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Simulação de fenómenos transitórios em microrrede

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❉✐""❡$%❛'(♦

▼❡"%$❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛$✐❛ ❊❧❡%$♦%2❝♥✐❝❛ ✲ ❊♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡ ❆✉%♦♠❛'(♦

❙✐♠✉❧❛&'♦ ❞❡ ❋❡♥-♠❡♥♦. ❚0❛♥.✐1-0✐♦. ❡♠

▼✐❝0♦00❡❞❡

❋✐❧✐♣❡ ▼❛$9✉❡" ❈♦$❞❡✐$♦

▲❡✐#✐❛✱ ♠❛#'♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✽

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❉✐""❡$%❛'(♦

▼❡"%$❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛$✐❛ ❊❧❡%$♦%2❝♥✐❝❛ ✲ ❊♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡ ❆✉%♦♠❛'(♦

❙✐♠✉❧❛&'♦ ❞❡ ❋❡♥-♠❡♥♦. ❚0❛♥.✐1-0✐♦. ❡♠

▼✐❝0♦00❡❞❡

❋✐❧✐♣❡ ▼❛$9✉❡" ❈♦$❞❡✐$♦

❉✐""❡$%❛'(♦ ❞❡ ▼❡"%$❛❞♦ $❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ "♦❜ ❛ ♦$✐❡♥%❛'(♦ ❞♦ ❉♦✉%♦$ ▲✉2" ▼✐❣✉❡❧ 4✐$❡" ◆❡✈❡"✱ 4$♦❢❡""♦$ ❞❛ ❊"❝♦❧❛ ❙✉♣❡$✐♦$ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ●❡"%(♦ ❞♦ ■♥"%✐%✉%♦ 4♦❧✐%@❝♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐$✐❛✳ ▲❡✐$✐❛✱ ♠❛$'♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✽

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❉❡❞✐❝❛&'(✐❛

➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠'❧✐❛ ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦,✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛❞♦✳

✧◆"♦ ✐♥&❡(❡))❛ ♦ +✉❡ )❡ &(❛&❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛( ❛ &❡(♠♦✿ ♦ +✉❡ ✐♥&❡(❡))❛ 2 ♣❡()❡✈❡(❛( ❛&2 ❛♦ ✜♠✳✧ ✭❈♦♥❢%❝✐♦✮

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❆❣"❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥*♦,

❯♠ ❛❣$❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥*♦ ❡,♣❡❝✐❛❧ / ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡,♣♦,❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐2♥❝✐❛ 3✉❡ ,❡♠♣$❡ *❡✈❡ ❞✉$❛♥*❡ *♦❞♦ ♦ ♣$♦❝❡,,♦ ❞❡ ❞❡,❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥*♦ ❞❡,*❛ ❞✐,,❡$*❛67♦✳ ❆❣$❛❞❡6♦✲❧❤❡ *♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❢♦$*♦✱ ♠❡,♠♦ ♥♦, ♠♦♠❡♥*♦, ♠❛✐, ❞✐❢<❝❡✐,✳ ❆❣$❛❞❡6♦✲❧❤❡ *❛♠❜>♠ ❛ *$♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛, ❡ ❞❡ ♦♣✐✲ ♥✐?❡,✱ ♦❢❡$❡❝❡♥❞♦✲♠❡ ,❡♠♣$❡ ♦ ,❡✉ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❢♦$6❛✱ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦$$❡$ ❞❡ *♦❞❛ ❛ $❡❛❧✐③❛67♦ ❞❡,*❡ ♠❡,*$❛❞♦✳ ❉❡✉✲♠❡ ♦ B♥✐♠♦ ❡ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❡❝❡,,C$✐♦ ♣❛$❛ ♥7♦ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①❛$ ❞❡,✐,*✐$ ❞❡,*❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❡ *$❛❜❛❧❤♦,♦ ♣$♦❝❡,,♦✱ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❝✐❧✐❛$ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣❡,,♦❛❧✱ ♣$♦✜,,✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛❝❛❞>♠✐❝❛✳ ❆♦, ♠❡✉, ♣❛✐,✱ / ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐$♠7 ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ,♦❜$✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥*✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠✲ ♣$❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ,❡♠♣$❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉,2♥❝✐❛ ♥♦, ♠♦♠❡♥*♦, ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛$❡,✱ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ,❡♠♣$❡ ♥♦, ❛✈❛♥6♦, ♣❡,,♦❛✐, ❡ ♣$♦✜,,✐♦♥❛✐, ❛ 3✉❡ ♠❡ ♣$♦♣✉,✳ ❆♦, ♠❡✉, ,♦❣$♦, ❡ ❛♦, ♠❡✉, ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦,✱ 3✉❡ ,❡♠♣$❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛$❛♠ ♣,✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥*❡ ♣❛$❛ ♦ ❛✈❛♥6♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ *$❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ 3✉❡ ,❡♠♣$❡ ❝♦♠♣$❡❡♥❞❡$❛♠ *❛♠❜>♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉,2♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥*♦, ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛$❡,✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦$✐❡♥*❛❞♦$✱ G$♦❢❡,,♦$ ❉♦✉*♦$ ▲✉<, ◆❡✈❡,✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♦$✐❡♥*❛67♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❞✉✲ $❛♥*❡ *♦❞♦ ♦ ❞❡,❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥*♦ ❡ $❡❛❧✐③❛67♦ ❞❡,*❛ ❞✐,,❡$*❛67♦✱ 3✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❧♦♥❣♦✳ ❊ ❛❣$❛❞❡6♦✲ ❧❤❡ *❛♠❜>♠ ❛ ,✉❛ ❞✐,♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛, ❝$<*✐❝❛, ❝♦♥,*$✉*✐✈❛, ❛♣$❡,❡♥*❛❞❛,✳ ❆❣$❛❞❡6♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♦, ♠❡✉, ❛♠✐❣♦,✱ ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛, ❞❡ ❝✉$,♦✱ ♣$✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥*❡ ❛♦ ❋C❜✐♦ ❡ ❛♦ ◆❡❧,♦♥✱ 3✉❡ *❛♥*❛, ✈❡③❡, ♠❡ ♦✉✈✐$❛♠ ❡ 3✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛$❛♠ ❞✉$❛♥*❡ *♦❞♦, ❡,*❡ ♣$♦❝❡,,♦ ❞❡ $❡❛❧✐③❛67♦ ❞♦ ♠❡,*$❛❞♦✳ ❆❣$❛❞❡6♦✲❧❤❡, *❛♠❜>♠ *♦❞♦ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛❞♦✱ 3✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ❛ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❞❡,✐,*✐$✱ ❛♣❡,❛$ ❞❡ *♦❞❛, ❛, ❛❞✈❡$,✐❞❛❞❡,✱❢♦$*❛❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡,❡♥$♦❧❛$ ❞♦ ♣$♦❝❡,,♦✳ ❱

