❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡s
❙❊❘❱■➬❖ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ■❈▼❈✲❯❙P
❉❛t❛ ❞❡ ❉❡♣ós✐t♦✿
❆ss✐♥❛t✉r❛✿
❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛
❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡s
❖s✈❛❧❞♦ ❈❡s❛r P✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦ã♦ ❞♦ ❊s♣ír✐t♦ ❙❛♥t♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ◆❡t♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ■❈▼❈✲❯❙P✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✲ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❏♦ã♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t❛♥t♦s ❛♥♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ r❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❇r✉♥♦✱ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❈❛rr✐❥♦✱ ❉✐❡❣♦ ❡ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❜♦♥s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠♦s ❥✉♥t♦s✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣r✐♠❛ ❏✉❧✐❛♥❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✉ ❛❜r✐❣♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❘❛q✉❡❧ ♣♦r ❡st❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦✱ ❡ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥✜❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ♣❡❧♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ♠❡ ❢♦r♠❛r ❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆❜str❛❝t
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✺
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❇✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ■♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❮r✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❘❡t✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✹ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ♠ã♦✱ ❞❡❞♦s ❡ ♣❛❧♠❛ ❞❛ ♠ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❱♦③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✻ ❆ss✐♥❛t✉r❛ ▼❛♥✉s❝r✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✼ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❇✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸ ❘❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝❡s ✶✾ ✸✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✷ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝❡ ✸✸
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❲❛✈❡❧❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❲❛✈❡❧❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❲❛✈❡❧❡ts ▼ã❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❲❛✈❡❧❡ts ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❲❛✈❡❧❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✶✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✳✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ❙♦❜r❡ ❛s ❲❛✈❡❧❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛ P❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✸ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♦ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❙❱▼s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❙❱▼s ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ▼❛r❣❡♥s ❘í❣✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❙❱▼s ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ▼❛r❣❡♥s ❙✉❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸✳✺ ❙❱▼s ◆ã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸✳✻ ❙❱▼s ▼✉❧t✐❝❧❛ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸✳✼ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❙❱▼ ✲ ❧✐❜s✈♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸✳✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✻✶ ✺✳✶ ❘❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✼✸
✻✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❘❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✻✳✸ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✾✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ✭❛✮ ✲ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❀ ✭❜✮ ✲ ❯♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❛♣ós ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s ✭❧✐♥❤❛s ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ír✐s ❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✳ ❆s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ír✐s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ s✉❛ t❡①t✉r❛✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✲
✈❛❞♦s ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣üí♥❡♦s ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛✳ ❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s sã♦ s✉❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♥s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s sã♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✭❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦❧❤♦s✱ ❜♦❝❛ ❡ ♥❛r✐③✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s s✐♥❛✐s ♣♦r ❋❚ ❡ ❈❲❚✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✭❛✮ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✭sen(10t) ❡ sen(20t)✮ s♦❜r❡♣♦st❛s✱ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ♦❝✉♣❛♥❞♦ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛✳ ❆s ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❞✮ sã♦ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✭❛✮ ❡ ✭❜✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝✲ t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✭❡✮ ❡ ✭❢✮ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ✭✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ▼♦r❧❡t❬▼♦r❧❡t✱ ✶✾✽✶❪✮ ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s ✭❛✮ ❡ ✭❜✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡❬Pr♦tá③✐♦✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✇❛✈❡❧❡ts ❞❡
●❛❜♦r❬▲❡❡✱ ✶✾✾✻❪✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ três ❡s❝❛❧❛s ❡ ♦✐t♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✸ ❋✐❧tr♦s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛♣ós ❛♣❧✐❝❛r té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡✲ ❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛❬▼❛♥❥✉♥❛t❤ ❛♥❞ ▼❛✱ ✶✾✾✻❪✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ❡s❝❛❧❛s ❡ s❡✐s ♦r✐❡♥✲ t❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✹ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ℜ3✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s
❛♠♦str❛s ❡stã♦ t♦❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ℜ2❬▼❡♥❞♦♥ç❛✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ❡ três ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❣❡r❛❞♦s❬❙♠♦❧❛ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤ö❧❦♣♦❢✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r✲
♣❧❛♥♦✱ ❡ s✉❛s ♠❛r❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✭r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡ ❤✐♣❡r♣❧❛♥♦ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❤✐♣❡r♣❧❛♥♦ H1 ❡H2✮❬❍❡❛rst ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❙❱s✿ ❧✐✈r❡s ✭❡♠ ❝✐♥③❛✮✱ ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s ✭❡♠ ♣r❡t♦✮❬P❛ss❡r✐♥✐✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐♥ár✐♦✳ ✭❛✮❉❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s❀
✭❜✮❋r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦❀ ✭❝✮❋r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s❬▼ü❧❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❝❡✿ ✭❛✮ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛✈❛ s❡♥❞♦ ✜❧✲
♠❛❞♦❀ ✭❜✮ ✲ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ r♦st♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦❀ ✭❝✮ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❛ ❢❛❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✸ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡
❢❛❝❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✹ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❋❊❘❊❚✿ ✭❛✮ ✲ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✲
✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦❀ ✭❜✮ ✲ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ r♦st♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦❀ ✭❝✮ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❛ ❢❛❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✻✳✶ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✻✳✷ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✭❛✮ ❡ ✭❝✮ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❡ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛s ✭❜✮ ❡ ✭❞✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s❬❍♦♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳ ✶✽
✹✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❑❡r♥❡❧s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡ s❡✉s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✶ ●r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ s❡✉s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✻✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✻✳✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s
❢❛❧s♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✻✳✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡
✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ P❈❆ ❝♦♠ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✻✳✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s
❢❛❧s♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ P❈❆ ❝♦♠ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✻✳✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✻✳✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ P❈❆ ❝♦♠ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✻✳✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❙❱▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✻✳✽ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ P❈❆ ❝♦♠ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ❡ ❙❱▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✼✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❋❊❘❊❚✱ ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ✉♠ s♦♠✳ ❆ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s é ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❛str♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ■ss♦ é ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ss❛ ár❡❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠❬●♦♥③❛❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❲♦♦❞s✱ ✶✾✾✷❪✱ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧✱ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ❡ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛✳
❆ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ s❡r ✈✐✈♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ss❛s sã♦ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ s❡r ✈✐✈♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ à ♦✉tr❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❡ ❛ ✈♦③✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦❝♦s ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ú♥✐❝❛s✳ ❊ss❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r t❛♥t♦ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ ✈♦③✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ✜♥s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐♠✐♥♦s♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦
✷ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❤á ✈ár✐♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ✐♠✲ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s s❡♠ ♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ír✐s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♥❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜✲ ❝❛çã♦✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛♠ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡❣❡r ♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡✱ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐❣✐❧♦s♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♥t❡r s❡❣r❡❞♦s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ é q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✳ ■ss♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉♥✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ sã♦ ♠❡♥♦s s✉s❝❡tí✈❡✐s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤á ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♠♦r♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝r✐♠✐♥♦s♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ✜♠✱ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛✲s❡ ♠✉✐t♦ út✐❧✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛❧✐á✲❧♦ ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ P♦r ❡ss❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ é q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦♠❡✲ tr✐❛ ❡stá ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ às ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦rq✉❡✱ ❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡♥✲ s♦r❡s ó♣t✐❝♦s ❡✴♦✉ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♠ ❡♠ s✐♥❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ s♦♥s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡s s✐♥❛✐s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❡rr♦s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛✳ ❆♣ós ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ss❡s s✐♥❛✐s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✐rã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣❛râ♠❡✲ tr♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✿ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ s❡ ❡st❡ s❡rá ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡ç❛ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛✳
✶✳✶✳ ▼❖❚■❱❆➬➹❖ ✸
❛❝❡✐t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦✮✳ ❊ss❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ❛ ♥♦rt❡❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
▼✉✐t❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛s é ❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ♣♦r s❡r ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ✐♥tr✉s✐✈♦✳ ❱ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡s❬❨❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤á ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢❛❝❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❝❡✱ s❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ q✉❡♠ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr♦s s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ■st♦ t♦r♥❛ ❡st❛ ár❡❛ ♣r♦♣í❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✳
❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡ ❡stã♦ ♥❛s s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐❞❡♦❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ✈✐sã♦ ❝✐❜❡r♥ét✐❝❛✱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝â♠❡r❛s✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❍❈■ ✭❍✉♠❛♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✮✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡s t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡stá ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs❬❑✉♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r✐❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ r♦❜ô ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í✲ ❞✉♦✳ ❍á ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♣❡❧♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ é ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❛s ❡st❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲ ♥❛❞♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❛s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
✹ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡✳
P❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡✱ ❡ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡✳ ◆♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❛str❡❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦♥❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦s q✉❛❞r♦s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝❛♣t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛r ❡ r❛str❡❛r ❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ❏á ♥♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ P❈❆ ✭♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✮✱ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r ✭♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❢❛❝❡✮✱ ❡ ♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❙❱▼ ✭♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ q✉❛❧ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡✮✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡rá ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ❢✉t✉r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡ss❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡st♦s✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r♠í❞✐❛✱ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✉❜íq✉❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢✉t✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✳
