ABRAVA/DASOL
Ar-Condicionado Térmico
Lucio Mesquita, Ph.D.
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA, Dezembro de 2011 Thermosol Consulting Elétrico Térmico Solar AC PV- Compressão de Vapor PV-Peltier Transformação de Calor TermomecânicoCiclo Aberto Ciclo Fechado Ejetor Motores Rankine
Dissecante Sólido
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Exportação de Petróleo para os EUA ( Milhares de Barris por Dia)
País Set-11 Ago-11 ANO 2011 Set-10 ANO 2010
CANADÁ 2,829 2,637 2,670 2,479 2,537 ARÁBIA SAUDITA 1,479 1,075 1,187 1,093 1,086 MÉXICO 1,192 1,185 1,218 1,254 1,260 VENEZUELA 806 906 979 1,008 1,007 RÚSSIA 592 585 609 648 624 NIGÉRIA 580 892 876 1,174 1,053 COLÔMBIA 529 395 395 363 360 IRAQUE 404 637 473 422 464 EQUADOR 305 309 205 229 217 ANGOLA 304 331 335 417 422 ALGÉRIA 291 298 396 543 512 ILHAS VIRGENS 189 185 189 302 261 BRASIL 188 228 240 181 289 ARUBA 149 81 79 0 0 KUWAIT 145 165 165 172 206 49% do total é importado
ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting AC AMBIENTE EXTERNO
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL
TR=
Tonelada de RefrigeraçãoEnergia necessária equivalente a para derreter (ou produzir) 907 kg de gelo em 24 horas
UNIDADE DE POTÊNCIA
1 TR = 12.000 Btu/h = 3.517 kW = 3.024 kcal/h
Thermosol Consulting
Calor Sensível = Temperatura
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Condensador a ar ou água
(rejeito).
Expansão direta ou indireta
(extração).
Distribuição: água gelada, ar ou
refrigerante.
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1978 1997 2009 56 73 87
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00% 90,00% 100,00% Antes 1940 1940 a 1949 1950 a 1959 1960 a 1969 1970 a 1979 1980 a 1989 1990 a 1999 2000 a 2009
Total 87% das residências
99 milhões de unidades habitacionais 23%(1978) a 61%(2009) central Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 0,88 quad BTU= 258.000 GWh 1.300 GWh Solar (PV+ Térmico) 2010 388.000 GWh Total Brasil 2009
ABRAVA/DASOL TYPE OF COOLING EQUIPMENT - COMMERCIAL PER FLOOR SPACE
Residential-Type Central 14% Heat Pumps 11% Individual 15% District Chilled Water 4% Central Chillers 15% Packaged Units 37% Other 2% Swamp Coolers 2%
78% das edificações comerciais 88% do espaço
151.000 GWh
Thermosol Consulting
CHILLERS - % OF FLOOR SPACE One 7% Two 17% Three 12% Four to Nine 34% Ten or More 30%
PACKAGED - % OF FLOOR SPACE One 41% Two 28% Three 11% Four to Nine 14% Ten or More 6%
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting Lucio Mesquita, PhD Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL Graus-Dia de Resfriamento, base 18 C
S atu raç ão d e M er ca d o Thermosol Consulting
Localidade Graus-Dia de Resfriamento (Tref= 18,3 ºC)
Aracaju 3114 Belém 3338 Belo Horizonte 1644 Brasília 1346 Campinas 1439 Campo Grande 2563 Curitiba 603 Florianópolis 1320 Fortaleza 3423 Recife 3432 Rio de Janeiro 2504 Salvador 3022 São Paulo 1123 Vitória 2585
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL 89% SPLIT
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting 16 25 77 33 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Água gelada "Roof top" e "Self contained" Aparelhos parede e "split" Ventilação e exaustão
Percentual de empresas que dispõem de sistemas de ar condicionado e/ou ventilação
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 32 34 82 36 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (% prédios) Água gelada "Roof top" e "Self contained" Aparelhos parede e "split" Ventilação e exaustão
Percentual de prédios que dispõem de sistemas de ar condicionado e/ou ventilação
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL IPCC = 4-5%/ano
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting Thermosol Consulting
☺
Acesso setor comercial
☺
Aumento do mercado total
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting
Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Energia Primária
1-2 Introduction Urânio Gás Petróleo Carvão Consumo Energético Mundial ThermosolConsulting
Recurso Solar
Radiação Difusa Radiação
Direta
Albedo
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
2-9 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Recurso Solar
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol
Consulting
Recurso Solar
Irradiação Global Hor
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol
Consulting
Recurso Solar
Irradiação Total Incl
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
ABRAVA/DASOL
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
Recurso Solar
2-6 Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOLRecurso Solar
2-6ABRAVA/DASOL
2-6 Solar Resources - Solar Radiation
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-15 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
E0 Radiação Solar E1 Perdas óticas
Q1e2Perdas Térmicas
Q3 Energia Útil
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-9 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL 3-7 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
ABRAVA/DASOL
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL
ABRAVA/DASOL
3-12 Components and Subsystems of Solar Thermal Installation
Thermosol Consulting
Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting ABRAVA/DASOL EXTERNA OU BRUTA ABERTURA ABSORVEDOR
ABRAVA/DASOL Thermosol Consulting http://www.estif.org/solarkeymark/regcol.php http://www.solarenergy.ch/index.php?id=111&L=6&no_cache=1 http://www.inmetro.gov.br/consumidor/pbe/ColetoresSolares-banho.pdf http://www.solar-rating.org/ratings/og100.html