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❘❡"✉♠♦

❆!✉❛❧♠❡♥!❡ ❛ ✉!✐❧✐③❛*+♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥!❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛ 2 ✐♠♣0❡4❝✐♥❞5✈❡❧ ♣❛0❛ ♣0♦♠♦✈❡0 ❛ ♥❡❝❡4✲ 4✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡4!❛0 ❛!❡♥!♦ ❛ ♥♦✈❛4 ❢♦0♠❛4 ❞❡ ♣0♦❞✉*+♦✱ ♣0♦✈❡♥✐❡♥!❡4 ❞❡ ❢♦♥!❡4 ❡♥❞:❣❡♥❛4✱ ♣❡0♠✐!✐♥❞♦ ❛44✐♠ ❛ 0❡❞✉*+♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥4✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉4!5✈❡✐4 ❢:44❡✐4✳ ❖4 ❞❡4❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥!♦4 ❞✐>0✐♦4 ❞❡44❛4 ♣0♦❞✉*?❡4 ❡♥❞:❣❡♥❛4✱ ❛♦ ♥5✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✉!✐❧✐③❛*+♦ ✐4♦❧❛❞❛✱ ♦✉ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝0❡!✐③❛✲ *+♦ ❞♦ ❛♣0♦✈❡✐!❛♠❡♥!♦ ❞❛4 ♠❡4♠❛4 ♣❛0❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥!❛*+♦ ❡♠ 0❡❞❡4 ❡①✐4!❡♥!❡4✱ !0❛❞✉③ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦0✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐!♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡4❝❡♥!0❛❧✐③❛*+♦ ❞❛ ♣0♦❞✉*+♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ B ♥❡❝❡44✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦0✐❛ ❞❛4 ❝♦♥❞✐*?❡4 ❞❡ ✐♥!❡0❧✐❣❛*+♦ ❞❛4 ♣❡C✉❡♥❛4 ♣0♦❞✉*?❡4 B 0❡❞❡ ♣0✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐!♦ ❞❡ ♣0♦❞✉!♦0 ❢♦0♥❡❝❡❞♦0✱ ❛44♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ♠✐❝0♦00❡❞❡4 ❡4!> ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥!❛❞♦✱ ♠❛4 ♥+♦ 4❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡4❝❛0!❛0 ❛4 ❝♦♥❞✐*?❡4 ✐❞❡❛✐4 ❞❡ ✐♥!❡0❧✐❣❛*+♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❣❛0❛♥!✐❛ ❞♦ ❢♦0♥❡❝✐♠❡♥!♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛ ♥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦0 ❞❛4 ❝♦♥❞✐*?❡4✱ ♥+♦ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❡4!❛✱ ♣❡0!✉0❜❛0 ♥❡♠ ❞❡4❡C✉✐❧✐❜0❛0 ❛ ❡4!❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛4 0❡❞❡4 ❞❡ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛✳ ❆4 ❢♦0♠❛4 ❞❡ ✈❡0✐✜❝❛*+♦ ❞❛4 ❝♦♥❞✐*?❡4 ❞❡ ✐♥!❡0❧✐❣❛*+♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❡4!❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ 4+♦ ✉!✐❧✐③❛✲ ❞❛4 ❛ ♣❛0!✐0 ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦4 ♠❛!❡♠>!✐❝♦4 ❞❡ !♦❞♦4 ♦4 4✐4!❡♠❛4 ❞❡ ♣0♦❞✉*+♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛4 0❡❞❡4 ❞❡ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛✳ D❛0❛ ♠❡❧❤♦0✐❛ ❞❛4 ❢♦0♠❛4 ❞❡ ❛♥>❧✐4❡ ❞❡4!❡ !✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡4✱ ❛ ✉!✐❧✐③❛*+♦ ❞❡ ♦❢#✇❛&❡ C✉❡ ❣❡0❛♠ 0♦!✐♥❛4 ♠❛!❡♠>!✐❝❛4✱ 2 ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥!❛❧ ♣❛0❛ ❛ ✈❡0✐✲ ✜❝❛*+♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥!❡①!♦ !❡:0✐❝♦✳ ❖ 4♦❢!✇❛0❡ ❛ ✉!✐❧✐③❛0 ♥❡4!❛ ❞✐44❡0!❛*+♦ 4❡0> ♦ ❆❚D ❝♦♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥!❡ ❣0>✜❝♦ ❆❚D❉0❛✇✱ ♣❛0❛ ✈❡0✐✜❝❛*+♦ ❞♦4 ❝♦♠♣♦0!❛♠❡♥!♦4 ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ !❡♠♣♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦4 ❡❢❡✐!♦4 !0❛♥4✐!:0✐♦4 ❞❡0✐✈❛❞♦4 ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉!❛*?❡4 ❞❡ ❝❛0❣❛4✱ ❧✐♥❤❛4 ♦✉ 0❡❞❡4✳ ◆❡4!❡ 4❡♥!✐❞♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡!✐✈♦ ❞❡4!❛ ❞✐44❡0!❛*+♦ 2 ❞✐0❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❛0❛ ♦ ❡4!✉❞♦ ❞❛4 ✈❛0✐✲ ❛*?❡4 !0❛♥4✐!:0✐❛4 ❡♠ 4✐!✉❛*?❡4 ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛*+♦ ❡ ❝♦♥4✐❣♥❛*+♦ ❞❡ 4✐4!❡♠❛4 ❞❡ ♣0♦❞✉*+♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛ ❛ 0❡❞❡4 ❞❡4❝❡♥!0❛❧✐③❛❞❛4✱ ♣❛0❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛0 ❡♠ ♠✐❝0♦00❡❞❡4✳ ➱ ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ ✈❡0✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡04+♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛ ♣♦0 ❢♦♥!❡4 0❡♥♦✈>✈❡✐4✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥!❡ ❢♦!♦✈♦❧!❛✐❝♦4 ❡ ❡:❧✐❝♦✳ ❖ ❡4!✉❞♦ ❞❡ 4✐4!❡♠❛4 ❡:❧✐❝♦4 2 ❢❡✐!♦ ❛!0❛✈24 ❞♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥!♦ ❞❡ ♠>C✉✐♥❛4 ❡❧2!0✐❝❛4 45♥❝0♦♥❛4 ❡ ❛445♥❝0♦♥❛4✱ ❜❛4❡❛❞❛4 ♥♦4 ♠♦❞❡❧♦4 4✐♠✉❧❛❞♦4 ❡♠ 4♦❢!✇❛0❡✱ ❝♦♥4✐✲ ❞❡0❛❞❛4 ❝♦♥!0♦❧>✈❡✐4 ❛ ♥5✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❢0❡C✉K♥❝✐❛ ❡ !❡♥4+♦✱ ♠❡❧❤♦0❛♥❞♦ ❛4 ❝♦♥❞✐*?❡4 0❡❛✐4 ❞❡ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥!♦ ❡ ✐♥!❡0❧✐❣❛*+♦✳ ❛❧❛✈$❛%✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ▼✐❝0♦00❡❞❡4 ❞❡ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛✱ ❊▼❚D✴❆❚D✱ ❛♥>❧✐4❡ ❞❡ !0❛♥4✐!:0✐♦4✱ ♠>✲ C✉✐♥❛4 45♥❝0♦♥❛4 ❡ ❛445♥❝0♦♥❛4✱ 4✐4!❡♠❛4 ❢♦!♦✈♦❧!❛✐❝♦4 ❡ ❡:❧✐❝♦4✳ ❱■■

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❆❜"#$❛❝#

❈✉""❡♥%❧② %❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥% ✉,❡ ♦❢ ❡♥❡"❣② ✐, ❡,,❡♥%✐❛❧ %♦ ♣"♦♠♦%❡ %❤❡ ❛✇❛"❡♥❡,, ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ❢♦"♠, ♦❢ ♣"♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢"♦♠ ❡♥❞♦❣❡♥♦✉, ,♦✉"❝❡,✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ %❤❡ "❡❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✲ ,✉♠♣%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦,,✐❧ ❢✉❡❧,✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛✐❧② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥%, ♦❢ %❤❡,❡ ❡♥❞♦❣❡♥♦✉, ♣"♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥, ❛% %❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ✐,♦❧❛%❡❞ ✉,❡ ♦" %❤❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡♠❡♥% ♦❢ %❤❡✐" ✉,❛❣❡ ❢♦" ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❛%✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡①✐,%✐♥❣ ♥❡%✇♦"❦, "❡♣"❡,❡♥%, ❛♥ ✐♠♣"♦✈❡♠❡♥% ✐♥ %❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣% ♦❢ ❛ ❛❝%✉❛❧ ❞❡❝❡♥%"❛❧✐③❡❞ ♣"♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥✱ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ %♦ %❤❡ ♥❡❡❞ %♦ ✐♠♣"♦✈❡ %❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐%✐♦♥, ❢♦" ✐♥%❡"❝♦♥♥❡❝%✐♥❣ ,♠❛❧❧ ♣"♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥, %♦ %❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♥❡%✇♦"❦✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣% ♦❢ ,✉♣♣❧✐❡" ♣"♦❞✉❝❡"✱ ❛,,♦❝✐❛%❡❞ ✇✐%❤ ♠✐❝"♦❣"✐❞,✱ ✐, ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❡❞✱ ❜✉% ✐❞❡❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐%✐♦♥, ❢♦" ♦❢ ✐♥%❡"❝♦♥♥❡❝%✐♦♥ ❝❛♥✁% ❜❡ "✉❧❡❞ ♦✉%✱ ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ❣✉❛"❛♥%❡❡✐♥❣ %❤❡ ,✉♣♣❧② ♦❢ ❡♥❡"❣② ✐♥ %❤❡ ❜❡,% ❝♦♥❞✐%✐♦♥,✱ ❛♥❞ %❤✐, ,❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦% ❞✐,%✉"❜ ♦" ✉♥❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ %❤❡ ,%❛❜✐❧✐%② ♦❢ ❡♥❡"❣② ♥❡%✇♦"❦,✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦"♠, ❢♦" ✈❡"✐❢②✐♥❣ ✐♥%❡"❝♦♥♥❡❝%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ,%❛❜✐❧✐%② ❝♦♥❞✐%✐♦♥, ❛"❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❢"♦♠ ♠❛%❤❡♠❛%✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧, ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♣"♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ,②,%❡♠, ❛, ✇❡❧❧ ❛, ❢"♦♠ ❡♥❡"❣② ♥❡%✇♦"❦,✳ ❚♦ ✐♠♣"♦✈❡ %❤❡ ✇❛②, ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②,✐♥❣ %❤✐, %②♣❡ ♦❢ ❢✉♥❝%✐♦♥❛❧✐%✐❡,✱ %❤❡ ✉,❡ ♦❢ ,♦❢%✇❛"❡ %❤❛% ❣❡♥❡"❛%❡, ♠❛%❤❡♠❛%✐❝❛❧ "♦✉%✐♥❡, ✐, ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥%❛❧ ❢♦" ✈❡"✐✜❝❛%✐♦♥ ✐♥ %❤❡♦"❡%✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥%❡①%✳ ❚❤❡ ,♦❢%✇❛"❡ ✉,❡❞ ✐♥ %❤✐, ❞✐,,❡"%❛%✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ %❤❡ ❆❚A ✇✐%❤ ❆❚A❉"❛✇ ❣"❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ❡♥✲ ✈✐"♦♥♠❡♥%✱ %♦ ✈❡"✐❢② ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉", ♦✈❡" %✐♠❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ %❤❡ %"❛♥,✐❡♥% ❡✛❡❝%, ❞❡"✐✈❡❞ ❢"♦♠ ,✇✐%❝❤✐♥❣ ❧♦❛❞,✱ ❧✐♥❡, ♦" ♥❡%✇♦"❦,✳ ❚❤✉,✱ %❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝%✐✈❡ ♦❢ %❤✐, ❞✐,,❡"%❛%✐♦♥ ✐, ❞✐"❡❝%❡❞ %♦ %❤❡ ,%✉❞② ♦❢ %"❛♥,✐❡♥% ✈❛"✐✲ ❛%✐♦♥, ✐♥ ❝✐"❝✉♠,%❛♥❝❡, ♦❢ ❝♦♥♥❡❝%✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛,,✐❣♥♠❡♥% ♦❢ ❡♥❡"❣② ♣"♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ,②,%❡♠, %♦ ❞❡❝❡♥%"❛❧✐③❡❞ ♥❡%✇♦"❦,✱ %♦ ✇♦"❦ ✐♥ ♠✐❝"♦❣"✐❞,✳ ■% ✐, ❛❧,♦ ✈❡"✐✜❡❞ %❤❡ ♣"♦❞✉❝%✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♥❡"❣② ❜② "❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ,♦✉"❝❡,✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ♣❤♦%♦✈♦❧%❛✐❝✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐♥❞ ,②,%❡♠,✳ ❚❤❡ ,%✉❞② ♦❢ ✇✐♥❞ ,②,%❡♠, ✐, ❞♦♥❡ %❤"♦✉❣❤ %❤❡ ❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ,②♥❝❤"♦♥♦✉, ❛♥❞ ❛,②♥❝❤"♦♥♦✉, ❡❧❡❝✲ %"✐❝ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡,✱ ❜❛,❡❞ ♦♥ ,✐♠✉❧❛%❡❞ ,♦❢%✇❛"❡ ♠♦❞❡❧,✱ ❝♦♥,✐❞❡"❡❞ ❝♦♥%"♦❧❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ %❡"♠, ♦❢ ❢"❡F✉❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ✈♦❧%❛❣❡✱ ✐♠♣"♦✈✐♥❣ %❤❡ "❡❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐%✐♦♥, ♦❢ ❝♦✉♣❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥%❡"❝♦♥♥❡❝%✐♦♥✳ ❑❡②✇♦%❞'✿ A♦✇❡" ♠✐❝"♦❣"✐❞,✱ ❊▼❚A✴❆❚A✱ %"❛♥,✐❡♥% ❛♥❛❧②,✐,✱ ,②♥❝❤"♦♥♦✉, ❛♥❞ ❛,②♥❝❤"♦♥♦✉, ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡,✱ ♣❤♦%♦✈♦❧%❛✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✇✐♥❞ ,②,%❡♠,✳ ■❳