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦
✷
❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❛
❆ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❡r❡s ✈✐✈♦s✱ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♥t✐❣❛✳ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦r ❞♦s ♦❧❤♦s✱ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❤á ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ♣❡s✲ s♦❛s✳ ❊ss❛s sã♦ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈ê✲❧♦✳ ❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❛rq✉❡♦❧ó❣✐✲ ❝♦s❬❍♦♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳✱ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐♠✐♥♦s♦s✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♠♦str❛ ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❣❛♥❤♦✉ ❢♦rç❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s t♦r♥♦✉ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ír✐s ❡ ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r q✉❛❧ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ■ss♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛rá ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s
✻ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❇■❖▼❊❚❘■❆
❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✱ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✳ P❡❧♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡ s❡r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡rá ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✱ s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❇✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s
❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐✲ ❞♦s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s❬❏❛✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦✿
• ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✕ ❊ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢❛③ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞✐③ s❡r✱ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛♥❞♦✲♦✱ ❝❛s♦ ❡❧❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡❥❛ ❡ss❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
• ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✕ ❊ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢❛③ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡
❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ s❡ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦✱ ❛té q✉❡ ❡st❡ s❡❥❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳
✷✳✶✳ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ❇■❖▼➱❚❘■❈❖❙ ✼
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❡ ❜❛s❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊ss❡s ♠ó❞✉✲ ❧♦s sã♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥❡ss❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡s❣❛t❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛✲ ❞❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤á ❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛ ír✐s ♦✉ ❛ ❢❛❝❡✱ ❡ q✉❛❧ té❝♥✐❝❛ s❡rá ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✮✱ ❡ s✐♠ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ♣❛rá❣r❛❢♦s✳
❆ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r✱ t❡♦r✐❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ t❛♥t♦ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛rá ♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊ss❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s sã♦✿
• ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐✲
s❛❞❛✳
• ❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ ❈❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ú♥✐❝❛s✱
❞❡ss❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
• P❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ✕ ❆ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐♠✉tá✈❡❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r ❝♦♠ ♦
t❡♠♣♦✳
• ▼❡♥s✉r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡ ♠❡❞✐r✳
◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦✉tr♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s sã♦✿
• ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✕ ❘❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s
♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s✱ ❡ ❛♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❡❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
• ❆❝❡✐t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✕ ❉✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡♠ ❛❝❡✐t❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♥♦ s❡✉
✽ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❇■❖▼❊❚❘■❆
• Pr♦t❡çã♦ ✕ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❣❛♥❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s
❢r❛✉❞✉❧❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ❡ss❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✳ ▼❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜✐♦♠étr✐✲ ❝❛s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❛t❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳ ❏á ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s✳ ❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ♠❡♥♦r ♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s❬❍♦♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳
✷✳✷ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❇✐♦♠❡tr✐❛
❊①✐st❡♠ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡rã♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s ❛s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✿ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❢❛❝❡✱ ír✐s✱ r❡t✐♥❛ ❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ♠ã♦✱ ❞❡❞♦s ❡ ♣❛❧♠❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✿ ✈♦③✱ ❛ss✐♥❛t✉r❛ ♠❛♥✉s❝r✐t❛ ❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛çã♦✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ■♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧
❆ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛s❬❍♦♥❣✱ ✶✾✾✽❪✳ P♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ú♥✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ✐♠✉tá✈❡✐s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ❡ é ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s❬❱❡♥❦❛t❛r❛♠❛♥✐ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♠❛r✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❙✉❥❛♥ ❛♥❞ ▼✉❧q✉❡❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳
❆ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ tr❛ç♦s ❡ s✉❧❝♦s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡①✲ tr❡♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡s tr❛ç♦s ❡ s✉❧❝♦s ❢♦r♠❛♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥✐♠✐tá✈❡✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s ♦✉ t❡r♠✐♥❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s tr❛ç♦s ❡ s✉❧❝♦s✳ ❆ ♣♦s✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s sã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✐♠✉tá✈❡✐s ❡ ✐♥✐✲ ♠✐tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ P❡❧❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ s✉❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s✳
✷✳✷✳ ❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❇■❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✾
✭❛✮ ✭❜✮
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ✭❛✮ ✲ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧❀ ✭❜✮ ✲ ❯♠❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❛♣ós ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s ✭❧✐♥❤❛s ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛s✮✳
❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛ç♦s ❡ s✉❧❝♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❛ç♦s ❡ s✉❧❝♦s✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❧✐♥❤❛s✳ ■ss♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❡r♠✐✲ ♥❛çõ❡s ❡ ❜✐❢✉r❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s✳ ➱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s q✉❡ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❯♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛ s❡r ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ é q✉❡ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛ ❞✐s✲ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞♦s tr❛ç♦s ❡ s✉❧❝♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡stá ♥❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❜✉r❧❛❞♦✳ ❈✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❥❛♣♦♥❡s❡s✱ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❨♦❦♦❤❛♠❛✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ ❜✉r❧❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ss❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢r❛✉❞✉❧❡♥t♦s❬▼❛ts✉♠♦t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♠♦❧❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❢❡✐t❛s ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ s✐❧✐❝♦♥❡✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❣❡❧❛t✐♥❛ ❝❛s❡✐r❛✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✈❛❧✐❞♦✉ ♦s ♠♦❧❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❢♦ss❡♠ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❛s ✐♠♣r❡ssõ❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❢❛❧s✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ ❜✉r❧❛r ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ✽✵✪ ❞❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ■ss♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ❛ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ❮r✐s
✶✵ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❇■❖▼❊❚❘■❆
❡♠❜r✐♦♥ár✐❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❛ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✳ P♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲ ríst✐❝❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r ✐s♦❧❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦✱ ♥ã♦ s♦❢r❡ ♠♦❞✐✜✲ ❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r✉r❣✐❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ír✐s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡stá✈❡❧✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ír✐s ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛❬❉❛✉❣♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✸❪✳
❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ír✐s ❤✉♠❛♥❛ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐✲ ❞❡r❛❞♦s ♦s ♠❛✐s s❡❣✉r♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛s s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊ss❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❬❉❛✉❣♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✸❪✳ P♦r ❡ss❛s r❛③õ❡s✱ sã♦ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ír✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛❬❑r✐❝❤❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ▼❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ír✐s ❞♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ír✐s ❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✳ ❆s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ír✐s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ s✉❛ t❡①t✉r❛✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦r✳
❖s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛✲ ♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ s❝❛♥♥❡r✱ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❡st❛r ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ t❡①t✉r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ír✐s ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s❝❛♥♥❡r✳ ■ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s s❡ s❡♥t✐r❡♠ ❞❡s❝♦♥❢♦rtá✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♦❧❤♦✳
✷✳✷✳ ❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❇■❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ✶✶
❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ✇❛✈❡❧❡t ❞❡ ●❛❜♦r❬❩❤❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❛❀ ▼❛♥❥✉♥❛t❤ ❛♥❞ ▼❛✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ❈❤❛♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❑✉♦✱ ✶✾✾✸❪✳
✷✳✷✳✸ ❘❡t✐♥❛
❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛ ❞♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣üí♥❡♦s✱ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✉♥✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❬❍✐❧❧✱ ✶✾✼✽❪✳ ■ss♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡✱ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡♠❜r✐♦♥ár✐❛ ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛✳ ❆s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✈❛✲ r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❤á ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛✱ ✐ss♦ só ♦❝♦rr❛ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❛❞✈❡rs❛s✳ P♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ❛ r❡t✐♥❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡❣✉r♦s❬▼❛r✐♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣üí♥❡♦s ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛✳ ❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s sã♦ s✉❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳
✶✷ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❇■❖▼❊❚❘■❆
ó❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛✉✱ ❧❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✱ tr❛♥s♣❧❛♥t❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ P♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦✱ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❝❡rt❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✐♥tr✉s✐✈♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤á ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦ q✉❡ ♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ é t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈á❧✐❞♦✱ ❥á q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ q✉❡ ♠♦❞✐✜q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛✱ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ❞❛ r❡t✐♥❛✮✱ ♣♦❞❡ r❡✈❡❧❛r ✉♠❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ t❛✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s r❡❧❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♦❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳
✷✳✷✳✹ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ♠ã♦✱ ❞❡❞♦s ❡ ♣❛❧♠❛ ❞❛ ♠ã♦
❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❛ ♠ã♦✱ ❞❡❞♦s ❡ ♣❛❧♠❛ ❞❛ ♠ã♦ sã♦ ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s❬❑✉♠❛r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❩❤❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❜❪✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❧❡✈❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♥ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡✱ ❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ú♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ s❡r ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ♦✉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣♦✉❝❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦✱ ❛♣ós ❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ t❡r ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ❛ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❞✉❧t❛✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ q✉❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ♠ã♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s s✉❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❡①tr❛✐♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛❞rõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ❊ss❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❞❡❞♦s✱ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ár❡❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❞❡ rá♣✐❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❥❡✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝❛❞❛str❛❞❛s ❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦✳ ❊st❛s sã♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜✐♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳
