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Tensão e ambiguidade na filosofia de Jean-Paul Sartre.

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T

ENSÃO E AMBIGUIDADE NA FILOSOFIA DE

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(5)

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e essa é a linguagem literária.

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(6)

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retrato da realidade humana, diante seus dramas e angústias.

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(7)

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(15)

Como escreve em outro momento de O ser e o nada RSWDUSRUXPDGDV YLV}HVRSRVWDVSRUDSHQDVXPGHVVHVWHUPRVVHULD´>@HVFDSDUGH&DULEGHVH FDLUHP&LODµ6$575(S(VVDLPDJHPSRGHVHUDSOLFDGDjVUHODo}HV DFLPDDQDOLVDGDVQmRpQXQFDÀFDUDSHQDVGHXPVyODGRQmRpQXQFDÀFDUDSHQDV

no idealismo abstrato de uma metafísica, ontologia, absoluto, ser do fenômeno;

DVVLP FRPR WDPEpP QmR p QXQFD ÀFDU DSHQDV QR UHDOLVPR UHODWLYLVWD GH XPD KLVWyULDIHQRPHQRORJLDFRQFUHWXGHIHQ{PHQRGHVHUeDGPLWLURVGRLVODGRVDR PHVPRWHPSRpFRPRGHVWDFD6DUWUHVREUHDQRomRGHOLEHUGDGHFRQVLGHUDURV GRLVODGRVGHXPDPHVPDPRHGDRVHUDEVROXWDHFRQFUHWDDRPHVPRWHPSR

7DQWRQDUHODomRGRVHUGRIHQ{PHQRFRPRIHQ{PHQRGHVHUWDQWRQD UHODomRGDPHWDItVLFDFRPDKLVWyULDGRDEVROXWRFRPRFRQFUHWRGDRQWRORJLD FRPDIHQRPHQRORJLDGDÀORVRÀDFRPDOLWHUDWXUDWHPRVXPDVyPRHGDPDVXPD VyPRHGDTXHpFRPSRVWDSRUGRLVODGRVGLVWLQWRV(pLVVRTXH6DUWUHHQIDWL]DR WHPSRWRGRHpLVVRTXHRVFUtWLFRVHFRPHQWDGRUHVFRPSUHHQGHUDPWmRPDOR VHUGRIHQ{PHQRHVWiQRIHQ{PHQRGHVHUHPERUDHOHVQmRVHWRUQHPLQGLVWLQWRV D PHWDItVLFD HVWi QD KLVWyULD DSHVDU GH QmR VH LGHQWLÀFDU FRP HOD D RQWRORJLD HVWiQDIHQRPHQRORJLDDLQGDTXHQmRVHMDDPHVPDFRLVD&RQFUHWDPHQWHGH IDWRHVVDGtDGHIRUPDXPDVyHVWUXWXUDPDVXPDHVWUXWXUDTXHpIHLWDSRUGRLV

elementos de direito distintos.

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( p LVVR TXH VH UHSHWH QRV RXWURV WHUPRV DSHQDV FLWDGRV SRU QyV PHWDItVLFDKLVWyULD RQWRORJLDIHQRPHQRORJLD OLEHUGDGH DEVROXWDFRQFUHWD 6HPSUHDPDQXWHQomRGHXPDGLFRWRPLDPDVGHXPDGLFRWRPLDTXHVHGLVWLQJXH ²HPXLWR²GHFRPRpSHQVDGDSHODWUDGLomRÀORVyÀFDWUDWDVHHP6DUWUHGH XPDGLFRWRPLDTXHLPSOLFDDRPHVPRWHPSRXPDUHODomRQHFHVViULDHLQWUtQVHFD HQWUHRVGRLVWHUPRVGHVRUWHTXHGHIDWRQmRVHSRVVDSHQVDUXPVHPDRPHVPR WHPSRSHQVDURRXWUR

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(16)

