❡ss❧② ✭♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ✲ ❜✉t ✇❤♦ ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐s♣✉t❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ✐♥ ●♦♦❣❧❡✬s ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡❄✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✇❛② ✇❡ t❤✐♥❦ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇❛② ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ✇♦r❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥ ❞♦ ♥♦t ✐♥❞❡① ❛❧❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ t♦ s❡❛r❝❤✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❛♥❦ ❛❧❧ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ ❛♥ ♦r❞❡r❡❞ ❧✐st ❜② ❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝r✐t❡r✐♦♥✱ ②❡t ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ❢❛st ✭❛♥❞ ✈❡r② ❣♦♦❞✮ ✐♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ q✉❡st✐♦♥s✳ ❲❡ r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤✐♥❦✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈❡❧② ✭s②st❡♠ ✶❬✷✹❪✮✳ ❚❤✐s ❜❡❛rs t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ✇♦r❦s❄ ❍♦✇ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥✬s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r❄ ❆♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ✬✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥t s②st❡♠✬❄
●♦♦❣❧❡ ❤❛s s✉❝❤ ❛ r❡♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ st✉❞✐❡s ✲ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝❛st❡s ✐❞❡♥t✐t✐❡s ♦♥ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ♦✉t❝♦♠❡s❬✶✹❪✱ ●♦♦❣❧❡✬s r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝❧❛ss✐❢② t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❡s✬ ❝❛st❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✲ ♠♦♥ s❤♦rt❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t st✉❞✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ✜r♠s ✐s t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❞✐s❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✜r♠✬s ♦✇♥ ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝r❛❝✐❡s✱ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❡♥❞♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ✭✐t ✐s ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ❞✐s❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✉♥❞❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥✮✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✉s❡ s♦♠❡ ❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ✐s ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s t♦ t❤❡ ✜r♠ ✭s♦ ✐s s✉♣♣♦s❡❞❧② ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t✮✱ t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs r❡❧② ♦♥ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ ●♦♦❣❧❡✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✉r♥❛♠❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡ t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❝❛st❡s✱ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ✉♥❞❡r st✉❞② ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤✐s ✐ss✉❡✳
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North Korea: Rumblings from below | The Economist
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The Third Tunnel of Aggression (Korean: 제3땅굴) is one of four known tunnels under the border between North Korea and South Korea, extending south of ...
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❋✐❣✉r❡ ✹✿ ❲❤❛t ✐s ❜❡❧♦✇ ◆♦rt❤ ❑♦r❡❛❄
❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ✐s t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠✲
♣✉t❡r✶✱ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ✉♣♦♥ ❑❛♥❡r✈❛✬s ❙♣❛rs❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ▼❡♠♦r②✳ ❑❛♥❡r✈❛✬s ♠♦❞❡❧
❢♦r ❛ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② ♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ❡①❤✐❜✐ts ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐♥ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥s✱ ❜✉t ♥♦t ✐♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs✳ ❍✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❝❛❧❧✐♥❣ ❛tt❡♥t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛❝❛✲ ❞❡♠✐❝ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✱ ❜✉t ❞❡s♣✐t❡ ✐ts ❡❧❡❣❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ✐t ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛ ❢✉❧❧② ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ t♦ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs✳ ❖♥❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ s✉❝❤ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❧✐❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ■t ✐s tr✉❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ✐s s✐♠♣❧② t♦♦ ✈❛st✳ ❙♦ ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ❧♦♦❦ ❢♦r ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts t❤❛t ❝❛r✈❡ ✉♣ t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♦r✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❧❡t ✉s s❡❡ ✇❤❛t ✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣✱ ✈❡rs✉s t❤♦s❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s t❤❛t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡❥❡❝t❡❞ ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧②✳ ❆ ❣♦♦❞ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥t ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡✱ ❛t ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠✱ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❛✉s✐❜❧❡ ♦♥❡s✳ ❍❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣❧❛❝✐♥❣ ❛ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts t❤❛t ♠❛② r❡str✐❝t t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s✳ ❲❤✐❧❡ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡❧② s❡❡ ❛ ✜♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♦r✐❡s
