Programação Avançada em C Usando Algoritmos e Estruturas de Dados Fundamentais

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Programação Avançada em C

Usando Algoritmos e Estruturas de Dados

Fundamentais

The Ualg Informatics Lab

Universidade do Algarve

http://w3.ualg.pt/~jvo

jvo@ualg.pt

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Índice

0. Preâmbulo

1. Introdução

! " # $ % & # ' (

2. Arrays e Ponteiros

) % * & + , !% -

(3)

! # ' (

3. Reserva dinâmica de memória

" # ' (

4. Primeiras noções de complexidade

' # ' ( ' ) ' * * ) & # ' (

5. Algoritmos elementares de ordenação

& ! & ) & ) * & ) && # ' (

6. Mergesort

+ + + + # ' (

(4)

7. Quicksort

, , , , , % , ,& ! * ,+ ! ,, # ' (

8. Introdução às listas ligadas

- - - % - # ' (

9. Primeiras noções de Projecto e de Projecto por

Contrato

# '

IR

! ( & + # ' (

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10. As listas ligadas revisitadas

! !% ) & + , # ' (

11. Tipos de dados abstractos

12. O tipo de dados abstracto pilha

$ ! $ ! ! '% % $ $ & '% !' !' + # ' (

13. O tipo de dados abstracto fila de espera

$ ! ! ! $ $ # ' (

(6)

14. As filas revisitadas

! ! % # ' (

15. Implementação em C de ADTs com múltiplas

instâncias

& $ & $ ! & ! ! % & # ' (

16. O tipo de dados abstracto polinómio

+ ! + + + # ' (

17. O ADT matriz esparsa

, , !% ! , , ,

(7)

,

*

,&

# ' (

18. Primeiras noções sobre árvores

- - - - # ' (

19. Árvores binárias

% !% # ' (

20. Acervos e filas com prioridades

! ! & # ' (

Referências bibliográficas

(8)

Referência rápida sobre C

R1.

Preliminares

R2.

Algumas características do C

R3.

Exemplo de programa

R4.

Elementos de sintaxe

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(9)

--

R5.

Controlo de fluxo do programa

& % ! & % & % & % && % ! &+ % '

R6.

Funções

+ + !% + *

R7.

Arrays e Matrizes

, * , "

R8.

Ponteiros

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R9.

Sinónimos de tipo

R10.

Estruturas

(10)

R11.

Uniões

R12.

Campos de bits

R13.

Enumerações

R14.

Directivas de Pré-processador

R15.

Biblioteca de funções

& & & !% ( ! & !% !

Índice Remissivo

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0. Preâmbulo

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Arial Narrow

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#include <stdio.h>

/* Primeiro programa. */

int main() {

printf(“Olá mundo!”);

return 0;

}

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(20)

& !'# $ '% ( ) * * + * * + , -, - . . / / 0

−

+

−

=

1 2 2 342 5 2 35 2 66 4 42 )

int main() {

float a, b, c, d;

printf("Abssissa do ponto A:");

scanf("%f", &a);

/* ... */

printf("dist: %f \n", dist(a, b, c, d));

return 0;

}

78

dist

2 2 4 72 )

double dist(float x, float y, float z, float t) {

float dx = x - y;

float dy = z - t;

return sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

}

2

sqrt

( 78 9 7 6

math.h

(21)

2 2 368 2 2 2 72 2 2 2 78

dist

5 2 66 75 2

x

y

3

z

t

2 ( 6 4 2 43 4 2 2 42 7 2 2 7 2 66 92 2 6 36 8 6 78 6

! "#$"$#% %&#!&%' ()$ %&#$*%' + ,%,) - !.!/"$%0' !/"! ,! "1*) ,12!#!/"! - 3$!