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(13)

▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉*❛"

✷✳✶ ❘❡♣&❡'❡♥)❛+,♦ ❞❛ ♣&♦❞✉+,♦ ❝❡♥)&❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✈' ♣&♦❞✉+,♦ ❞✐')&✐❜✉6❞❛ ❬✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ❛✮;&❡✈✐',♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥'✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡&❣✐❛ ✷✵✹✵✱ ❡'❝❛❧❛ A✉❛)&✐❧✐,♦ ❇❚❯❬✷❪✳ ❜✮;&❡✈✐',♦

❞❡ ♣&♦❞✉+,♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡&❣✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛'❡ &❡♥♦✈E✈❡❧✱ ❡'❝❛❧❛ ❜✐❧✐F❡' ❦❲❤❬✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ■♥)❡&❧✐❣❛+,♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥E&✐♦' ❞❡ ♣&♦❞✉+,♦ '✉')❡♥)E✈❡❧ ♥✉♠❛ ♠✐❝&♦&&❡❞❡ ❬✹❪✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❆&A✉✐)❡)✉&❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▼✐❝&♦&&❡❞❡ ❊❯❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✺ ❆&A✉✐)❡)✉&❛ )✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝&♦&&❡❞❡ ❈❊❘❚❙ ❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✻ ❆&A✉✐)❡)✉&❛ )✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝&♦&&❡❞❡ ❊❯ ❝♦♠ ▼●❈❈ ❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✼ ❈♦♥)&♦❧♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡&❣✐❛ &❡❛)✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ &❡❣✉❧❛+,♦ ❞❛ )❡♥',♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✽ ❈♦♥)&♦❧♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡&❣✐❛ ❛)✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ &❡❣✉❧❛+,♦ ❞❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♥❣✉❧❛&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✾ ❉✐&❡)&✐③❡' ❞❛ ♥♦&♠❛ ■❊❊❊ ✶✺✹✼ ❬✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✶ ❘❡♣&❡'❡♥)❛+,♦ ❞❡ ♣❛&W♠❡)&♦' ❞✐')&✐❜✉6❞♦'✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❈✐&❝✉✐)♦ ❡A✉✐✈❛❧❡♥)❡ ❞❡ &❡♣&❡'❡♥)❛+,♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❛&W♠❡)&♦' ❞✐')&✐✲

❜✉6❞♦'✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ ;❛&W♠❡)&♦' ❞❛' ❧✐♥❤❛' ❡♠ ❆❚;❉&❛✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛&❛+,♦ ❞❡ )&❛♥'✐)Z&✐♦' '✐♠✉❧❛❞♦' ❡♠ ;■ ✈' ;❛&W♠❡)&♦' ❉✐')&✐❜✉6❞♦' ✷✾ ✸✳✺ ❚✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛' ❞❡ )✉&❜✐♥❛' ❡Z❧✐❝❛' ❡ &❡'♣❡)✐✈❛' ✐♥)❡&❧✐❣❛+F❡' ❬✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✻ ❉✐❛❣&❛♠❛ ❞❡ '✐♠✉❧❛+,♦ ❞♦ ✈❡♥)♦ ❡♠ ❆❚;✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✼ ❱❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ✈❡♥)♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❛♣Z' ❛♣❧✐❝❛+,♦ ❞❛' ♣❡&)✉&❜❛+F❡'✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✽ ❊')&✉)✉&❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦' ✈❡♥)♦' ❡ ❞❛ ♣♦)]♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❜✐♥E&✐♦ ♠❡❝W♥✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❆❚;❉&❛✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✾ ❘❡♣&❡'❡♥)❛+,♦ ❞❛ ;♦)]♥❝✐❛ ▼❡❝W♥✐❝❛ ✈' ❇✐♥E&✐♦ ▼❡❝W♥✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✵ ❊')&✉)✉&❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝^❧✉❧❛ ❢♦)♦✈♦❧)❛✐❝❛❬✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✶✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛+,♦ ❞❡ ❝^❧✉❧❛ ❢♦)♦✈♦❧)❛✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❆❚;✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✷ ❘❡♣&❡'❡♥)❛+,♦ ❣&E✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛&✐❛+,♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❝✐❞]♥❝✐❛ ♥✉♠❛ ❝^❧✉❧❛ ❢♦)♦✲

✈♦❧)❛✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❆❚;✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✸ ❈♦♥✈❡&'♦& ❆❈✲❉❈ ❡ ■♥✈❡&'♦& ❉❈✲❆❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✹ ❊')&✉)✉&❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ '✐♠✉❧❛+,♦ ❝♦♥✈❡&'♦& ❆❈✲❉❈✲❆❈ ❡♠ ❆❚;❉&❛✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛+,♦ ❣&E✜❝❛✿ ❊◆❚❘❆❉❆ ✲ ❈❖◆❱❊❘❙➹❖ ✲ ❘❊❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ✲

❙❆❮❉❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶✻ ▼EA✉✐♥❛ '6♥❝&♦♥❛ ✲ )✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡❧^)&✐❝❛ ❬✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✶✼ ❊')&✉)✉&❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♠EA✉✐♥❛ '6♥❝&♦♥❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✽ ❙✐')❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥)&♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐)❛+,♦ ✲ ▼EA✉✐♥❛ ❙6♥❝&♦♥❛ ❬✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

(14)

✸✳✶✾ ❙✐♠✉❧❛*+♦ ❝♦♥/0♦❧♦ /❡♥2+♦ ❡♠ ❆❚5❉0❛✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✷✵ ❙✐♠✉❧❛*+♦ ❣0=✜❝❛ ❝♦♥/0♦❧♦ ❆❱❘✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷✶ ❆❥✉2/❡ ❞❛ ❢0❡E✉F♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ 0❡❞❡ ❬✶✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛*+♦ ❣0=✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥/0♦❧♦ ❞❛ ❢0❡E✉F♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷✸ ❙✐2/❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥/0♦❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦/F♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❝K♥✐❝❛✴❜✐♥=0✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✹ ❈♦♥/0♦❧♦ ♣0♦♣♦0❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❜✐♥=0✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷✺ ❊2/0✉/✉0❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥❝0♦♥❛ ❬✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✻ ▼=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥❝0♦♥❛ ✲ /✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡❧T/0✐❝❛ ❬✶✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷✼ ❘❡♣0❡2❡♥/❛*+♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥❝0♦♥❛ ❡♠ ❆❚5❉0❛✇✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❲✐♥❞2②♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷✽ ❙✐♠✉❧❛*+♦ ❣0=✜❝❛ ❡♥❡0❣✐❛ ✲ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥❝0♦♥❛ ✲ ❆❚5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣0❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐2/0✐❜✉✐*+♦ ❞❛ 0❡❞❡ ■❊❊❊ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛*+♦ ❞❛ 0❡❞❡ ■❊❊❊ ✸✵ ❇❛00❛♠❡♥/♦2 ❡♠ ❆❚5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸ ■♥/0♦❞✉*+♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♥/❡2 ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐2✱ ♣0T✲✐2♦❧❛♠❡♥/♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹ ❊2/❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✲ 5♦✇❡0❲♦0❧❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✺ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥/♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ 2✉❜✲0❡❞❡ ✐2♦❧❛❞❛ ✲ 5♦✇❡0❲♦0❧❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✻ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥/♦ ❞❛ 0❡❞❡ ■❊❊❊ ✸✵ ❇❛00❛♠❡♥/♦2 ❡♠ ♠✐❝0♦00❡❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✼ ❘❡❞❡ ■❊❊❊✲✸✵ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦22✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉2❛0 ❢♦♥/❡2 ✐❞❡❛✐2 ♦✉ ♠♦❞❡❧♦2 ❞❡ ❣❡0❛❞♦0❡2✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐*+♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉/❛*+♦ ❞♦2 ❞✐2❥✉♥/♦0❡2 ❛22♦❝✐❛❞♦2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✽ ❚❡♥2[❡2 ❞❡ ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦2 ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥/0♦❞✉*+♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♥/❡2 2Q♥❝0♦♥❛2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✾ ■♥/❡0❧✐❣❛*+♦ ❞❡ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ 2Q♥❝0♦♥❛ ♥♦ ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦ ✷✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✵ 5♦/F♥❝✐❛2 ✐♥❥❡/❛❞❛2 ♥♦ ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦ ✷✶ ❡ ✷✷ ❡♠ 2✐♠✉❧❛*+♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✶ ❉❡2❡E✉✐❧Q❜0✐♦2 ♣♦0 ♥+♦ ❡①✐2/✐0 ❝♦♥/0♦❧♦ ❞❛ ❢0❡E✉F♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✷ ❋0❡E✉F♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦ ✶✹ ❡ ✷✷ ❡♠ /0❛♥2✐/]0✐♦2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✸ ❚❡♥2[❡2 ♥♦2 ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦2 ✶✹ ❡ ✷✶ ❡♠ /0❛♥2✐/]0✐♦2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✹ ■♥/❡0❧✐❣❛*+♦ ❞❛ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥❝0♦♥❛ ^ ♠✐❝0♦00❡❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✶✺ ❚❡♥2+♦ ♥♦2 ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦2 ✶✹ ❡ ✷✶ ❝♦♠ ❧✐❣❛*+♦ ❞❡ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥❝0♦♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶✻ ❋0❡E✉F♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠✐❝0♦00❡❞❡ ✈✐2/❛ ♥♦ ❜❛00❛♠❡♥/♦ ✶✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✶✼ ❉T❜✐/♦ ❞❡ ♣♦/F♥❝✐❛2 ❢♦0♥❡❝✐❞❛2 ♣❡❧♦ ❣❡0❛❞♦0 ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥✲ ❝0♦♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✶✽ ❉T❜✐/♦ ❞❡ ♣♦/F♥❝✐❛2 ❢♦0♥❡❝✐❞❛2 ♣❡❧❛ ♠=E✉✐♥❛ ❛22Q♥❝0♦♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ❳■■

(15)

▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛"

✷✳✶ ❇❡♥❡❢'❝✐♦+ ❡ ✐♠♣❛❝/♦+ ❞❛ ❣❡2❛34♦ ❞✐+/2✐❜✉'❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛34♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛+ ❞❡ /2❛♥+♠✐++4♦ ❬✶✹❪ ❬✶✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ▼❛/2✐③ ❞❡ /2❛♥+❢♦2♠❛34♦ ✲ ❈❧❛2❦❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✸ ▼❛/2✐③ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ✲ ❈❧❛2❦❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹ ❱❛❧♦2❡+ ❛♥❣✉❧❛2❡+ αij ❞❛ ♠FG✉✐♥❛ +'♥❝2♦♥❛ ❞❡ '♠❛♥❡+ ♣❡2♠❛♥❡♥/❡+ ❬✾❪✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✶ ❊①♣❧✐❝❛34♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉2❛ ✹✳✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷ ❊①♣❧✐❝❛34♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉2❛ ✹✳✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✸ ❱❛❧♦2❡+ ❞❡ /❡♥+L❡+ ❡♠ +✐/✉❛34♦ /2❛♥+✐/M2✐❛ 2❡❢❡2❡♥/❡ N ✜❣✉2❛ ✹✳✶✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ❆✳✶ ❇❛22❛♠❡♥/♦+ ■❊❊❊ ✲ ✸✵ ❜❛22❛♠❡♥/♦+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ❆✳✷ ▲✐♥❤❛+ ■❊❊❊ ✲ ✸✵ ❜❛22❛♠❡♥/♦+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❳■■■

(16)
(17)

▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛"

❆❈ ✲ ❆❧"❡$♥❛"✐♥❣ ❈✉$$❡♥" ❆❊$ ✲ ❆♠❡$✐❝❛♥ ❊❧❡❝"$✐❝ .♦✇❡$ ❆❚$ ✲ ❆❧"❡$♥❛"✐✈❡ ❚$❛♥3✐❡♥"3 .$♦❣$❛♠ ❆❱❘ ✲ ❆✉"♦♠❛"✐❝ ❱♦❧"❛❣❡ ❘❡❣✉❧❛"♦$ ❇$❆ ✲ ❇♦♥❡✈✐❧❧❡ .♦✇❡$ ❆❞♠✐♥✐3"$❛"✐♦♥ ❇❚❯ ✲ ❇$✐"✐3❤ ❚❤❡$♠❛❧ ❯♥✐" ❈❉❋ ✲ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❉❛"❛ ❋♦$♠❛" ❈❊❘❚❙ ✲ ❈♦♥3♦$"✐✉♠ ❢♦$ ❊❧❡❝"$✐❝ ❘❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐"② ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❙♦❧✉"✐♦♥3 ❈❖✷ ✲ ❉✐0①✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛6❜♦♥♦ ❉❈ ✲ ❉✐$❡❝" ❈✉$$❡♥" ❉● ✲ ❉✐3"$✐❜✉"❡❞ ●❡♥❡$❛"✐♦♥ ❉▼● ✲ ❉✐3"$✐❜✉"✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥" ❙②3"❡♠ ❊▼❚$ ✲ ❊❧❡"$♦♠❛❣♥❡"✐❝ ❚$❛♥3✐❡♥" .$♦❣$❛♠ ❋$ ✲ ❋$❛♠❡✇♦$❦ .$♦❣$❛♠♠❡3 ■❊❆ ✲ ■♥"❡$♥❛"✐♦♥❛❧ ❊♥❡$❣② ❆❣❡♥❝② ■❊❊❊ ✲ ■♥3"✐"✉"❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝"$✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝"$♦♥✐❝3 ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡$3 ▼●❈❈ ✲ ▼✐❝$♦❣$✐❞ ❈❡♥"$❛❧ ❈♦♥"$♦❧❧❡$ $❙❙ ✲ .♦✇❡$ ❙②3"❡♠ ❙"❛❜✐❧✐3❡$ $❯ ✲ $♦6 ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ $❲▼ ✲ .✉❧3❡✲❲✐❞"❤ ▼♦❞✉❧❛"✐♦♥ ▼❚ ✲ ▼=❞✐❛ ❚❡♥>?♦ ❚❆❈❙ ✲ ❚$❛♥3✐❡♥" ❆♥❛❧②3✐3 ♦❢ ❈♦♥"$♦❧ ❙②3"❡♠3 ❚◆❆ ✲ ❚$❛♥3✐❡♥" ◆❡"✇♦$❦ ❆♥❛❧②3❡$ ❙❊❊ ✲ ❙✐>A❡♠❛ ❊❧=A6✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡6❣✐❛ ❙■ ✲ ❙✐>A❡♠❛ ■♥A❡6♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡> ❳❱

(18)
(19)

❈♦♥#❡%❞♦

❉❡❞✐❝❛&'(✐❛ ■■■ ❆❣(❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥&♦/ ❱ ❘❡/✉♠♦ ❱■■ ❆❜/&(❛❝& ■❳ ▲✐/&❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉(❛/ ❳■■ ▲✐/&❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛/ ❳■■■ ▲✐/&❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛/ ❳❱ ✶ ■♥&(♦❞✉;<♦ ✶ ✷ ❊/&❛❞♦✲❞❛✲❛(&❡ ✺ ✷✳✶ ●❡%❛'(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❋♦%♠❛1 ❞❡ ❣❡%❛'(♦ ❡ ❞✐12%✐❜✉✐'(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✷ ●❡%❛'(♦ ❉✐12%✐❜✉6❞❛ ❡ ❛1 1✉❛1 ✈❛♥2❛❣❡♥1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ▼✐❝%♦%%❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥12✐2✉✐'(♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝%♦%%❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞♦1 ❞❡ ❝♦♥2%♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝%♦%%❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✸ ▼✐❝%♦%%❡❞❡ ❡ 1❡❣✉%❛♥'❛ ♥❛ ✐♥2❡%❧✐❣❛'(♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦%❡1 ❞❡ 1✐12❡♠❛1 ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛;<♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝(♦((❡❞❡ ✷✸ ✸✳✶ ❘❡❞❡1 ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✶✳✶ ▲✐♥❤❛1 ❞❡ 2%❛♥1♠✐11(♦ ✲ ♣❛%F♠❡2%♦1 ❞✐12%✐❜✉6❞♦1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❚%❛♥1❢♦%♠❛'(♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛%❦❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ J ✈❡%✐✜❝❛'(♦ ❞❡ 2%❛♥1✐2L%✐♦1 ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷ ❙✐12❡♠❛1 ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡%1(♦ ♣%✐♠M%✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❙✐12❡♠❛1 ❡L❧✐❝♦1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❙✐12❡♠❛ ❢♦2♦✈♦❧2❛✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♥✈❡%1♦%❡1 ❡❧❡2%L♥✐❝♦1 ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧❛'(♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠MP✉✐♥❛ 16♥❝%♦♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✹✳✶ ▼MP✉✐♥❛ 16♥❝%♦♥❛ ✲ ❈♦♥2%♦❧♦ ❆❱❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧❛'(♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠MP✉✐♥❛ ❛116♥❝%♦♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹ ❆♥D❧✐/❡ ❞❡ ♠✐❝(♦((❡❞❡/ ✐♥&❡(❧✐❣❛❞❛/ ❡ ✐/♦❧❛❞❛/ ✺✸ ✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛'(♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ %❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐12%✐❜✉✐'(♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷ ❘❡❞❡ ✐♥2❡%❧✐❣❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❞❡ ✐1♦❧❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛'(♦ ❞❡ %❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦1 ❞❡ ♠MP✉✐♥❛1 16♥❝%♦♥❛1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ❳❱■■

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✹✳✺ ❘❡❞❡ ✐'♦❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❣❡.❛❞♦. ❛''/♥❝.♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'(❡' ❡ *+❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢✉*✉+♦ ✻✾ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'5❡' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷ 8.♦♣♦':❛' ❞❡ :.❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢✉:✉.♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣+❛✜❛ ✼✸ ❆ ❘❡❞❡ ■❊❊❊✲✸✵ ✼✾ ❆✳✶ ■❊❊❊✲✸✵ ✲ ❇❛..❛♠❡♥:♦' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ❆✳✷ ■❊❊❊ ✸✵ ✲ ▲✐♥❤❛' ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ❇ ❈?❞✐❣♦' ❢♦♥*❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦' ❡♠ ❆❚B ✽✶ ❇✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ '✐♠✉❧❛IJ♦ ❞♦ ✈❡♥:♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ❇✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ '✐♠✉❧❛IJ♦ ❞♦ ✈❡♥:♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ❇✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥:.♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❢.❡L✉M♥❝✐❛ ♣❛.❛ ♠NL✉✐♥❛ '/♥❝.♦♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❳❱■■■

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❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✶