QHFHVVLGDGHGHVHSDUDUGHGLUHLWRRVHOHPHQWRVHSRURXWURSDUDDQHFHVVLGDGHGH DRPHVPRWHPSRMXQWiORVGHIDWR

$ GHVFULomR GD H[SUHVVmRvizinhança comunicante como modo de Sartre

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&RPSUHHQGHURTXHpYL]LQKDQoDFRPXQLFDQWHpSHUFHEHUTXHDWHQVmR HVWiSUHVHQWHHPWRGDDÀORVRÀDGH6DUWUHpREVHUYDUTXHHPQHQKXPPRPHQWR DDPELJXLGDGHpGHVIHLWDQHPDWHQVmRHOLPLQDGD7UDWDVHGHSDUWLUGDFRQGLomR KXPDQD FRPR DPELJXLGDGH H PDQWrOD SRU PHLR GH XPD WHQVmR TXH UH~QH D VHSDUDomR GH GLUHLWR GRV HOHPHQWRV H VXD LQVHSDUDELOLGDGH GH IDWR 6DUWUH QmR DSHQDV SDUWH GD DPELJXLGDGH FRPR R TXH Ki GH PDLV RULJLQiULR QD UHDOLGDGH KXPDQD PDV WDPEpP HVWDEHOHFH TXH R PRGR SHOR TXDO R KRPHP VH DVVXPH FRPRKRPHPpMXVWDPHQWHSRUPHLRGDDVVXQomRGHVVDDPELJXLGDGHSRUPHLR GDUHÁH[mRVREUHRIUDFDVVRGDWHQWDWLYDGHHOLPLQDUQRVVDWHQVmR

2TXHWRUQDRKRPHPDXWrQWLFRFRPRYHUHPRVXPSRXFRGHVWHSRQWR HPGLDQWHpRDVVXPLURIUDFDVVRGDWHQWDWLYDQHFHVViULDHYmGHHOLPLQDUQRVVD DPELJXLGDGHIXQGDPHQWDOTXHpDGHVHU3DUDVLHSRUWDQWRDGHVHURVHUTXH EXVFDRVLTXHEXVFDDVtQWHVHGR3DUDVL(PVLEXVFDQHFHVViULDPDVLPSRVVtYHO GH VHU UHDOL]DGD MXVWDPHQWH SRUTXH VRPRV 3DUDVL SRUTXH QRVVD HVWUXWXUD p VHUPRVSUHVHQoDDVLHID]HUGHVVHIUDFDVVRDDVVXQomRGHQRVVDUHDOLGDGHFRPR DPELJXLGDGHHDRDVVXPLUHVVDWHQVmRID]HUPRQRVKRPHQVRXVHMDRVHUTXH SRUVHUIDOWDGHVHUGHVYHODRPXQGRSRUPHLRGHVHXID]HU

(PCadernos para uma moral, Sartre considera a autenticidade como uma

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harmonia.

&I6$575(-3O ser e o nada SULPHLURFDStWXORGDVHJXQGDSDUWH

(17)

1mR VHWUDWD GH LJQRUDU D WHQVmR GH LJQRUDU TXH HP SULPHLUR OXJDU R KRPHPp3DUDVLTXHGHVHMDVHU(PVL3DUDVLPDVVHWUDWDGHGLDQWHGRGHVHMR QHFHVViULRHYmRGDEXVFDGDFRPSOHWXGHQXQFDDOFDQoiYHODVVXPLURIUDFDVVRGH VDLUGDWHQVmRHID]HUGHOHDSRVVLELOLGDGHPHVPDGHVHUKXPDQR

([SOLTXHPRVPHOKRU

Vemos, em O ser e o nadaTXHRKRPHPpVHPSUHEXVFDGDFRPSOHWXGH GD WRWDOLGDGH GD VtQWHVH GHQRPLQDGD (PVL3DUDVL TXH XQLULD D WUDQVOXFLGH] GDFRQVFLrQFLDjGHWHUPLQDomRHDRSDFLGDGHGR(PVLWRGDYLDVHHVVDEXVFD p QHFHVViULD VH QmR Ki FRPR GHL[DU GH VrOD p YHUGDGH WDPEpP TXH HOD VHUi VHPSUH IUXVWUDGD DR 3DUDVL MXVWDPHQWH SRUTXH VXD HVWUXWXUD PDLV LPHGLDWD p VHU3UHVHQoDDVLQmRFRLQFLGrQFLDFRPRPXQGRQHPFRQVLJRPHVPRVHPSUH SHUVLVWLUiXPDGLVWkQFLDXPGHVJDUUDPHQWRHPUHODomRDRPXQGRDRVRXWURV DRTXHHOHIRLHDRTXHHOHVHUieLPSRVVtYHODOFDQoDUDWRWDOLGHQWLGDGHFRQVLJR PHVPR H p LPSRVVtYHO GHL[DU GH VHU HVVD EXVFD SRLV VRPRV MXVWDPHQWH HVVH PRYLPHQWRHPGLUHomRDRTXHQmRVRPRV0DVVHpDVVLPFRPRSHQVDUXPD SRVVLELOLGDGHGHDXWHQWLFLGDGHGHQmRWHQWDUVHUHIXJLDUHPXPDFHUWDLGHQWLGDGH FRLQFLGrQFLDFRPSOHWXGHHVVrQFLD"

$LVVR6DUWUHUHVSRQGHHPCadernos para uma moralTXHQmRVHWUDWDGH GHL[DUGHEXVFDUDVtQWHVHLPSRVVtYHO1mRKDYHULDFRPRGHL[DUGHVHURGHVHMR GRVLTXHQRVIDOWDRGHVHMRGDTXLORTXHQXQFDDOFDQoDUHPRV1RHQWDQWRVH LVVRpYHUGDGHVHXPDVXSHUDomRGHVVHGHVHMRGHVHUQmRpSRVVtYHOpYHUGDGH LJXDOPHQWHTXHHVVHGHVHMRSRGHVHUFRQYHUWLGRRXVHMDSRGHVHUVLJQLÀFDGRSHOR

homem de uma maneira diferente.

e D LVVR TXH 6DUWUH FKDPD GH ´FRQYHUVmRµ 2 KRPHP DXWrQWLFR VHUi DTXHOH TXH EXVFDQGR DLQGD D VtQWHVH LPSRVVtYHO D WUDQVOXFLGH] H D RSDFLGDGH DRPHVPRWHPSRVDEHUiTXHHVVDEXVFDpWmRQHFHVViULDTXDQWRLPSRVVtYHOGH VHUDOFDQoDGD(DRWRPDUFRQVFLrQFLDGHVVHIUDFDVVRQmRWHQWDUiLJQRUiODQHP HOLPLQiODSRUPHLRGDPiIpPDVLUiDVVXPLORHDWpPHVPRGHVHMiORMiTXHHOH VHYrQRIUDFDVVRGHVVDEXVFDFRPRVHQGRDTXHOHTXHQmRp'HXVRXVHMDFRPR VHQGRDTXHOHTXHpKRPHP$VVLPRDVVXPLURIUDFDVVRGDWHQWDWLYDGHHOLPLQDU DDPELJXLGDGHGDEXVFDQHFHVViULDHYmHVVHKRPHPVHFRPSUHHQGHFRPRDTXHOH SDUD TXHP VHPSUH IDOWDUi R VL H SRU LVVR PHVPR FRPR DTXHOH SDUD TXHP R PXQGRH[LVWHFRPFHUWRVHQWLGRFHUWRVLJQLÀFDGR2IUDFDVVRGRGHVHMRKXPDQR pDRPHVPRWHPSRDSRVVLELOLGDGHPHVPDGHQRVID]HUPRVKXPDQRV