*),!' !# ' %/1*$0%,) 4)' ) $' % $/1,%,!- 5676- 4)' $' /)' ! 4)' $' - ' % 3$! *),!' ) %1/,% #!2!#1# % 4%,% 4)' *)/!/"! 1/,1.1,$%0 ,! $' 4!#") ,%,) *!0) /)' !8 4%,% 4)' *)/!/"! 1/,1.1,$%0 49%' %#!' ) ' !' :#) ,! ,%,) 8 ;/14% )*!#%<=! 3$! ! ">) ,!21/1,% *%#% % ! "#$"$#% >) ) %4! ) % ' !' :#) - % 4?*1% ! % %"#1:$1<>)8 @),!' ) $ %# % ! "#$"$#% *%#% ,!21/1# $' "1*) ,! ,%,) 3$! #!*#! !/"! *)/") A

struct point {

float x;

float y;

};

! ! 4#!. !#A

struct point A, B;

(22)

A.x=1.0; A.y=1.0;

B.x=4.0; B.y=2.0;

)' ) % )*!#%<>) ,! 4?*1% ! " ,!21/1,% *%#% % ! "#$"$#% - *),!' ) *% %#

,1#!4"%' !/"! ! "#$"$#% 4)' ) %#&$' !/") ,! 2$/<=! 8 @)# !!' *0)A

double dist(struct point p, struct point q) {

float dx = p.x - q.x;

float dy = p.y - q.y;

return sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

};

0"!#/%"1.%' !/"! *),!#%' ) "!# $ %,) % *%0%.#%49%. !

typedef

*%#% 1/2)#' %# ) 4)' *10%,)# ,! 3$! 3$!#%' ) 4#1%# $' /)' ! *%#% ) /).) "1*) ! % 1' 2%4101"%# % ! 4#1"%8

typedef

"!' % !&$1/"! 1/"%!A

typedef <tipo elementar ou estruturado> <novo identificador>

!' *0)A

typedef int Number;

) 4% ) ,% ! "#$"$#%

point

"!#1%' )

typedef struct { float x, y; } point;

! *)#"%/") *),!#%' ) "!# ! 4#1") % 2$/<>) %/"!#1)# ,% !&$1/"! 2)#' %A

double dist( point p, point q) {

/* … como antes … */

};

)"! ! 3$! )

typedef

/>) 1/"#),$ $' /).) "1*) %*!/% $' 1/?/1' ) ()$ $' % %:#!.1%"$#%+ ,! $' "1*) 3$! *),1% !# ! *!41214%,) ,! )$"#% 2)#' %8 *#)&#%' % 4)' *0!") !#1%

(23)

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

typedef struct { float x, y; } point;

double dist( point, point);

int main() {

point a,b;

printf("Primeiro ponto:");

scanf("%f", &a.x);

/* ... */

printf("dist: %f \n", dist(a,b));

return 0;

}

double dist(point p, point q) {

float dx= p.x - q.x;

float dy=p.y - q.y;

return sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);

};

%"$#%0' !/"! 3$! /%,% /) 1' *!,! ,! %&#$*%# ' !' :#) ,! ,%,) 3$! ! %' !0!

*#?*#1) ! "#$"$#% 8 !' *0)A

typedef struct circle{

point center;

float radius;

} /* ou o que é a mesma coisa: */

typedef struct{

point center;

float radius;

}

point.

!" # $ %#$ &'"

(24)

} circle;

!"# ""$ "% !&% #

" &' "(

circle aCircle, bCircle;

aCircle.center.x = 0.0;

aCircle.center.y = 0.0;

aCircle.radius = 1.0;

bCircle = aCircle; /* OK*/

) * !" !"% !& # + (

•

, $ " $ & &% -" ". !"/

•

+ $ !"&" & * * 0&# 1 ) 2 $ " $ &#

•

!" " '# % 3 ) !"% & '# 456575 8 9:;<= > ! !" " &" 2 "# ? * !* & !" " "% & 3 * % " '#

(25)

$ 3$ &" *

char

& - .

int

& # " !"

struct s {

int i,j;

};

&"

i

" &"

j

#

> " &&" &

& %# ? 2$ * $ $ 0 '# ? &$ "# & % "% 3 " # + (

union u {

char lowbyte;

int word;

};

(26)