■♥$+♦❞✉-.♦

❆ ♣"❡♦❝✉♣❛()♦ ❝"❡*❝❡♥,❡ ❝♦♠ ❛* ❛❧,❡"❛(/❡* ❝❧✐♠1,✐❝❛* ,❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥*❡2✉3♥❝✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦" ♣"♦❝✉"❛ ❞❡ *♦❧✉(/❡* 2✉❡ ♣❡"♠✐,❛♠ "❡❞✉③✐" ❛ ❡♠✐**)♦ ❞❡ ❣❛*❡* ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐,♦ ❞❡ ❡*,✉❢❛✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥,❡ ❞❡ ❈❖✷✱ ❛,"❛✈=* ❞❛ "❡❞✉()♦ ❞♦ ✉*♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉*,?✈❡✐* ❢@**❡✐*✱ ❡♥,"❡ ♦* 2✉❛✐* ♦ ♣❡,"@❧❡♦✱ ♦ ❝❛"✈)♦ ❡ ♦ ❣1* ♥❛,✉"❛❧✳ ❆ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥,❛()♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛*✱ ♦✉ ,❡♥,❛,✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛" ❡♠ ♣"1,✐❝❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛* ♠❡❞✐❞❛* ♣❛"❛ "❡❞✉()♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥*✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛ ♣"♦✈❡♥✐❡♥,❡ ❞❡ ❢♦♥,❡* ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛ ❢@**✐❧✱ ❧❡✈❛ B ❛♣❧✐❝❛()♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛* ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥,✐✈♦ ❡ ♣"♦♠♦()♦ ❞❡ ✉,✐❧✐③❛()♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛* "❡♥♦✈1✈❡✐* ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥,♦ ❞❛ ❡✜❝✐3♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ *✐*,❡♠❛ ❡ ♥♦* ✉*♦* ✜♥❛✐* ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛*❡ ❡♠ ❣"❛♥❞❡* ♦❜❥❡,✐✈♦* ❛ ❯♥✐)♦ ❊✉"♦♣❡✐❛✱ "❡♣"❡*❡♥,❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ G❛"❧❛♠❡♥,♦ ❊✉"♦♣❡✉✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛()♦ ❡♥,"❡ ♦* ❡*,❛❞♦* ♠❡♠❜"♦*✱ ♣"♦♣/❡ ♠❡,❛* ❛♦ ♥?✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♣"♦❞✉()♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛✱ ♣"♦✈❡♥✐❡♥,❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛* "❡♥♦✈1✈❡✐*✱ *❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐* "❡❝❡♥,❡ ❛ 2✉❡ ♣"❡,❡♥❞❡ 2✉❡ ❛,= ✷✵✸✵✱ ♦ ❝♦♥*✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛ "❡♥♦✈1✈❡❧ *❡❥❛ *✉♣❡"✐♦" ❛ ✸✺%✱ ❞♦ ❝♦♥*✉♠♦ ,♦,❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛ ✶ ◆♦ ❝♦♥,❡①,♦ ❞❛ ♣"♦❝✉"❛ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥,♦ ❞❛ ❡✜❝✐3♥❝✐❛ ❡♥❡"❣=,✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥,♦ ❞❛ ♣❡♥❡,"❛()♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡"❣✐❛* "❡♥♦✈1✈❡✐*✱ = ♥❡❝❡**1"✐♦ ❛❧,❡"❛" ♦ ♣❛"❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❛♠❡♥,♦ ❡ ♦♣❡"❛()♦ ❞❛* "❡❞❡* ❡❧=,"✐❝❛*✱ 2✉❡ ❞❡✈❡")♦ ❣❛♥❤❛" ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦"♠❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦" *❡ ❛❞❛♣,❛"❡♠ B* ❝❛"❛❝,❡"?*,✐❝❛* ❡*♣❡❝?✜❝❛* ❞❛* ♥♦✈❛* ❢♦"♠❛* ❞❡ ♣"♦❞✉()♦ ❡ ❝♦♥*✉♠♦✳ ◆❡*,❡ O♠❜✐,♦✱ ✈1"✐♦* ✐♥✈❡*,✐❣❛❞♦"❡* ,3♠ ✈✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♣"♦♣♦" ✉♠❛ "❡♦"❣❛♥✐③❛()♦ ❞♦ *✐*,❡♠❛ ❡❧=,"✐❝♦✱ ✐♥,"♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐,♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝"♦""❡❞❡* ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦"♠❛* ❞❡ ♣❡"♠✐,✐" ❛ ❣❡*,)♦ ✐*♦❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣❛",❡* ❞❛ "❡❞❡ 2✉❡ ♣♦**❛♠ ♣♦" ❡**❛ ✈✐❛ ♠❡❧❤♦" *❡ ❛❞❛♣,❛" B* ✈❛"✐❛(/❡* ❞❡❝♦""❡♥,❡* ❞❛ ✈❛"✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛* ❢♦♥,❡* ❡ ♦✉,"♦* ❢❡♥@♠❡♥♦*✱ ♣"♦❝✉"❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥,"✐❜✉✐" ♣❛"❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦" "❡*✐❧✐3♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ *✐*,❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ,♦❞♦✳ ✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥,♦ ❞❛* ♥❡❝❡**✐❞❛❞❡* ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥,❛()♦ ❞❡ *✐*,❡♠❛* ❝♦♥,"♦❧❛❞♦* ❞❡ ✶❤!!♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡✉)♦♣❛)❧✳❡✉)♦♣❛✳❡✉✴♣♦)!❛❧✴♣!

(22)

❛❧✐♠❡♥&❛'(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛✱ ♣+♦✈❡♥✐❡♥&❡0 ❞❡ 0✐0&❡♠❛0 ✐0♦❧❛❞♦0 ❞❡ ♣+♦❞✉'(♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥0❡+'(♦ 3 +❡❞❡ ❬✶✻❪✱ 8 ❡①✐❣✐❞❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡00✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❡+✐✜❝❛+ 0❡ ❛0 +❡❞❡0 ❞❡ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛ ❡ 0✐0&❡♠❛0 ❡①✐0&❡♥&❡0✱ ❣❛+❛♥&❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❣✉❡♥&❛+ ❛ 0✉❛ ❛✉&♦✲0✉0&❡♥&❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ ❝❛0♦0 ❞❡ ❡①✐0&=♥❝✐❛ >♥✐❝❛ ❡ 0✐♠♣❧❡0♠❡♥&❡ ❞❡ 0✐0&❡♠❛0 ✐0♦❧❛❞♦0 ❞❡ ♣+♦❞✉'(♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛0 ❞❡ ♠✐❝+♦++❡❞❡0 ❬✶✼❪✳

❈♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉'(♦ ❞❡ 0♦❢&✇❛+❡0 ❝♦♠♣✉&❛❝✐♦♥❛✐0✱ D✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥&❛'(♦ ❞❡ 0✐0✲ &❡♠❛0 ❡ +♦&✐♥❛0 ♠❛&❡♠F&✐❝❛0 ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛0 ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥&❛'G❡0 ♣♦❞❡♠ 0❡+ 0✐♠✉❧❛❞❛0 ❞❡ ❢♦+♠❛ ♠❛✐0 0✐♠♣❧❡0✳ ❆ ❢♦+♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥&❛'(♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❣+❛♥❞❡ ♣♦&❡♥❝✐❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡0&(♦✱ 0✐♠✉❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦+&❛♠❡♥&♦0 ❞❡ +❡❞❡0 ❞❡ ❞✐0&+✐❜✉✐'(♦ ❡♠ +❡❣✐♠❡ ❡0&❛❝✐♦♥F+✐♦ ❡ ♦0 ♠❡0♠♦0 ❡❢❡✐&♦0 ❡♠ +❡❣✐♠❡0 &+❛♥0✐&I+✐♦0✱ ♦✉ 0❡❥❛✱ ✈❡+✐✜❝❛'G❡0 ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛&✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡0 ❡ ❡0&❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡0 ♥❛0 ❧✐♥❤❛0 ❞❡ ❞✐0&+✐❜✉✐'(♦✱ ❞❡ &+❛♥0♣♦+&❡ ♦✉ ♠❡0♠♦ ❡♠ ✐♥&❡+❧✐❣❛'G❡0 ❞❡ 0✐0&❡♠❛0 ❞❡ ♣+♦❞✉'(♦ ❞❡0❝❡♥&+❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛0 ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡0 ❞❡ ♠✐❝+♦✲♣+♦❞✉'(♦✳

❖ 0♦❢&✇❛+❡ ❞❡ 0✐♠✉❧❛'(♦ ❆❧"❡$♥❛"✐✈❡ ❚$❛♥*✐❡♥"* +$♦❣$❛♠ ✭❆❚O✮✱ ✈❡+0(♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠Q♥✐♦ ♣>❜❧✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❊❧❡"$♦♠❛❣♥❡"✐❝ ❚$❛♥*✐❡♥" +$♦❣$❛♠ ✭❊▼❚O✮✱ ❡ ♦ ❆❚O❉+❛✇✱ ❬✶✽❪ 0(♦ ❢❡++❛✲ ♠❡♥&❛0 ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♣♦&❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛+❛ ♦ ❞❡0❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡ 0✐♠✉❧❛'G❡0 ❞❡ +❡❞❡0 ❞❡ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛ ❡❧8&+✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥&❡♥❞♦ ✐♥>♠❡+♦0 ♠♦❞❡❧♦0✱ ♠✉✐&♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦0✱ ❞♦0 ❞✐✈❡+0♦0 ❡❧❡♠❡♥&♦0 D✉❡ ❝♦♠♣G❡♠ ♦ 0✐0&❡♠❛✱ ❡ ♣♦00✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥&+♦❞✉'(♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦0 ♠♦❞❡❧♦0✱ ❛00✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❧♦❝♦0 ❞❡ ❝♦♥&+♦❧♦✱ ♣❡+♠✐&✐♥❞♦ ❞❡0&❛ ❢♦+♠❛ 0✐♠✉❧❛+ ✉♠ ❣+❛♥❞❡ ♥>♠❡+♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥I♠❡♥♦0✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❣+❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳

❖0 ♦❜❥❡&✐✈♦0 ❡00❡♥❝✐❛✐0 ❞❡0&❛ ❞✐00❡+&❛'(♦✱ 0❡+(♦ ❛00✐♠ &❡0&❛+ ❞❡ ❢♦+♠❛ 0✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝+♦++❡❞❡0 ❡ ♦0 ❢❡♥I♠❡♥♦0 ❞❡❝♦++❡♥&❡0 ❞❛0 0✉❛0 ♠❛♥♦❜+❛0 ❞❡ ✐♥&❡+✲ ❧✐❣❛'(♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ +❡❞❡✱ ♣❡+♠✐&✐♥❞♦ &❛♠❜8♠ ❛❞D✉✐+✐+ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡+✐=♥❝✐❛ ♠✉✐&♦ ✐♠♣♦+&❛♥&❡ ♥♦ ✉0♦ ❞❡0&❡ &✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢❡++❛♠❡♥&❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳

❉❡ ❢♦+♠❛ ❛ ✐♥&❡+♣+❡&❛+ ❛ ♦+❣❛♥✐③❛'(♦ ❞❡0&❡ &+❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✈❡+✐✜❝❛✲0❡ ♣❛+❛ ❛❧8♠ ❞❡0&❡ ❝❛♣Q&✉❧♦ ✐♥&+♦❞✉&I+✐♦✱ ✉♠ &♦&❛❧ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❛♣Q&✉❧♦0✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡0❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥&♦ ❞♦ &+❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡❧❛❜♦+❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣Q&✉❧♦ ✷ 0❡+(♦ ❛❜♦+❞❛❞❛0 ❛0 ❢♦+♠❛0 ❞❡ ❣❡0&(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛✲ ♠❡♥&❡ ❛♦ ♥Q✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♣+♦❞✉'(♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❞✐0&+✐❜✉✐'(♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦0 ❞♦✐0 &✐♣♦0 ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥&❛✐0✱ ❛ ❣❡+❛'(♦ ❝❡♥&+❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❞✐0&+✐❜✉Q❞❛✱ ❡ 0❡+(♦ ❞❡0❝+✐&♦0 ♦0 &✐♣♦0 ❞❡ ♠✐❝+♦++❡❞❡0 ❡ ♦0 ❝♦♥&+♦✲ ❧♦0 ❛♣❧✐❝F✈❡✐0 ❛♦ ♥Q✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❣❡0&(♦ ❡ ❞❛ 0✉❛ ✐♥&❡+❧✐❣❛'(♦✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❛0 ♥♦+♠❛0 ❛♣❧✐❝F✈❡✐0✳ ❖ ❝❛♣Q&✉❧♦ ✸✱ ❛❜♦+❞❛ ❛0 ❢♦+♠❛0 ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛'(♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝+♦++❡❞❡✱ +❡❛❧'❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜❛0❡ ♣❛+❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥&❛'(♦ ❡♠ 0✐0&❡♠❛0 ❞❡ 0✐♠✉❧❛'(♦✱ ♣+♦❝✉+❛♥❞♦ ❞❡0❡♥✈♦❧✈❡+ ❛0 ❜❛0❡0 &❡I+✐❝❛0 ❞❡ &+❛♥0♣♦+&❡ ❡ ❞✐0&+✐❜✉✐'(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛✱ ❡ 0❡+(♦ ✐♥&❡+♣+❡&❛❞♦0 ♦0 ♠♦❞❡❧♦0 ❞❡ 0✐0&❡♠❛0 ❢♦&♦✈♦❧&❛✐❝♦0 ❞❡ ♣+♦❞✉'(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛ ❡ ♦0 0✐0&❡♠❛0 ❡I❧✐❝♦0✱ ✐♥&❡+❧✐❣❛❞♦0 ♠❡❝❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥&❡ ❛ ♠FD✉✐♥❛0 ❡❧8&+✐❝❛0 0Q♥❝+♦♥❛0 ❡ ❛00Q♥❝+♦♥❛0✱ ♣❛+❛ ♣+♦❞✉'(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡+❣✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣Q&✉❧♦ ✹ 0❡+F ❢❡✐&❛ ❛ ❞❡0❝+✐'(♦ ❞❡ &♦❞♦0 ♦0 0✐0&❡♠❛0 0✐♠✉❧❛❞♦0✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✐♥&❡+❧✐❣❛'G❡0✱ ❡ ❛ ❢♦+♠❛

(23)

❞❡ ♦# ♠♦❞❡❧❛' ❡♠ ❆❚*✳ ◆❡#-❡ ❝❛♣0-✉❧♦ #❡'2♦ -❛♠❜4♠ ❞❡♠♦♥#-'❛❞♦# ♦# '❡#✉❧-❛❞♦# ❞❛# #✐♠✉❧❛78❡#✱ ❛♣'❡#❡♥-❛♥❞♦ ♦# '❡#✉❧-❛❞♦# ♦❜-✐❞♦# ♥❛ ✐♥-❡'❧✐❣❛72♦ ❞❡ #✐#-❡♠❛#✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❛❧-❡'❛78❡# ♦✉ ❡#-❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡# -'❛♥#✐-<'✐❛# ♥❛ '❡❞❡ ❡❧4-'✐❝❛ ❡#-✉❞❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣0-✉❧♦ ✺✱ #2♦ ❞❡#❝'✐-❛# ❝♦♥❝❧✉#8❡# ❞♦ -'❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡#❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳

(24)
(25)

❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✷

❊*$❛❞♦✲❞❛✲❛-$❡

✷✳✶ ●❡%❛'(♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛

❆!✉❛❧♠❡♥!❡ ❡①✐*!❡ ✉♠❛ ❝,❡*❝❡♥!❡ ❛❧!❡,❛-.♦ ❞❛ ❢♦,♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦,❛-.♦ ❞♦ ❙✐*!❡♠❛ ❊❧5!,✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡,❣✐❛✱ !❛♥!♦ ❛♦ ♥8✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♣,♦❞✉-.♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ *✉❛ ❞✐*!,✐❜✉✐-.♦✳ ❆ !8♣✐❝❛ ♣,♦❞✉-.♦ ❝❡♥!,❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❡*!= ❛ *❡, *✉❜*!✐!✉8❞❛ ❛!,❛✈5* ❞❛ ♣❡>✉❡♥❛ ❣❡,❛-.♦ ❞✐**❡♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ,❡❞❡✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❡,❛-.♦ ❞✐*!,✐❜✉8❞❛✳ ❆ ❣❡,❛-.♦ ❞✐*!,✐❜✉8❞❛ 5 ❝♦♥*!✐!✉8❞❛ ♣♦, ♣,♦❞✉-@❡* ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛* ♠❛✐* ♣,A①✐♠♦ ❞♦* ,❡*♣❡!✐✈♦* ❝♦♥*✉♠✐❞♦,❡*✱ >✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ !,❛③❡, ✈❛♥!❛❣❡♥* ♥♦✲ ♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥!❡ ❛♦ ♥8✈❡❧ ❞❛* ♣❡,❞❛*✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ !❡, ❛ ♣♦**✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡>✉❡♥❛* ♣❛,!❡* ❞❛ ,❡❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛, ❞❡ ❢♦,♠❛ ✐*♦❧❛❞❛✱ ,❡*✐*!✐♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦, ❛ ❡✈❡♥!✉❛✐* ❢❡♥A♠❡♥♦* ❛❞✈❡,*♦*✱ ♠❛* ♥.♦ ♦❜*!❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡*✈❛♥!❛❣❡♥* ❛ ❡①✐*!D♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦* ✐♥✈❡,!✐❞♦*✱ ❝♦♠♣,♦♠❡!❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥!♦ ❞❛* ♣,♦!❡-@❡* ❬✶✾❪✳ ❆ ✐♥❥❡-.♦ ♠=①✐♠❛ ❛❞♠✐**8✈❡❧ ❛ ,❡❛❧✐③❛, ♣♦, *✐*!❡♠❛* ❡♥❞A❣❡♥♦*✱ ❡♠ ,❡❞❡* ❞❡ ❣❡✲ ,❛-.♦ ❞✐*!,✐❜✉8❞❛✱ *❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ■❊❆ ♣♦❞❡,= ❡*!❛, ❝♦♠♣,❡❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡♥!,❡ ♦* ✶✵ ❡ ♦* ✷✺✵❦❲✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ■❊❊❊ ❛ ✐♥!,♦❞✉-.♦ ♠=①✐♠❛ ♣♦❞❡,= ✐, ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥* ❦❲ ❛!5 ✈=,✐♦* ▼❲ ❬✷✵❪✳ ❆* ♣♦!D♥❝✐❛* ❛**♦❝✐❛❞❛* ♥❡*!❡ !✐♣♦ ❞❡ !✐♣♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣♦, ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♠ *✐*!❡♠❛* *♦❧❛,❡* ❢♦!♦✈♦❧✲ !❛✐❝♦*✱ ❝❡♥!,❛❧✐③❛✲*❡ ❛ ♣❛,!✐, ❞❡ ✶ ❦❲✱ ❞❡ ❢♦,♠❛ ❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥!❛, ,❡❞❡* ❡ ❝❛,❣❛* ❧♦❝❛✐* ♦✉ ♣❛,!❡* ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡!❡,♠✐♥❛❞❛ ,❡❞❡ ❬✷✶❪✳

✷✳✶✳✶ ❋♦%♠❛( ❞❡ ❣❡%❛,-♦ ❡ ❞✐(/%✐❜✉✐,-♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛

❆ ,❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥!❛-.♦ ❞❡ ,❡❞❡* ❝♦♠ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥!♦ ❞❡ *✐*!❡♠❛* ❞❡ ❣❡,❛-.♦ ❞✐*✲ !,✐❜✉8❞❛✱ !❛♠❜5♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦, ❞✐*♣❡,*❛✱ ❞❡*❝❡♥!,❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞❛✱ ❢♦✐ ❡*!✉❞❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦,♠❛ ❛ ❞❛, ,❡*♣♦*!❛ R* ♥❡❝❡**✐❞❛❞❡* ❞❡ ❢❛③❡, ❝❤❡❣❛, ❡♥❡,❣✐❛ ❡❧5!,✐❝❛ R* ③♦♥❛* ♠❛✐* ✺