(18)

IUDFDVVRGDVROXomRGDWHQVmRHDRDVVXPLORID]VHKXPDQR2XHPRXWUDV SDODYUDVRKRPHPDXWrQWLFRQmRVHULDQHPDTXHOHTXHYLYHQR´SDUDtVRµQHP DTXHOH TXH YLYH QR ´LQIHUQRµ PDV DTXHOH TXH YLYH QR ´SXUJDWyULRµ ² HQÀP DTXHOHTXHDFHLWDDDPELJXLGDGHGHVHUKXPDQRDTXHOHTXHDFHLWDDWHQVmRHQWUH DQHFHVVLGDGHGRGHVHMRHDLPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHVDWLVID]HUWRWDOPHQWHHVVHGHVHMR HDRDFHLWiODVID]VHFRPRDTXHOHSDUDTXHPDYLGDpMXVWDPHQWHRID]HUHQmR RVHU

2KRPHPDXWrQWLFRpQDÀORVRÀDGH6DUWUHSRUWDQWRDTXHOHTXHDVVXPH GH PRGR SRVLWLYR D DQJ~VWLD GH VHUPRV DPELJXLGDGH DTXHOH TXH DR LQYpV GH WHQWDU VHSDUDU RV WHUPRV GH IDWR RX WHQWDU WRUQiORV LQVHSDUiYHLV GH GLUHLWR DVVXPHDWHQVmRGDUHODomRGHYL]LQKDQoDFRPXQLFDQWHDVVXPHDRPHVPRWHPSR D VHSDUDomR GH GLUHLWR H D LQVHSDUDELOLGDGH GH IDWR $FHLWDQGR D QHFHVVLGDGH GHVVDEXVFDSHOR(PVL3DUDVLHDRPHVPRWHPSRGHVHMDQGRRIUDFDVVRGHVVD EXVFDHVVHKRPHPDXWrQWLFRID]GRIUDFDVVRDDVVXQomRGHVXDFRQGLomRPDLV

fundamental e, ao assumi-lo, assume a dignidade de ser homem.

$VVLPDFRPSUHHQVmRGDUHODomRHQWUHRVSULQFLSDLVWHUPRVGDÀORVRÀD VDUWULDQDFRPRXPDUHODomRGHYL]LQKDQoDFRPXQLFDQWHQRVOHYRXjVQRo}HVGH DPELJXLGDGHHWHQVmRFRPRFKDYHVWDQWRSDUDHQWHQGHUWRGRRSHQVDPHQWRGH 6DUWUHTXDQWRSDUDFRPSUHHQGHURTXHpDUHDOLGDGHKXPDQDSDUDHOH1mRDSHQDV RVWHUPRVUHODWDGRVDRORQJRGRDUWLJRÀORVRÀDOLWHUDWXUDPHWDItVLFDKLVWyULD

ontologia/fenomenologia, ser do fenômeno/fenômeno de ser, absoluto/

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se faz homem, com toda sua angústia e com toda sua dignidade.

$ DPSOLDomR GD H[SUHVVmRvizinhança comunicante WmR EHP HPSUHJDGD SHOR ÀOyVRIR )UDQNOLQ /HRSROGR H 6LOYD DR WUDWDU GD UHODomR HQWUH ÀORVRÀD H OLWHUDWXUDOHYRXQRVDLQWHUSUHWDUPHOKRUDHVWUXWXUDGRSHQVDPHQWRGH6DUWUH FRPRPDQXWHQomRGHXPDGLFRWRPLDPDVXPDGLFRWRPLDTXHDIDVWDRÀOyVRIR IUDQFrV GR SURMHWR ÀORVyÀFR GD PRGHUQLGDGH TXHU GL]HU XPD GLFRWRPLD TXH QHFHVVLWD GD DÀUPDomR GD VHSDUDomR GH GLUHLWR HQWUH RV WHUPRV H DR PHVPR WHPSRGDDÀUPDomRGDLQVHSDUDELOLGDGHGHIDWRHQWUHHOHV(PRXWUDVSDODYUDVD FRPSUHHQVmRGDYL]LQKDQoDFRPXQLFDQWHQRVLQGLFDDHVFROKDSHODPDQXWHQomR

