❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ✏❏ú❧✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❡sq✉✐t❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✑ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❈â♠♣✉s ❞❡ ❘✐♦ ❈❧❛r♦
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✿
✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡
●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❘♦s❛❜♦♥✐ ❱❡❝❝❤✐
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ✕ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r✲ ❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❩♦t✐♥ ●♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
✺✶✻ ❱✸✾✼❡
❱❡❝❝❤✐✱ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❘♦s❛❜♦♥✐
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✿ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡✴ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❘♦s❛❜♦♥✐ ❱❡❝❝❤✐✲ ❘✐♦ ❈❧❛r♦✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✽✻ ❢✳✿ ✐❧✳✱ ✜❣s✳✱ ❣rá❢s✳✱ t❛❜s✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛✱ ■♥st✐✲ t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❩♦t✐♥ ●♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
✶✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ✷✳ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✸✳ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✹✳ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦✳ ■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦
❚❊❘▼❖ ❉❊ ❆P❘❖❱❆➬➹❖
●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❘♦s❛❜♦♥✐ ❱❡❝❝❤✐
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✿ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ♥♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ P❛✉❧✐st❛ ✏❏ú❧✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❡sq✉✐t❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✑✱ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❩♦t✐♥ ●♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙✉③✐♥❡✐ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❙✐q✉❡✐r❛ ▼❛r❝♦♥❛t♦ ■●❈❊ ✲ ❯◆❊❙P ✲ ❘✐♦ ❈❧❛r♦ ✭❙P✮
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▼❛r✐❛ ❇❡❛tr✐③ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▲❡✐t❡ ❈❊❆❚❊❈ ✲ P❯❈ ✲ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s ✭❙P✮
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥❛ s✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❛♥❛❧✐✲ s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✭❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✮✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡✲ rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❏✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✱ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡ ✐♥s❡♣❛rá✈❡✐s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞✐ár✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐✈r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡s✲ ♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✭❡♠ r❛❞✐❛♥♦s✮✱ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r s❡❡❦s t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✐♥ ❤✐s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱ ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ ♦✣❝✐❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt ✭s❝❤♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❜♦♦❦s✮✱ ❝❤❡❝❦✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ♦✛❡r ❢♦r ❧❡ss♦♥s✱ ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝❧❡✳ ❆❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s✱ ♥❡✇ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ ❛❧✇❛②s ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✐♥s❡♣❛r❛❜❧❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞❛✐❧② ❧✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r✐t② ♦❢ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ t♦ ✉s❡ ❛ ❢r❡❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉♠❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ ❛♥❣❧❡s ✭✐♥ r❛❞✐❛♥s✮ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ■❧✉str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❛✐♦✱ ❝♦r❞❛✱ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❡ ❛r❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✷ ❖ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦Cc ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧θ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✸ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✹ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ t✉t✐s ♣❛r❛ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✺ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡
❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ π✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✻ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛s ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✼ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥tr✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡♦❞♦❧✐t♦ ❝❛s❡✐r♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✽ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r✉❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♦❞♦❧✐t♦✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✾ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ✏❞❡s❡♥r♦❧❛♥❞♦✑ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✵ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ❞❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✶ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶✷ ❉❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶✸ ❉❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✶✹ ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦✿ ✶♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✺
✷ ❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ✶✼
✷✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✷✸
✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✷✼
✸✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❖s ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❖s ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ▲✐✈r♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦ ✭P◆▲❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✿ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹ ❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛s ✺✾
✹✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✏❈♦rr✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❧❛❣♦✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✿ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷✿ ❘❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✸✿ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✹ ❖ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✺ ❖✉tr❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♠❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✐t❡ ▼3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✿ ✏●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ ❚á①✐ ✕ ❋♦r♠❛s ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✼✼
❇ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✽✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r❡s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ ❞❡✐①❛r❡♠ s❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s ♥❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡ ❝♦❧é❣✐♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✮✱ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ♣❛✐s é q✉❡ s❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞❛♠ ❡ s❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛t✉❛r ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♠✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ tã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡stã♦ ❥✉♥t❛s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ✖ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ♦ ♣ã♦ ♥❛ ♣❛❞❛r✐❛ ❛♦ ✈♦t♦ ♥❛ ✉r♥❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ✖ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛ç❛ ❜♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✉❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❛❜❡r❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ r✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é s❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ❜❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡rá ♦✉tr♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❛ ❡st❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❛❞❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡ ❢♦✐ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮ s❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛ à ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛t✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦ s❡rã♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡✐♦s ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❛♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✿ ♦s t❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①♣♦st♦ ♥♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❖✜❝✐❛❧❀ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r t❛✐s t❡♠❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s t❡♠❛s ❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r✱ t❡♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❜❛s❡ ♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s❀ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠❛s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❛❧✈❡③ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♥♦✈♦✳
❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞❛ ♥♦s P❛râ✲ ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❬✶❪✱ s❡♠♣r❡ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡✱ r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞❛s ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ r❡s✉❧t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❡ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❛♦s ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦s ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦✲♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r s✉❛ ✐♥✲ s❡rçã♦ ❡ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❢❡✐t♦s ❜r❡✈❡s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦
✶✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✐rã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛❞❛ ❡♠ t❛❧ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦r ♥❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳
◆♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é r❡ss❛❧t❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦✿ ❖ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❞♦ ❊s✲ t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳ ➱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥♦s ❈❛❞❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❆❧✉♥♦ ✭❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✮ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛✲ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ▲♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦✱ t♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❛❧✐❛❞❛s à ❜♦❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ tr❛③ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳
◆♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✳ ◆ã♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦✱ ✈✐st♦ s❡r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ é ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛s ♠✉✐t❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ❛♦ ✐♥s❡r✐r ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ tã♦ ✉s✉❛✐s ❡ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s tã♦ ♣♦✉❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ➱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✐rá s❡❣✉✐r ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ t✉r♠❛s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ sã♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦✉tr♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳
✷ ❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s
♦✜❝✐❛✐s
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡st❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞❡❧❡✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛s ♠✉✐t❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♣❛ís✱ é ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛r ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ❜❡♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❝❧❛r♦ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛✲ çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ♦✉ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❉❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ é ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳ ❆✜♥❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦❄ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛❄ ◆❛s s❡çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡♠✱ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s✿ ❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❬✶✱ ✷❪ ❡ ♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❬✸❪✳
✷✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s
❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛r ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ✐♥t❡r✈✐r ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ❢❛❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡♦✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ s✉❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s s❛❜❡r❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ♥♦✈♦s r✐t♠♦s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❉✐❣♥♦ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛ é ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❡ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s❛❧✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❬✶❪✱ ♥❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ✸✼✿ ✏é ❡❧❡ q✉❡♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛✱ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥stró✐ ♥♦✈♦s ❡ ♠❛✐s ♣♦t❡♥t❡s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✑✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠
✶✽ ❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s
♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛t✐♥❥❛ s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✿ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳
❯♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ tr❛t❡ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r✜r❛♠ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❡♠ ❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ s❛❜❡r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡rá ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞❡♥❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉s❛r ♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
❱✐st♦ ♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❡st❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r út✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥s✲ tr✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❡s ❡ ❢✉t✉r❛s✳
✷✳✶✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❖ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❉❡s♣♦rt♦✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛r ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ é ❛♣♦♥t❛r ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❡♠ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t✐✈♦✱ r❡✢❡①✐✈♦ ❡ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡❞♦r ❞❡ s❡✉s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡✈❡r❡s✳
◆ã♦ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❡❧❛ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦s✱ t❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❞❡❞✉t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❖ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❡❞♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❡ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛r✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ❡①❛❣❡r♦ ❞✐③❡r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐ár✐❛s sã♦ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛r ❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❡stã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s✳ ❖s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦❞❡rá q✉❡st✐♦♥❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❛ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ t❡st❡s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳
P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✶✾
♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❥♦❣♦s✱ ✈í❞❡♦s✱ ❧✐✈r♦s✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛s ❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ t❡rá ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r às s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❡♠ ❛♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❞❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ à ❡s✲ tr✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❆ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❣❡r❡♠ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❬✶❪✱ ♣♦❞❡rá ❡♥tã♦ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉rs♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦❀ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r✲ ♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s✉❝❡ss♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛❜❡ à ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❡s✲ t✉❞❛ ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ✈❛st♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s sã♦ ✈❡í❝✉✲ ❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ t❛✐s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ s❛✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ s❡rçã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❛t✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s sã♦ q✉❡stõ❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ❛ ♠❛✲ t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s❀ s❡❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r✱ ♠❡❞✐r✱ r❛❝✐♦❝✐♥❛r ❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s✳ ▲❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛✲ çã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈✐s❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ ❡st❡ r❡q✉❡r ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ ✉s❛r ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
❈♦♠ t❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ út✐❧ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡❧ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ s✉r❣✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✲ t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦✳ ❆ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡①✐❣❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦✈❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✉s✉❛✐s✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ✏r❡s♦❧✈❡❞♦r✑ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❣❛♥❤❛ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ t♦♠❛ ♣♦ss❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛t✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r✳
❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥tã♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛r ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❣❛♥❤❛ ♠❛✐s ✈❛❧♦r à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞❛ à r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r út❡✐s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦s q✉❡ ❞✐③❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ s❡✉ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❜str❛t♦✳
✷✵ ❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡✈❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✭❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛✮✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ✭●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✮ ❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✭✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛♥❞♦ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✱ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✮✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥♦t❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ♠❛✐s ❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
❆❧é♠ ❞❛s três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ é ❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❆s ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠✲ ❜✐♥❛tór✐❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡ ♣r❡✈❡r ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦s✱ ❛❝❡♥t✉❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛ ♥♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❡ é ✈✐st❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣✉♥✐r✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❡rr♦ é ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ♦ ❛❝❡rt♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❡rr♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❧❡✈❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✲ ✜❝❛r ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ tr❛ç❛r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r❡s ❡ ❞ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r❡♠ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ❡ ♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳
❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✷✶
✷✳✷ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
P❛r❛ ♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ♣r❡♣❛r♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝❛❞❡r♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❬✸❪✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡❧❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❛♦ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ♥♦✈♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
❆ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦✲ ♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ é ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲ s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛ ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r✱ ❛❣✐r ❡ ❛t✉❛r ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛r ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r❡s✱ ♠❛s é ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦ ❞❡❧❡ ♥♦s ❢❛③❡r❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✱ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳
❈❛❜❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞❛♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❚❛❧ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ❇❛s❡s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭▲❉❇❊◆✮ ♥♦ ✾✸✾✹✴✾✻✱ q✉❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝♦✉ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ✭❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✮
♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳
❈♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡✲ tê♥❝✐❛ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✿ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✭❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♠❛t❡r♥❛✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✮✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡✲s❡ ❛q✉✐ q✉❡ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡✲ tê♥❝✐❛ ♥ã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♥♦r♠❛✲♣❛❞rã♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ s❛❜❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❞❡❧❛ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛✳ P♦r s❡✉ ❝❛rát❡r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ t♦✲ ❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡♠ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ár❡❛s ❝r✐❛r ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛♠ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳
✷✷ ❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s
❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❞♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✭❊◆❊▼✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r✿
• ❚❡r ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛✲♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❛ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ ❢❛③❡r
✉s♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛rtíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❛tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❧ê ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ t❡①t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s✳
• ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ár❡❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ r❡❛✲
❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❞♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦✲❣❡♦❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❛té ❛s ♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❛rtíst✐❝❛s✳
• ❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛t♦s✿ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛♥❞♦✱ r❡❧❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ t♦♠❛r ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳
• ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛r
❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡✳
• ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çõ❡s s♦❧✐❞ár✐❛s ❡
❝♦♥str✉t✐✈❛s ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♥❞♦ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s ❡ t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛s✳
❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s ❜✉s❝❛♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♥s✐❣❛ ✈❡r ♥♦s t❡♠❛s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✉♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❈♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✐ss♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❡ss❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ é r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♦✉ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ à s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ r❡t♦✲ ♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ♦✉ ♠ét♦❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛♦ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ✐rá ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ P♦rt✉❣✉ês ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆♦ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s❛✉❞á✈❡❧✱ ❡st❛rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♥❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭❧❡✐❛✲s❡ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ◗✉í♠✐❝❛✮✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú✲ ❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❢r❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ♠❛s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈❡ ❧❡✈❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ❞✐s❝❡r♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s à t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✷✸
❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ é t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♣♦r tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ♦ ♠❡r♦ ❛t♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐r✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r♦t✐♥❡✐r♦s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r r♦❜ôs ❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ P♦r tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❡ t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❛❝❡rt❛❞❛s✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s sã♦ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣r❡✈✐st❛s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲ s❡ q✉❡ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛✱ ❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r t❛❧ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❆ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s
t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡r❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✉❣❛r ♣❛r❛ ❧❡r✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ❝♦♥t❛r✳ ❍♦❥❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♠❛t❡r♥❛✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛té ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♥❝❡❜❡✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ❡st❛r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ár❡❛s✿
• ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s❀ • ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❍✉♠❛♥❛s❀
• ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛✳ ❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛r✐❛ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡st❛r ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛ ♥❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❢❛r✐❛ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❡st❛r ❥✉♥t♦ às ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❢❛t♦s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦s✱ ❡ ❡st❛r ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ às ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ ♣♦r ✜❝❛r ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛✳
✷✹ ❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s
✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ à s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❀ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❥❛♠❛✐s s✉❜st✐t✉✐rá ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ❞❛ r❛ç❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳
❆ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡ ❢❛③ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♥❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r✱ ♥❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s✱ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ P♦r t❛✐s ❢❛t♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❣❛♥❤❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❏✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❡❞✉❝❛r ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❛t✉❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❣✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❡♠ ♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡♠ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ três ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦✲ r❛s✿ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❛ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ✭❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s r✐❝♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❞❡ s✐♥t❡t✐③❛r ❡ t♦♠❛r ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛♥❞♦✱ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❡ ❞❡❝✐❞✐♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♥❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ♦s t❡♠❛s é ❡①♣❧♦rá✲❧♦s ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s sé❝✉❧♦s tr❛③ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦✈♦✱ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ■ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❢❛s❝í♥✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❡ é ♥♦✈♦✱ ♥❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s s❛❜❡r❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ✐♥q✉❡s✲ t✐♦♥❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈á❧✐❞♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s✱ s❛❜❡r❡s t❛✐s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥q✉❡st✐♦♥á✈❡✐s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ s❡✉s ♠✉✐t♦s ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲ çõ❡s✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s r❡s✉♠❡ ❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✲ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ s✉❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✷✺
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳✶
❖ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ tr❛③ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❜❛st❛ ❡♥✉♠❡r❛r tó♣✐❝♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ♣♦r trás ❞❡ t❛✐s tó♣✐❝♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ é tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ tó♣✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦✳
❖ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❡♠ três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❧♦❝♦s t❡♠át✐❝♦s✿ ◆ú♠❡r♦s✱ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s t❡♠❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♥♦s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❧♦❝♦s t❡♠át✐❝♦s✿
• ◆ú♠❡r♦s✿ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠✱ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦
❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❆s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s sã♦ ❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳
• ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡
✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s ❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳ ➱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ út✐❧ à r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
• ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s✿ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ às r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♠étr✐❝❛s
❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❊♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r✳
❊♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛s✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡♥❞♦ t❛❧ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛✲ çã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❯♠ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✐ss♦ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ r❡❛❧ ♦✉ ✜❝tí❝✐♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✉s❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ út✐❧ r❡❝♦rr❡r à ❤✐stór✐❛ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦✳ ■❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
✶▲❡♠❜r❡✲s❡ ❛q✉✐ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ✈✐s❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦