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❋✐❣✉$❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❘❡♣$❡-❡♥/❛01♦ ❞❛ ♣$♦❞✉01♦ ❝❡♥/$❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✈- ♣$♦❞✉01♦ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉9❞❛ ❬✶❪✳ $✉$❛✐- ♦✉ ③♦♥❛- ♠❛✐- ❞✐-♣❡$-❛-✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛- $❡❞❡- ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡❧>/$✐❝❛ ♥1♦ ❝❤❡❣❛✈❛ ♦✉ ❡$❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥1♦ ✈❛♥/❛❥♦-♦✱ ♠♦/✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦- ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦- ❝✉-/♦- ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥/❛01♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦$✐❛ ❞❛ /❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❝$❡-❝❡♥/❡ ❡✜❝✐C♥❝✐❛ ❞❛- $❡❞❡- ❞❡ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉✐01♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦- ✐♥✈❡-/✐♠❡♥/♦- ❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦$❡- ❢♦$♠❛- ❞❡ /$❛♥-♣♦$/❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡❧>/$✐❝❛✱ ♥♦✲ ♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥/❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥/♦ ❞♦- ♥9✈❡✐- ❞❡ /❡♥-1♦ ♥❛- $❡❞❡- ❞❡ /$❛♥-♣♦$/❡✱ ♠❛♥/❡✈❡✲-❡ ❛ ❣❡$❛01♦ ❝❡♥/$❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦$♠❛ ❣❡$❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉✐01♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛✳ ◆1♦ ♦❜-/❛♥/❡✱ ❛ ♣$♦✲ ❞✉01♦ ❞❡-❝❡♥/$❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥1♦ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❞❡ -❡$ ✉♠ ❢❡♥H♠❡♥♦ ❝$❡-❝❡♥/❡✱ ♣$♦♣♦$❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛-/>❝♥✐❝❛- ❞❡ ❝♦♥/$♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥/❡$❧✐❣❛01♦✱ I✉❡ -❡$1♦ ❞❡-❝$✐/❛- ♥♦- ❝❛♣9/✉❧♦- ✷✳✷✳✶ ❡ ✷✳✷✳✷✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉$❛ ✷✳✶✱ ✈❡$✐✜❝❛✲-❡ ✉♠ ❡-I✉❡♠J/✐❝♦ ❞❛- ❢♦$♠❛- ❞❛- $❡❞❡-✱ ❞❡ ❣❡$❛01♦ ❝❡♥/$❛❧✐✲ ③❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❣❡$❛01♦ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉9❞❛✳ ❆ ❣❡$❛01♦ ❝❡♥/$❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡$J /❡$ ✐♥/❡$❧✐❣❛❞❛ ♥❛- $❡❞❡-❞❡ /$❛♥-♣♦$/❡ ♦✉ ♥❛- $❡$❡❞❡-❞❡- $❡❞❡-❞❡ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉✐01♦✱ -✐-/❡♠❛- $❡❞❡-❞❡ ❣❡$❛01♦ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉9❞❛✳ ❉❡-/❛ ❢♦$♠❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥/❡①/♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡①✐-/❡ ❛ ♣♦--✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥/❡$❧✐❣❛01♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛- ❢♦♥/❡- ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦- -❡✉- ♣❡$❝✉$-♦-✱ $❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♣❡$❞❛- ♥❛ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉✐01♦ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥/❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❛❜❛-/❡❝✐♠❡♥/♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥/♦ ❞❛ ❡-❝❛--❡③ ❞❡ ♣$♦❞✉/♦- ❝♦♠ ❜❛-❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥-✉♠9✈❡✐- ❢H--❡✐-✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛✲ ♠❡♥/❡ ♣❡/$H❧❡♦ ❡ ❝❛$✈1♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♥❡❝❡--J$✐♦ ♣❡-I✉✐-❛$ ♥♦✈❛- ❢♦$♠❛- ❞❡ ♣$♦❞✉01♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛✱ /❛♥/♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡-❝❛--❡③ ❞♦- $❡❝✉$-♦-✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥/♦ ❝$❡-❝❡♥/❡ ❞❛- ♥❡❝❡--✐❞❛❞❡- ❡ ❞♦- ❝♦♥-✉♠♦- ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉$❛ ✷✳✷ ♣♦❞❡♠✲-❡ ✈❡$✐✜❝❛$ ❛- ♣❡$-♣❡/✐✈❛- ❞❡ ❝♦♥-✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡ ❛- ❡-/❛✲ /9-/✐❝❛- ❞❛- ❢♦$♠❛- ❞❡ ❞✐-/$✐❜✉✐01♦ ❞❛ ♣$♦❞✉01♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛$❛/✐✈❛♠❡♥/❡ M ♣$♦❝✉$❛✳ N❡❧❛ ❛♥J❧✐-❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐$✲-❡ I✉❡ ❛ ♣$♦❝✉$❛ ✐$J ❝♦♥/✐♥✉❛$ ❛ ❛✉♠❡♥/❛$✱ ♠❛- I✉❡ -❡ ♣$❡/❡♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡-/❛❜✐❧✐③❛01♦ ❞❛ ♣$♦❞✉01♦ ❝♦♠ $❡❝✉$-♦ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✉-/9✈❡✐- ❢H--❡✐-✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❡/$H❧❡♦ ❡ ♦ ✻

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❛✮ ❜✮ ❋✐❣✉'❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❛✮+'❡✈✐./♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥.✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡'❣✐❛ ✷✵✹✵✱ ❡.❝❛❧❛ 9✉❛:'✐❧✐/♦ ❇❚❯❬✷❪✳ ❜✮+'❡✈✐./♦ ❞❡ ♣'♦❞✉A/♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡'❣✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛.❡ '❡♥♦✈B✈❡❧✱ ❡.❝❛❧❛ ❜✐❧✐C❡. ❦❲❤❬✸❪✳ ❝❛'✈/♦✳ ➱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥:❡✱ 9✉❡ ❛. ❡♥❡'❣✐❛. '❡♥♦✈B✈❡✐. :❡'/♦ 9✉❡ .❡' ❛ ❢♦':❡ ❛♣♦.:❛✱ ♣❛'❛ ❝♦❧♠❛:❛' ❛. ♥❡❝❡..✐❞❛❞❡. ❞❡ ❝♦♥.✉♠♦✱ .❡♥❞♦ ❡.:✐♠❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥:♦ .✐❣♥✐✜❝❛:✐✈♦ ♥♦. ♣'K①✐♠♦. ✷✺ ❛♥♦.✱ :❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥:❡'✐♦'♠❡♥:❡ '❡❢❡'✐❞♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❡'.♣❡:✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐/♦ ❊✉'♦♣❡✐❛✳ ◆❡.:❡ .❡♥:✐❞♦✱ ❛ ✐♥✈❡.:✐❣❛A/♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥:❛A/♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡.:✐♠❡♥:♦. ❡♠ ❡✜❝✐✲ Q♥❝✐❛ ❡♥❡'❣R:✐❝❛ ❛♦ ♥S✈❡❧ ❞❛. ❡♥❡'❣✐❛. '❡♥♦✈B✈❡✐.✱ ♣❡'♠✐:✐'B ✉♠❛ '❡❞✉A/♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥.✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡'❣✐❛ ♣'✐♠B'✐❛✱ '❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❞❡..❛ ❢♦'♠❛ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞Q♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉.:S✈❡✐. ❢K..❡✐. ❬✷✷❪✳ ◆✉♠❛ ❛♥B❧✐.❡ ❞❛. ♣'❡✈✐.C❡. ❞❛ ♣'♦❞✉A/♦ ♣♦' ❜❛.❡ ❞❛ ❡♥❡'❣✐❛ '❡♥♦✈B✈❡❧ ❡ ❛ .✉❛ ♣'❡✈✐./♦ ❞❡ ♣'♦❝✉'❛ ❞❛ ❡♥❡'❣✐❛ ❡❧R:'✐❝❛ ✷✳✷✱ ♦. .✐.:❡♠❛. ❞❡ ❛♣'♦✈❡✐:❛♠❡♥:♦ ❤✐❞'♦❡❧R✲ :'✐❝♦✱ ❜✐♦♠❛..❛ ❡ ❣❡♦:R'♠✐❝♦ :❡♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❛♥:❡' ❛ .✉❛ :❡♥❞Q♥❝✐❛ ❛:✉❛❧✳ ❙❡ ❝♦♠♣❛'❛'♠♦.✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦. ✈❡'✐✜❝❛' 9✉❡ ♦. .✐.:❡♠❛. ❡K❧✐❝♦.✱ ❛:✉❛❧♠❡♥:❡ ❡.:/♦ ❡♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❡①♣❛♥./♦✱ ♣♦.✲ .✐✈❡❧♠❡♥:❡ ♣♦' ✐♥❝❡♥:✐✈♦. ❝'✐❛❞♦. ♣❛'❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥:❛A/♦ ❞♦. ♠❡.♠♦.✱ ❞❡.❡❥❛♥❞♦✲.❡ .❡ .❡❥❛♠ ❝'❡.❝❡♥:❡. ❛:R ✷✵✷✸✳ ❆ ♥S✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡.:❛9✉❡ ❡.:B ♦ ❛♣'♦✈❡✐:❛♠❡♥:♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛.❡ ♥♦ .♦❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❝✐❞Q♥❝✐❛ .♦❧❛'✱ 9✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦'✐❛ ❞❛. :R❝♥✐❝❛. ❞❡ ❢❛❜'✐❝♦ ❡ '❡❞✉A/♦ ❞❡ ❝✉.:♦. ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛A/♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ 9✉❡ .❡❥❛♠ ♦. .✐.:❡♠❛. 9✉❡ ♠❛✐. ♣'♦.♣❡'❡♠ ♥❡.:❛ ♣'❡✈✐./♦ ❛ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣'❛③♦✱ ♣'K①✐♠♦. ✷✵ ❛♥♦.✳ ✼

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❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❇❡♥❡❢,❝✐♦0 ❡ ✐♠♣❛❝3♦0 ❞❛ ❣❡6❛78♦ ❞✐036✐❜✉,❞❛✳ ❇❊◆❊❋■❚ ❈❆❚❊●❖❘■❊❙ ❊♥❡#❣② ❈♦() ❙❛✈✐♥❣( ❙❛✈✐♥❣( ✐♥ ❚#❛♥(♠✐((✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐()#✐❜✉)✐♦♥ ▲♦((❡( ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥❣❡()✐♦♥ ❈♦()( ❉❡❢❡##❡❞ ●❡♥❡#❛)✐♦♥ ❈❛♣❛❝✐)② ❉❡❢❡##❡❞ ❚#❛♥(♠✐((✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐()#✐❜✉)✐♦♥ ❈❛♣❛❝✐)② ❙②()❡♠ ❘❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐)② ❇❡♥❡✜)( =♦✇❡# ◗✉❛❧✐)② ❇❡♥❡✜)( ▲❛♥❞ ❯(❡ ❊✛❡❝)( ❘❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❱✉❧♥❡#❛❜✐❧✐)② )♦ ❚❡##♦#✐(♠ ❉● ❙❡#✈✐❝❡( ❘❡❞✉❝)✐♦♥ ✐♥ =❡❛❦ =♦✇❡# ❘❡D✉✐#❡♠❡♥)( X X X X X X X X =#♦✈✐(✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❆♥❝✐❧❧❛#② ❙❡#✈✐❝❡(✿ ✲ ❖♣❡#❛)✐♦♥ ❘❡(❡#✈❡( ✲ ❘❡❣✉❧❛)✐♦♥ ✲ ❇❧❛❝❦()❛#) ✲ ❘❡❛❝)✐✈❡ =♦✇❡# X X X X X X X X ❊♠❡#❣❡♥❝② =♦✇❡# ❙✉♣♣❧② X X X X