$ *

char lowbyte

$ * "

word

& 2" % '# " *$ " &$

lowbyte

word

$

lowbyte

# (

union u aUnion;

aUnion.word=0x105; /* 105H = 261D */

printf("%d", aUnion.lowbyte);

> ( 0 * ' + *3 & """ " *

lowbyte

$ *

highbyte

, " (

typedef struct {

unsigned char low, high;

} lhbytes;

(27)

typedef union {

lhbytes byte;

int word;

} bytesword;

+ "(

bytesword bw;

bw.word =261;

printf("%d %d \n", bw.byte.low, bw.byte.high);

# +"*" *(

bytesword bw;

bw.byte.low =5;

bw.byte.high =1;

printf("%x \n", bw.word);

2( + (

•

, "% & * 2$ " " $ ##$ & " "& #

•

"% 0 !&" " " &" -"& " " " .# > " * & 2% $ * ! 3 * ! *

!"& "! % & && "

& $ & " !&% &&%

&'#

(28)

!& "% "$ & "# 455 <:= # " * & " " &%# # " * " & & "& " &%# # + & * " " * " " " % * 0 $ & " ( . " . "" & . " " . ! &. " !. # + & * " " * & # # " " #

#include <stdio.h>

#include <string.h>

#include <ctype.h>

#define COMPMAX 128

typedef struct {int letras, espacos, palavras;} contador;

int main() {

char dentro=0, texto[COMPMAX];

int i;

fgets(texto,COMPMAX,stdin);

for (i=0; i<strlen(texto); i++) {

if (!dentro && !isspace(texto[i])) {

dentro=1;

printf("%c",texto[i]);

}

(29)

else if (dentro && isspace(texto[i])) {

dentro=0;

}

/* printf("\n%d %d %d \n", c.letras, c.espacos, c.palavras); */

return 0;

}

. + * * !2# . ! &" " $ #

&. ! &" !*"& - &" . & # ! * " ! 3 !&

(30)

2. Arrays e Ponteiros

&) " " & & "& "

" "

-ℜ

.# 2

ℜ

" " "&

ℜ

& " "

n

&"# * "& -& ".$

d

$ " "

X

Y

$ "

X

" &"

(x

1 , x

2 , ..., x

n

)

Y

(y

1 , y

2 , ..., y

n

)

$ * " %(

d =

=

−

=

−

+

−

+

−

? & "$ & * 3 &% * 0 2 "! % & "# +"*" * &

ℜ

$ " "$ &

& &$ &

ℜ

$ "% 3 &" 0 # * &

2 * *3 "%

n

$ ) * "% " $ 3 ' !"% * & & "&#

" % " 2 "

* " "% 0& &( # % 0 " " *

2 %#

,

3 & &% $ $ * % &

)"& "#

+

(31)

* & & "& " "

ℜ

# & "

ai

& " " ! (

int ai[10];

& "

ai

" ! (

ai[0]

"& 2% " #

/* 1ª Versão */

#define N 10

int i;

int ai[N];

ai[0]=1;

for( i=1; i<N; i++) ai[i]=0;

%

#define N 10

int i;

for( ai[0]=1, i=1; i<N; ai[i++]=0);

> "% % " & "# 3$

int ai[]={1,2,3};

int bi[3];

bi=ai;

+ > * !2 % (

(32)

"

for( i=0; i<3; bi[i]=ai[i++]);

? * * #

+

& $

(

#define N 10

typedef struct { float x, y;} point;

point apoints[N];

apoints[0].x=0.0;

apoints[0].y=0.0;

/* Programa que calcula a distância entre dois pontos de

ℜ

n

_*/

#include <stdio.h>

#include <math.h>

#define N 10

double distn(float[], float[], int);

void read(float[], int);

int main() {

float x[N], y[N];

printf(“Ponto X: “);

read(x, N);

printf(“Ponto Y: “);

read(y, N);

printf(“d= %f”, distn(x, y, N));

return 0;

(33)

}

double distn(float p[], float q[], int n) {

int i;

float sum = 0.0;

for (i=0; i<n; i++)

sum += (p[i]-q[i])* (p[i]-q[i]);

return sqrt(sum);