t❤✐s ✜♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞✳ ■❢ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❦♥♦✇ s❡✈❡r❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡
s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♦r✐❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✱ r❡✲ s♣❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✱ t❤❡♥ ❛ s♠❛❧❧✱ ❜✉t ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ st❡♣ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❡♦r✐❡s ✐s ♥♦✇ s♠❛❧❧❡r✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❧✐❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡r❡✳
❆t ✜rst ✐t ♠❛② s❡❡♠ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❢❛r✲❢❡t❝❤❡❞ t♦ ❡✈❡♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✐♥ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♥❡✉r♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❇✉t ✇❤❛t ✐❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ✉s❡s r❛♥❞♦♠♥❡ss t♦ ✐ts ❛❞✈❛♥✲ t❛❣❡❄ ❚❤✐s ✐❞❡❛ ✐s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❙❉▼ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇✐t❤ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧② r❛♥❞♦♠✱ ❧♦♥❣ ❜✐tstr✐♥❣s✕✉s❡❞ ❜♦t❤ ❜② ❙❉▼ ❛♥❞ ❜② ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✳
❝r②♣·t♦❣·r❛·♣❤②
✴❦r✐♣"tä❣r@❢✠❡✴ ♥♦✉♥✿ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②
✕t❤❡ ❛rt ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡s✳
❖♥❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ✐s ❵t❤❡ ❛rt ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ ♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡s✬✳ ❲❤❛t
✐❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ✐s s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡s❄ ❲❤❛t ✐❢ ✇❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ♥♦t ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ♦❢ ❤✐❞✐♥❣ s❡❝r❡ts✱ ❜✉t ❛s ❛ s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ♣r♦❢♦✉♥❞ ♦r❞❡r ♦♥
✶❲❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣✐r✐t ♦❢ ❉♦✉✲
❣❧❛s ❍♦❢st❛❞t❡r✱ ✇❤♦ st❛t❡s t❤❛t ❆■ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ✉♣ t♦ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t t❤❛t ❤❛s ❧♦st ✐ts ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❬✷✵❪✳
t❤✐♥❣s t❤❛t s❡❡♠ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❡❧② r❛♥❞♦♠ ♦♥ ❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❧♦♦❦❄ ❈❛♥✬t t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r✐❡s ❜❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t ♦❢ ❛s ✧✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❞❡❡♣ str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦♥ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❜❡ ❞✐s❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞✱ ❞✐s♦r❞❡r❡❞✱ ✉♥✲ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡❞✱ ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t❡ ❡♥t✐t✐❡s❄✧ ❚❤❡ ❢❛❧❧ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦♦♥✱ ❤♦✇ t❤❡s❡ ❡✈❡♥ts t✉r♥ ♦✉t t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞❄ ■s t❤❡r❡ ❛ ❞❡❡♣ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ♦r❞❡r ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥❝❡❄ ■s♥✬t t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ❝♦❞❡s❄
❚❤❡ ✇♦r❞ ✇❡✬r❡ str✐✈✐♥❣ ❢♦r ✐s ♥♦t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❛❦✐♥ t♦ ✧♥❡✉r♦✲❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❜r✐♥❣s ❝♦♥♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❝②♣❤❡rs t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥✬s ✐♥♥❡r ✇♦r❦✲ ✐♥❣s❀ ❜✉t s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❛❦✐♥ t♦ ✧❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♥❡✉r♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡✧✿ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ t❛❦✐♥❣ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛♥❞♦♠♥❡ss ❛♥❞ ✉♥❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞♥❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ t♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ ✐t✱ ✜♥❞ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✐t✳ ■s♥✬t ✐t t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥✬s ❥♦❜ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦r❞❡r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❄ ■❢ s♦✱ ❞♦❡s♥✬t t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t s❡❡♠ r❛♥❞♦♠ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥✬s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡❄ ❚❤♦✉❣❤ ♦♥❡✬s ❡②❡ s❛❝❝❛❞❡s ✢♦✇ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② r❛♣✐❞❧② t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ❛♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ❝♦♥str✉❝ts ❛ s❡❡♠✐♥❣❧② st❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ ✧✐♠❛❣❡✧ ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ✇❛s ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❬✶✽❪✳ ❆♥❞ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ❝❡rt❛✐♥❧② ✐s ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ♦✈❡r❞♦✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❥♦❜✱ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ s✉♣❡rst✐t✐♦♥✱ ♦r ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ♣❛tt❡r♥s ✇❤❡r❡ r❡❛❧❧② t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦♥❡❬✺✽❪✳