✷✳✷ ▼✐❝%♦%%❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡%❣✐❛

❆0 ♠✐❝6♦66❡❞❡0 08♦ 0✐03❡♠❛0 ❞❡ ❢♦6♥❡❝✐♠❡♥3♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡6❣✐❛ ❡❧;36✐❝❛✱ ✐♥3❡6❧✐❣❛❞❛0 ❞❡ ❢♦6♠❛ 0✐♥❝6♦♥✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ 6❡❞❡0 ❞❡ ❞✐036✐❜✉✐78♦ ♦✉ 0✐♠♣❧❡0♠❡♥3❡ ✐0♦❧❛❞❛0✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦6♠❛ ❛✉3>♥♦♠❛✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐3♦ ❞❡ ❣❡6❛78♦ ❞✐036✐❜✉,❞❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐3♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝6♦66❡❞❡ 3♦6♥❛ ♦0 0✐03❡✲ ♠❛0 ❡❧;36✐❝♦0 ❞❡ ❡♥❡6❣✐❛ ♠❛✐0 ❡✜❝✐❡♥3❡0✱ ♣6♦♣♦6❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛0 ♠❡♥♦6❡0 ♣❡6❞❛0 ❡❧;36✐❝❛0✱ ❡♠ ❝❛0♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛6❛78♦ ❝♦♠ ❛0 6❡❞❡0 ❞❡ ❞✐036✐❜✉✐78♦ ❝❡♥36❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❆♦ ❡①✐03✐6 ✉♠❛ ♣6♦✲ ❞✉78♦ ♠❛✐0 ♣6>①✐♠❛ ❞❛ 0✉❛ ✉3✐❧✐③❛78♦✱ ; ❢❛❝✉❧3❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ 6❡❞✉78♦ ❞❛0 ❡♠✐00C❡0 ❞❡ ❣❛0❡0 ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐3♦ ❞❡ ❡03✉❢❛✱ ♠♦3✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ 6❡❞✉78♦ ❞❛ ♣6♦❞✉78♦ ❛36❛✈;0 ❞❛0 ❝❡♥36❛✐0 ❝♦♥0✐❞❡✲ 6❛❞❛0 ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐0✱ ❝❛6✈8♦✱ ❣E0 ♥❛3✉6❛❧ ❡ ♣❡36>❧❡♦✱ ❥E G✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦6✐❛ ❞❛0 ♠✐❝6♦66❡❞❡0 ❞❡ ♣6♦❞✉78♦ ❝❡♥36❛❧✐③❛❞❛ 08♦ ♣6♦✈❡♥✐❡♥3❡0 ❞❡ ❡♥❡6❣✐❛0 ♦✉ ♠❛3❡6✐❛✐0 ❡♥❞>❣❡♥♦0✱ 6❡♥♦✈E✲ ✈❡✐0✳ ❆ ❡03❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ 0✐03❡♠❛ ❡♥❡6❣;3✐❝♦ ♣♦❞❡6E 0❡6 ❝♦❧♠❛3❛❞♦ ♣♦6 ♠✐❝6♦66❡❞❡0 ❡♠ ❝❛0♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞♦ 0✐03❡♠❛ ♣6✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❜❛03❡❝✐♠❡♥3♦✳ ❆ ♠✐❝6♦66❡❞❡ ♣♦❞❡6E 36❛✲ ❜❛❧❤❛6 ❞❡ ❢♦6♠❛ ✐0♦❧❛❞❛✱ ❞❡0❞❡ G✉❡ ❣❛6❛♥3✐❞❛0 ❛0 ♠❡0♠❛0 ❝♦♥❞✐7C❡0 ❞❡ ❡G✉✐❧,❜6✐♦ ❞❛ 6❡❞❡ ♣6✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ ♥8♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ 6✐0❝♦ ❛ G✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❜❛03❡❝✐♠❡♥3♦ ❞♦0 ❝♦♥0✉♠✐❞♦6❡0 ❧♦❝❛✐0✱ 6✉6❛✐0 ♦✉ ✉6❜❛♥♦0✳ ❆ ✜❣✉6❛ ✷✳✸ 6❡♣6❡0❡♥3❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡G✉❡♥❛ 6❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡6❣✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦0 ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛0 ♣♦00,✈❡✐0 ✐♥3❡6❧✐❣❛7C❡0 ❡♠ ♣♦♥3♦0 ❡0♣❡❝,✜❝♦0 ❞❡ ♣6♦❞✉78♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡6❣✐❛✳ ✾

(30)

❋✐❣✉$❛ ✷✳✸✿ ■♥,❡$❧✐❣❛/0♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥4$✐♦5 ❞❡ ♣$♦❞✉/0♦ 5✉5,❡♥,4✈❡❧ ♥✉♠❛ ♠✐❝$♦$$❡❞❡ ❬✹❪✳

✷✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥&'✐'✉✐*+♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝1♦11❡❞❡

❉❡ ❛❝♦$❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣$♦❥❡,♦5 $❡❝❡♥,❡5 ❬✷✹❪✱ ❛ ❡5,$✉,✉$❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝$♦$$❡❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ 5❡$ ❣❡$✐❞❛ ♣♦$ ✉♠ 5✐5,❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥,$♦❧♦ ❝❡♥,$❛❧✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦$ ♠✐❝#♦❣#✐❞ ❝❡♥)#❛❧ ❝♦♥)#♦❧❧❡# ✭▼●❈❈✮✱ 5❡♥❞♦ ♣$♦♣♦5,❛ ✉♠❛ ❡5,$✉,✉$❛ ❤✐❡$4$F✉✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥,$♦❧♦✳ ❖5 ❡❧❡♠❡♥,♦5 ♠❛✐5 ✐♠♣♦$,❛♥,❡5 ❞❛ ▼●❈❈ ❞❡✈❡$0♦ 5❡$ ✐♥5,❛❧❛❞♦5 ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ,❡♥50♦✱ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠✐❝$♦$$❡❞❡ ❢❛③ ❛ ✐♥,❡$❧✐❣❛/0♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ $❡❞❡ ❞❡ ▼K❞✐❛ ❚❡♥50♦✱ $❡❢♦$/❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❣❡5,0♦ ❞❛5 ♦♣❡$❛/M❡5 ,❛♥,♦ ❞❡ ❢♦$♠❛ ,K❝♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❝♦♥N♠✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ 5❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥P✈❡❧ ❤✐❡$4$F✉✐❝♦✱ K ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♦ ▼●❈❈ ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠✐❝$♦✲❣❡$❛/0♦✱ ❝♦♥,$♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣$♦❞✉/0♦ ❡ ♦5 $❡5♣❡,✐✈♦5 ❛$♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥,♦5✱ F✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐5,❡♥,❡5✳ R♦$ S❧,✐♠♦✱ ♦ ▼●❈❈ K ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ T5 ❝❛$❣❛5 ♦✉ ♣♦55P✈❡✐5 ❝❛$❣❛5 F✉❡ ♣♦❞❡$0♦ ❡5,❛$ ❧✐❣❛❞❛5 T $❡❞❡✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉$❛ ✷✳✹ ❡5,4 $❡♣$❡5❡♥,❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠✐❝$♦$$❡❞❡ ,✐♣♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦5 ❧♦❝❛✐5 ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛/0♦ ❞❡ ▼●❈❈✬5✳ ❖5 ▼●❈❈✬5 ,X♠ ✉♠❛ $❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛/0♦ ❛55♦❝✐❛❞❛✱ ♣❛$❛ ❝♦♥,$♦❧♦ ❞❛5 ♠✐❝$♦$✲ $❡❞❡5 ❡ ❞❛5 ❝❛$❣❛5✱ ♠♦♥✐,♦$✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❡55❛ ❢♦$♠❛ ♦5 ♥P✈❡✐5 ❞❡ ❝♦♥5✉♠♦✱ ❡ ♣$♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♥,❡❝✐♣❛$ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡55✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥5✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛$❣❛5✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝♦$❞Y♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣$♦❞✉/0♦ ♥❡❝❡554$✐❛✱ ♥0♦ 5N ❡♠ ♣$♦❞✉/0♦ ❝♦♥,P♥✉❛ ♦✉ ✐♥,❡$♠✐,❡♥,❡✱ ❡♠ 5✐5,❡♠❛5 ❡N❧✐❝♦5✱ ❢♦,♦✈♦❧✲ ,❛✐❝♦5✱ ❡♥,$❡ ♦✉,$♦5 ❬✷✺❪✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛/0♦ ❡♥,$❡ ♦ ▼●❈❈ ❡ ✉♠ ❉✐-)#✐❜✉)✐♦♥ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥) ❙②-)❡♠ ✭❉▼●✮ ❬✷✻❪✱ $❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡$❛❞♦$✱ K ❣❡$✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦$♠❛ ❛ ,❡$ ❛5 ♣$❡✲ ✈✐5M❡5 ❤✐5,N$✐❝❛5 ❡ $❡❛✐5 ❞❛5 ♥❡❝❡55✐❞❛❞❡5 ❞❛ $❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐5,$✐❜✉✐/0♦✱ ♣$♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♦♣❡$❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥,$❡ ♦5 ✐♥,❡$✈❡♥✐❡♥,❡5✱ ,❛♥,♦ ❞❡ ♣$♦❞✉/0♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❞✐5,$✐❜✉✐✲ /0♦ ♦✉ ❞❡5♣❛❝❤♦ ❡❧K,$✐❝♦✱ ♣$♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡5 ❞❡ ♦♣❡$❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐✈❡$5✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥,$♦❧♦✱ $❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❝✉5,♦5 ❞❡ ♦♣❡$❛/0♦ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥,❛♥❞♦ ❛ 5❡❣✉$❛♥/❛✳ ✶✵

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