}

void read(float a[], int n) {

int i;

for(i=0; i<n; i++) {

printf(“Coordenada %d”, i+1);

scanf(“%f”, &a[i]);

printf(“\n”);

}

> 3 " !&" " & " # !&"&

!& & " )"&

"% " " * " # ? $ !& "% !2 !&% )"&# ? 3 $ 3 " & " % - ". " %# +

&""& & " " &

&"& '$ * "&" #

! " " & "

ai

$ & "# " * - . & % ' * & & #

(34)

int ai[10];

" 3 * & ' > & " " & " "# ,

2 * " & * & & " "

%$ "0

sizeof(<tipo>)

"! %# +

sizeof

" -" " .

size_t

# 7545 9<:= , " - ". & 0 * " 0 # " 0*" & " " " (

(35)

char c=3;

char *ptr_c;

/declaração de ponteiro para um char /

*" !2 %

ptr_c=&c;

/endereço do char c /

"%

ptr_c

!& & ! ? * 3 $ 0 & "!& -" .$ $ - . & 2% - .# ? & " # + " " "3&

void*

# * " 0 &"

void*

# * &" 0 "

ptr_c

$ &

*ptr_c

$ & (

printf("%c", *ptr_c);

, & 3 * & -* . " " " & " # + "(

#define N 10

int ai[N];

ai[2]== (a+2); / É sempre verdade */

(36)

"0

&

$ " "

++

--

$

sizeof

*" " 3 " * %# ) *

int ai[3];

int bi[3];

/* ... */

bi=ai; /ERRO/

*" " & " !"%$ & 0 " " " # ?

" & * & $ & % "

* & %$ * " !"% !"#

$ &"

!"% * & & (

int soma( int *, int);

int main() {

int a[]={1,2,3};

int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof (int);

pritnf("%d", soma(a, n));

return 0;

};

int soma( int *x, int n) {

int i, s=0;

for(i=0; i<n; s+=x[i++]);

return s;

& " "& 3 ) * 3 " "

(37)

7575 <;<= 9<:= # ? - . "

n

"# > 3 " "3 " !" - 0. " " "& "#

int a[3];

int *ptr=&a[1];

ptr+1;

ptr-1;

* " &$ & " & $ "

ptr

3 "& " - & ". ' * !* " " " & - . " " # + 3 "& 2 & % " 0 "# + "

char

float

"$ *" ' & 3 & 3 !"# # ? " * "& " 2# + (

int a[5], ptr1, ptr2, i;

ptr1=&a[1];

ptr2=&a[2];

i = (int) (ptr2-ptr1);

" &%

(ptr2-ptr1)

"

ptr_diff_t

* 0 !"

stddef.h

# # ? & -" &"$

>, >=, <, <=, ==, !=

. " * "& " 2#

(38)

# ? !& " " *( ## > " / ## 2 " /

(void *)

"

0 /* ou */ NULL

" " < = < : : .

int x, *ptr_x, y;

ptr_x=&x;

*ptr_x=0;

y=*ptr_x+3;

.

void swap( int , int );

int main() {

int i=1, j=2;

printf("i:%d, j:%d \n",i,j);

swap(&i,&j);

printf("i:%d, j:%d \n",i,j);

return 0;

};

void swap( int x, int y) {

int tmp;

tmp=*x;

x=y;

*y=tmp;

7565 :9= +

" 3 &&$ & % 0 &&

"

'\0'

$ & &' " 3& 3 2# ? & " & "

(39)

char str[]={'a','b','c','\0'};

> &$ 3

& "(

char str[]="abc";

3 "& &"&""& * !2 "$ " "

# 1 "&0 !" &

<string.h>

" "#

? $ !"% "

string, strlen

$ * " & " "$ ##$ " " && &" && "# +

!"% 0 " ! "(

/* 1ª Versão: usando arrays */

int strlen1( char s[]) {

int len=0;

while (s[len]) len++;

return len;

};