▲❡t ✉s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✧❧❛♥❞ ♦❢ s✉s❤✐✧ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✳ ❖♥❡ ♥❡❡❞s ❜♦t❤ ✧❧❛♥❞ ♦❢✧ ❛♥❞ ✧s✉s❤✐✧✱ t♦ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ✧❏❛♣❛♥✧✳ ❊✐t❤❡r ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✱ ✐♥ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❧❡❛❞s ♥♦✇❤❡r❡✱ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧②✳ ❚♦❣❡t❤❡r✱ t❤♦✉❣❤✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✐s ✐♠♠❡❞✐❛t❡✳
❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❞❡❡♣❧② r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ✧s❡❝r❡t✲ s❤❛r✐♥❣✧ ✐♥ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ s❡❝r❡t ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ✧❏❛♣❛♥✧✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❛t ❧❡❛st ✧❧❛♥❞ ♦❢✧ ❛♥❞ ✧s✉s❤✐✧ t♦ r❡tr✐❡✈❡ ✐t ✭❧❡t ✉s ❞✐sr❡❣❛r❞ ❛❧❧ ♦t❤❡r r♦✉t❡s t♦ ✧❏❛♣❛♥✧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s ❤❡r❡✮✳
■♥ ❙❉▼✱ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐t❡♠s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ st♦r❡❞ ❛s r❛♥❞♦♠ ❜✐tstr✐♥❣s✳ ❙✉♣♣♦s❡ ❙❛♠✐r✬s s❡❝r❡t s❤❛r✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✿ ❍❡r❡ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ s❡❝r❡t✱ st♦r❡❞ ❛t ❛ ❈❛rt❡s✐❛♥ ♣❧❛♥❡✱ ✇✐t❤ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ①❂✵✱ ❛♥❞ ②❂s❡❝r❡t✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s✱ t❤❡ s❡❝r❡t ❧✐❡s ❛t ♣♦✐♥t ✭①✱②✮✱ ✇✐t❤ ① ❦♥♦✇♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✵✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝r❡t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s❤❛r❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦♥ ❛ ❧✐♥❡ t❤❛t ❝r♦ss❡s t❤❡ ① ❛①✐s ❛t ②✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✧❧❛♥❞ ♦❢✧ ❛♥❞ ✧s✉s❤✐✧ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❡ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✧❏❛♣❛♥✧ ❛t ①❂✵✳
◆♦t✐❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✿
✶✳ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❢❛st✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ♠✉st ♥♦t ❝❛rr② ♦✉t ❛ ❧♦♥❣ ❝❤❛✐♥ ♦❢ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s❀ ✐♥ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ t❡r♠s✱ t❤✐s ♣r♦♣❡rt② ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✲♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❞❡s✐r❡❞ ❧✐❡s ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❙②st❡♠ ✶✳
✷✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐t❡♠s✳ ❖♥❡ ✐t❡♠✱ ♦r ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ t❤❡♠✱ ✐♥ ✐s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭s❛②✱ ✧s✉s❤✐✧✮ ♦r ❜❡❧♦✇ t❤❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✱
❝❛♥♥♦t ❧❡❛❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐t②✳
✸✳ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✐♥ts ❧②✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✱ ❛♥❞ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❞❡tr❛❝t t♦ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡✳
✹✳ ❊❛❝❤ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡str♦②s ❛ ✈❛st ♣❛rt ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② s♣❛❝❡✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥❡✱ ♦♥❡ ♣♦✐♥t ❞❡str♦②s ✐♥✜♥✐t❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❧✐♥❡s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♥♦t ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛♥② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❧✐♥❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦✉❧❞ ♣❛ss t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐t r❡♠❛✐♥s ✐♥✜♥✐t❡✳
✶✳✶ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❛ ❜r❛✐♥
❚❤❡ ♥❡♦❝♦rt❡① ✐s r❡♠❛r❦❛❜❧② ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ✐ts ♣❛rts✳ ■t ♠❛② ♥♦t ❜❡ ❥✉st ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡✱ ❛❧❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rt❡① ♠❛② ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♦♣❡r✲ ❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ t②♣❡ ♦❢ s❡♥s♦r✐❛❧ st✐♠✉❧✉s ❬✹✵❪✳ ■❢ t❤✐s ✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t✱ ❛♥ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❜❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✈✐s✐♦♥✱ s♠❡❧❧✱ s♦✉♥❞✱ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ st✐♠✲ ✉❧✐ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣t✉❛❧ s❡♥s❡s✳ ❖♥❡ str♦♥❣ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt t❤✐s ✐❞❡❛ ✐s t❤❡ ❡①tr❡♠❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t② t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ♣r❡s❡♥ts✿ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ✈❡r② ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ❢r♦♠ ❛rt t♦ s❝✐❡♥❝❡✱ ❢r♦♠ s♣♦rts t♦ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♦❦✐♥❣ t♦ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝s✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♠❡s ❢r♦♠ ♥❡✉r♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡✿ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ❤❛✈❡ s✉r❣✐❝❛❧❧② r❡✇✐r❡❞ ♥❡✇❜♦r♥ ❢❡rr❡t ❜r❛✐♥s✱ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐❣♥❛❧s t❤❛t ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❝♦♥♥❡❝t t♦ t❤❡✐r ❡②❡s t♦ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rt❡① ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❛tt❛❝❤❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❛r✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❢❡rr❡ts ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛✉❞✐t♦r② ❛r❡❛s✱ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ s❡❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❤❡❛r✐♥❣ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ❬✺✼❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝❡s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ❛❜♦✉♥❞✳ ❆❢t❡r s♦♠❡ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ✉s❡✱ t♦♦❧s ❛r❡ ✐♥❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤❛❜❧❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❜♦❞②✱ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ♦✉r ♣❡r❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠❛♣❬✸✹❪✳ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s tr❛♥s❧❛t❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♥❣✉❡ ✲ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ q✉✐❝❦❧② ❧❡❛r♥s t♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t ❝♦rr❡❝t❧② t❤❡ ♣❛tt❡r♥s❬✶✶❪✳
❆♥♦t❤❡r str✐❦✐♥❣ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ s♣❡❡❞✳ ◆❡✉r♦♥s ♦♣✲ ❡r❛t❡ ❛t ❛❜♦✉t ✷✵✵ ❍③ ✭✜r❡ ❛♥❞ r❡s❡t✮✱ s❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✱ ❜✉t ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ ✈❡r② ❝♦♠♣❧❡① t❛s❦s✳ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❛❦❡s ✵✳✶ s❡❝♦♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✉r♦♥s t❛❦❡ ✵✳✵✵✶ s❡❝♦♥❞ t♦ s❡♥❞ ❛ s✐❣♥❛❧✱ ✇❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t s✉❝❤ ❛ t❛s❦ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t t❛❦❡ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✶✵✵ s❡q✉❡♥t✐❛❧ st❡♣s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞❬✷✺❪✳ ■t ✐s ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ s✉❝❤ ❛ t❛s❦ ✐♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r s✉❝❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❛t ❜r❛✐♥ ❤♦❧❞s ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❡✈❡♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❧✐♠✐ts ✲ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ s✉♣♣♦s❡ ❛ r♦❜♦t ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❛❝t ❛s ❛ ❜❛s❡❜❛❧❧ ❜❛tt❡r✱ ✇✐t❤ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✱ s♣❡❡❞✱ ❝✉r✈❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐♥❞✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❜♦t✬s
♠♦t♦r r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡❧② ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✇✐t❤ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✱ t❤❡r❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉♥❛✈♦✐❞❛❜❧❡ st❡♣s ❢♦r ❛ t❛s❦ t♦ ❜❡ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤❡❞✳ ❆♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ✇♦r❦s ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ✐s ❛ ♠❡♠♦r② s②st❡♠✳ ■t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ r❛t❤❡r ✐t ♣r♦✲ ✈✐❞❡s ❛♥s✇❡rs ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤② tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ♣❡r❢❡❝t ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡ ✲ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✐s ❡♥r✐❝❤❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❛tt❡r✱ ❤❡ ♦r s❤❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡s t❤❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭t❤❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✮ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣♦♥❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣❧②❬✶✽❪✳
■♥ s✉♠♠❛r②✱ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥ ❛r❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❡①t✳ ❚❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥ ✐s ❢❛st✱ r♦❜✉st ❛♥❞ ✢❡①✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❜r❛✐♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣❛tt❡r♥✲r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ✐s ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✳
✷ Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ✇♦r❦
✷✳✶ ❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s