(19)

$JUDGHFLPHQWRVDR3URI)UDQNOLQ/HRSROGRH6LOYD

628=$7KDQD0DUDGH7HQVLRQDQGDPELJXLW\LQWKHSKLORVRSK\RI -HDQ3DXO6DUWUH

Trans/Form/Ação0DUtOLDYQS-DQ$EULO

ABSTRACT: 7KLV DUWLFOH LQWHQGV WR VKRZ KRZ RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH QRWLRQ RI ´FRPPXQLFDWLQJ QHLJKERUKRRGµHVWDEOLVKHGE\)UDQNOLQ/HRSROGRH6LOYDZHPD\XQGHUVWDQGWKHPDLQWKHPHVRI 6DUWUH·V SKLORVRSK\ DQG WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ WKHP HJ WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ PHWDSK\VLFV DQG KLVWRU\VXEMHFWDQGREMHFWDEVROXWHDQGFRQFUHWHIUHHGRPDQGDHVWKHWLFDQGHWKLFV%\H[WHQGLQJDQ H[SUHVVLRQLQLWLDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGIRUWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQSKLORVRSK\DQGOLWHUDWXUHLQ6DUWUHZHLQWHQG WRVKRZWKDWWKHQRWLRQVRI DPELJXLW\DQGWHQVLRQDUHHVVHQWLDODVDNH\WRDOORI 6DUWUH·VWKRXJKW

KEYWORDS: Sartre; communicating neighborhood ;ambiguity; tension.

REFERÊNCIAS

%($892,56/LWWpUDWXUHHWPpWDSK\VLTXH5HYXHLes Temps Modernes3DULVDYULO

%(/25O paradoxo da liberdade: SVLFRORJLDHKLVWyULDHP6DUWUH'LVVHUWDomR0HVWUDGR

HP)LORVRÀD²)DFXOGDGHGH)LORVRÀD/HWUDVH&LrQFLDV+XPDQDVGD8QLYHUVLGDGHGH6mR 3DXOR6mR3DXOR

%251+(,0*Sartre: PHWDItVLFDHH[LVWHQFLDOLVPR6mR3DXOR3HUVSHFWLYD

0(5/($83217<0/H5RPDQHWODPpWDSK\VLTXHSens et non sens. HG3DULV1DJHO

3(5',*®23([LVWrQFLDHOLEHUGDGHXPDLQWURGXomRjÀORVRÀDGH6DUWUH3RUWR$OHJUH/ 30

6$575(-3O ser e o nada.3HWUySROLV9R]HV

BBBBBBQue é a literatura? 6mR3DXORÉWLFD

BBBBBBSituações I6mR3DXOR&RVDF 1DLI\

BBBBBBCahiers pour une morale3DULV*DOOLPDUG

BBBBBBA náusea. 5LRGH-DQHLUR1RYD)URQWHLUDVG

(20)

6,/9$)Ética e literatura em Sartre6mR3DXOR81(63

BBBBBB0HWDItVLFDH+LVWyULDQRURPDQFHGH6DUWUHRevista CultPDLR

628=$7Sartre e a literatura engajada: HVSHOKRFUtWLFRHFRQVFLrQFLDLQIHOL]6mR3DXOR

('863

BBBBBB(PEXVFDGDDXWHQWLFLGDGHSURPHWLGDXPDOHLWXUDGHCadernos para uma moral.

,Q&$51(,520&*(17,/+62UJ)LORVRÀD)UDQFHVD&RQWHPSRUkQHD6mR3DXOR &XOWXUD$FDGrPLFD

Referências

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