/* 2ª Versão : usando ponteiros */

int strlen2( char *s) {

char *p=s;

while (*p) p++;

*

a while (*p !='\0') p++;

return p-s;

};

/Programa de teste /

int main() {

char str[]="abc";

printf(%d",strlen2(str));

(40)

return 0;

}

" % 0 % "

""

char str[]="abc";

/* array */

char *ptr="abc";

/* ponteiro */

? & !" " "$ !" " & ( # " !& & 0 * " $ #$ &

ptr++

# > " 3 & &""# $ 3 &

str++

# # " !2

ptr="zybaz";

& " 3 ) % " "/ # " " 3 &" "#

(41)

755 9<:= 9=9<= > " 3 * &

#define N 10

) &

const int n=10;

3$ &

n

& &"" "# &"" ' " " &""/ * &"&#

const int ppci=&n; / ppci: ponteiro para constante inteira */

> " &"" " &"" 0 & "& "# > " " &"" "% #

int i=3;

ppci=&

> +

i

"% &""$ "% 0 3

ppci

# 755 9<:= 9=9<=

& * * &""$ " &"" "%

#

& " &"" " ! (

int i =4;

int * const pcpi =&i;

pcpi = &i; /* ERRO */

(42)

" " &""# 75 5 9<:= 9=9<= 9=9<= $ " " &"" &""$ "% 3 ) " " " " ' "# & % " 3 ! & (

const int ci=1;

const int * const pcpci=&ci;

0 " " 755 9<:= 9;<= > " ' " & &' !"% 3 " 0 # 3 ! " " !"# & "$ " !" 3 )$ !" " !"# & % " !"% * &!* " " !"%# $ &" !"

min

max

!" & (

int min(int a, int b) {

return (a<b ? a : b);

(43)

}

int max(int a, int b) {

return (a > b ? a : b) ;

}

, " !"$ ##$ " !" "

int

* "

int

3 & - "& 2 2. & (

int (*pf)(int, int)=0

/

*

int *pf(int, int)

3 & % !"% * " "

int.

& " && "

pf

" !"% & ) " " &

pf

# + & !2 " (

pf = max; /* equivalente a pf=&max; */

pf = min;

"&% & !"% 3 " 3 ! "

! (

f() {

int a, b;

a=min(10,20); /* Chamada directa à função */

b=pf(10,20); /* Chamada à função através do seu ponteiro, */

/* e a abreviação de (pf) (10,20); /

};

"% " !"% " )& " 3( 0& " !" + &$ * " & " # &%

(44)

* & $ $ &"

!"% & # "& !" * "

3 !"% * & # > * "

0 $ )" $ $ " % "

" * & &# + 2 &

&' &" !"% " )" $ & &

0

$ & & " & & $

& "& !"% * & & " " -".

!"% & " # + " 3 " & 0 )" #

include <stdio.h>

int min(int, int);

int max(int, int);

int calcula(int () (int, int), int, const int);

int main() {

int a[]={1, 2, 3};

const int n = sizeof(a) / sizeof(int);

int maximo, minimo;

maximo = calcula(max, a, n);

minimo = calcula(min, a, n);

printf("min: %d - max: %d \n", minimo, maximo);

return 0;

};

int calcula(int (pf) (int, int), int a, const int n) {

int i, res=a[0];

for (i=1; i<n; i++) res = pf(res, a[i]);

return res;

(45)

&'# 1

- . !0& "& !"% " &

!"%

calcula

* !"% )" $ 0 $ &# 755 9<:= <== ? & 3 " 2

->

$ & " #

typedef struct { float x, y; } point;

point p, *pp;

p.x=0.0;

pp=&p;

pp->y=0.0;

" % ! *(

(*pp).y=0.0;

755 = < 9<:= ! * " 3 & (

int ai[5];

3 * " " 3 & & (

int*api[5];

+"% & 0 & % ! + "

(46)

*

api

" "/ "% ' "# 2% "$ !"% * " &""

“false”

n

! " &""

“true”

& &"0#

const char* bool (int n) {

static const char * names[]={"false", "true"};

return (n? names[1]: names[0]);

};

> " " )# ""$ "%

& !& " !&0 & "# "%

( !"% & ! * " " & " )"& " " # "$ " " " 2 # &

static

0

names

#

static

$ 0 & " ")& & -& % "" & .