❚❤❡ ♠♦st ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♠❡♠♦r② ❛♥❞ ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✉♥✐t ❛s ♠❛✐♥ ♣❛rts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡✲ ❝❡✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s❡♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✐♥♣✉t ❛♥❞ ♦✉t♣✉t ❞❡✈✐❝❡s❬✾❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛r❡ t❤♦s❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❇r❛✐♥❧✐❦❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ♥❡❛r❧② ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② t❤✐s ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✱ t❤❡s❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s ✇❡r❡ t♦♦ s❧♦✇✱ s♦ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s t❤❛t ♦♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ s♣❡❡❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞✱ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❧✐❦❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❛❜❧❡❬✷✽❪✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛rr✐✈❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ s♣❡❡❞ r♦s❡✱ ❜✉t t❤❡s❡ ❡q✉✐♣♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♥♦✇❤❡r❡ ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ s✉❝❤ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❘❛✇ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r ✐s ❝❧❡❛r❧② ♥♦t t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r✱ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥ ✐s t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦❜✲ s❡r✈❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✳ ▼♦❞❡r♥ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡s✬ ♣♦♦r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❜❛s✐❝ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥✱ r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s✳
❖♥❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ str❡❛♠ ✇✐t❤ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ s✉❝❤ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ✐s t❤❡ ❜❛②❡s✐❛♥✐s♠✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❬✶✸❪✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s t❤❡ ❇❛②❡✬s r✉❧❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡r❧✐❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs s②st❡♠s ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ✐♥✲ ❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✿
P(h|d) =P(d|h)P(h)
P(d)
❍❡r❡✱ ❤ ✐s ❛ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ P✭❤✮ ✐s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣r✐♦r s❡❡✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❞✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡r ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s t♦ ❤ ❛s ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss✱ ♦r ♣r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ P✭❤⑤❞✮✱ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ P✭❤✮✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s✱ P✭❞⑤❤✮✱ ❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ✐s ✉♣❞❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣r✐♦r ❛♥❞ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥❡r ✇✐❧❧ ✉♣❞❛t❡ ❤✐s ♦r ❤❡r ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ❢r♦♠ ❤♦✇ ✇❡❧❧ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❧✐❣♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♣r✐♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳ ❆s ●r✐✛t❤s ❡t✳ ❛❧ ❬✶✻❪♣✉t ✐t✱ ✏♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t❤❡♦r② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ❛ ❧❡❛r♥❡r s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡✈✐s❡ ❤❡r ❞❡❣r❡❡s ♦❢ ❜❡❧✐❡❢ ✐♥ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ✐♥ ❧✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳✑ ▼❛②❜❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛♣♣❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❛s♣❡❝t
♦❢ ❜❛②❡s✐❛♥✐s♠ ✐s t❤✐s ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✳ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t❤❡✲
♦r② ❛❧s♦ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡
❜② ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ❡✳❣✳✱P(b) =P
aP(a, b)✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤✐s✱ ✐t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿
P(h|d) = P P(d|h)P(h) h′∈ΩP(d|h′)P(h′)
,
✇❤❡r❡Ω✐s t❤❡ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s s♣❛❝❡✱ ♦r t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✳
❚❤❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❤ ✐s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ♦❢ ✐ts ♣r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s❛♠❡ s❝♦r❡s ✲ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ♦❢ ♣r✐♦rs ❛♥❞ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞s ✲ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ✉♥❞❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛t♦r ❡♥s✉r❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤r❡❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤② s♦♠❡❜♦❞② ❤❛s ❢❡✈❡r
✭t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❞✮✿ h1❂✧❡❜♦❧❛✧✱ h2❂✧✉r✐♥❛r② ✐♥❢❡❝t✐♦♥✧ ❛♥❞ h3❂✧❝♦❧❞✧✳
❙✉♣♣♦s❡ t❤✐s ♣❡rs♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞✐s❡❛s❡ P✭h1✮ ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❢❡✈❡r ❣✐✈❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❤❛s ❡❜♦❧❛ ✐s ❤✐❣❤ P✭❞⑤h1✮✱ ❜✉t
t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ❡❜♦❧❛ ✐s ❧♦✇ P✭h1✮✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢
❡❜♦❧❛ P✭h1⑤❞✮ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❢❡✈❡r ✐s ❧♦✇✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ✐s ♣r♦♣♦rt✐♦♥❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ♦❢
t❤❡s❡ t❡r♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❤❛✈✐♥❣ ✉r✐♥❛r② ✐♥❢❡❝t✐♦♥ P✭h2✮ ✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧②
❤✐❣❤✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② t❤✐s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❝❛✉s❡s ❢❡✈❡r P✭❞⑤h2✮ ✐s ❧♦✇✱ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡
t❤❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ✐s st✐❧❧ ❧♦✇✳ ❖♥❧② ❢♦r ❝♦❧❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t❡s ❛r❡ ❜♦t❤
❤✐❣❤✱ P✭h3✮ ✐s ❤✐❣❤ s✐♥❝❡ ❝♦❧❞ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❞✐s❡❛s❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ ❢❡✈❡r
❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❝♦❧❞ P✭❞⑤h3✮ ✐s ❤✐❣❤✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② P✭h3⑤❞✮
✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡♠❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s✳
❇❛②❡s✐❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r✲ st❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✏❤♦✇ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ♠✐♥❞ ❜✉✐❧❞s r✐❝❤✱ ❛❜str❛❝t✱ ✈❡r✐❞✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♦♥❧② t❤❡ s♣❛rs❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦✐s② ❞❛t❛ t❤❛t ✇❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♦✉r s❡♥s❡s✑❬✶✼❪✳ ❇✉t ✐ts str❡♥❣t❤ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✐ts ✇❡❛❦♥❡ss✿ ❛s str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛ss❡ss♠❡♥t ✐s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♦♥ ❛ ♣r❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ s❡t ♦❢ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ♥❡✉tr❛❧✱ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇❛②s t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t❤❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❧❡❛❞ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♥s✇❡rs✳ ■❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♥♦t ❝❤♦s❡♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t s❡t ♦❢ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s❡s✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♠❛② ♥♦t ❜❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦r✲ r❡❝t ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧s st❛rt ✧✇✐t❤ ❛❜str❛❝t ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s t❤❛t ❛❧❧♦✇s ❛❣❡♥ts t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♣♦s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ✲ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ♠✐♥❞s ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ✲ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❛tt❡♠♣t✐♥❣ t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡s❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲ ♣❧❡s t♦ ♣s②❝❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✧ ❬✶✻❪✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ❛r❡ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ✇❡❛❦✳ ❙✉❝❤ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♠✐♠✐❝ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥✐♥❣ t♦ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛r✐s❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥✳ ❚❤❡② ❧❛r❣❡❧② ✐❣♥♦r❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧❡✈❡❧s ♦❢ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❆ ❧❛st ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐s ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❛ ❤❡❛✈✐❧② ♣✉❜❧✐❝✐③❡❞ ❛s♣❡❝t ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ❜✉t ✐t ✐s ❛ ♣♦✐♥t t❤❛t ❧❛❝❦s ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❬✸✻❪✳
✷✳✷ ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥✐s♠
❆♥♦t❤❡r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡✷t♦ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥✐sts ♠♦❞✲
❡❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥✐st ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ✐s t❤❛t ❜r❛✐♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♦❢ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ✉♥✐ts✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❡r✈♦✉s s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ❛♥✐♠❛❧s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤✉♠❛♥ ❜r❛✐♥❬✹✾❪✳
❚❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥✐st ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❜② ▼❝❈✉❧❧♦❝❤ ❛♥❞ P✐tts✳ ❚❤❡ ♥❡✉r♦♥ ✭t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ✉♥✐t✮ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❛❝t✐✈❡ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ✐t ✬✜r❡s✬✮ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts ✐♥♣✉ts ❡①❝❡❡❞s s♦♠❡ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞❬✸✼❪✳ ▼❛♥② ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛r✐s❡ ❢r♦♠ s✉❝❤ ❛ ❞❡s✐❣♥✿ t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t♦ ♥♦✐s❡✱ ❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥ t✉r♥ ❧❡❛❞s t♦ r♦❜✉st♥❡ss✮❬✹✾❪✳
❚❤❡ ♠♦st ❛♣♣❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ♦❢ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥✐st ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❧✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✴ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜✐✲ ♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ r❡❛❧✐s♠ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❡❞ ❜② ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❛t✉r❡✳ ❙♦♠❡
✷■t ✐s ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② ❛♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡✱ ❜✉t ❛♥ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❍✐s ✐♥s♣✐r❛t✐♦♥
✇❛s ❛❧s♦ t❤❡ ❜r❛✐♥ ✭r❡❢✳✮✳