" " ! &#

static

$ 0 & !"% "& *" !"% 3 & 2 " " !

&% $ " &" " & !"%#

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(47)

* * !& $ & (

> fact 3

6

+ & " 3 &" &" " !"%

main

# " !"%

main

3 & $ 3 & & "(

#

argc

* &"3 " " & * 3 & -* 3 " ' .# $ " &

argc

# #

argv

* 3 "$ " " " &0 " " &" &"" "

& * ! & # & $

argv[0]

"

"fact"

argv[1]

"

"3"

- $ " /"% " .#

$ * & * & " &% -"

stdout

&. ' " " & * ! & $

&(

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

int i;

printf(“O meu nome e os argumentos com que foi chamado são: \n”);

for(int i=0; i < argc; i++) printf(" %s \n",argv[i]);

return 0;

};

* !" " &" !2

(48)

<:=

#

& " & " "$ &" !"% * !*

( . + " &# . *"& " 3 " "'"$ $ " &&" " &&"# # + & "%

printf

* 2 % & " *# 0 2 !* &" "#

2.1. int *pi=0, i=1;

2.2. int a[]={1, 2, 3};

int pi=&i;

int *pi = a;

*pi += i;

pi++;

++i;

*pi;

i

# , 2 $ !" " $ &"

!"% * " &"& && " 3&# ?

$ &' " 0 &( # + & &'

!&"# # " !"% & " *% "$ " !"% "

# + !"% " &"& && *

"% " !"% & " " !"%

#

(49)

" "# ? $ &' " 0 ( # , 2 $ !" " $ " !" * &" " && " "# ? $ ! " " !" $ &' " 0 ) #

(50)

3. Reserva dinâmica de memória

0 * " " " &# ? 3 $ 0 3!" * "% #? $

−

0 - $ 0 & ! * * !"% * & * * !"%. * % & 3 ! # !" * 3 * "% 0 /

−

0 & -##$ * % !" " ")& & ". "*" & &%/

−

0 0& % & " * !"% !" 3 ! # ? & 0 * "& " " * " # % " " 0 * &" 0 * " 3 " 0 $ 3 2 3 "# &% 0 " 3 ! " -

&%. " & '# " & ' 3 ! &

0 &% & &" '

# ? 2 0 % & 0 " &#

> &' " !2 " & ' "& "#

int *pi;

(51)

pi = (int ) malloc(sizeof pi);

*

sizeof

*" "&0 ' " " &' """ " %# > " 2 " &

stdlib

!" " & '$ & ' " # > ' !"% 3 & " "$ " * " 3 &") " "#

void *malloc( size_t n);

void *calloc( size_t , size_t);

!"%

malloc

" " & ' "% "& 2 "%

n

$

NULL

! # & $ "

pi

* &" $0 *

malloc

"

void*

# " " ) &(

int *pi;

pi = (int ) calloc(1, sizeof pi);

!"%

calloc

& "& 2 ' * # &

malloc

3 "0

NULL

! # ' ") $ * $ 3 !"# ? $ ' % ! # ' & "

' !& &" $ !&$ ' "$

& (

if( pi == 0) {

(52)

exit(1);

}

" " & " & '$ * !2 "

& "0 &' & (

% " ) $ & !& & 3

stdio.h

$ " & !& ( #

stdout

$ % $ " ) % *$ %$ 3 &%# #

stdin

$ % $ " " % *$ %$ 3 & # #

stderr

$ % $ 3 &%/ $ "% &&"# ) * &

printf("abc");

* "

fprintf(stdout,"abc");

int i;

scanf("%d", &i);

* "

fscanf(stdin,"%d", &i);

printf

" "" $ & & "% "! " ) ! &&"

!& $ #

, "

fprintf(stderr, <mensagem>)

0 "% &"& 2 *$ * ) &&"$