Modern Bioenergy: some topics on the
Brazilian and global perspective
L A Horta Nogueira, UNIFEI/Unicamp
O potencial da biomassa celulósica para o desenvolvimento da bioeconomia
Contribuição da
bioenergia e dos bioprodutos para implementação do
Acordo de Paris sobre o clima
Seminário Franco-Brasileiro
Terça-feira, 25 de outubro de 2016
09h00-10h30 Mesa redonda sobre a produção de biomassa celulósica e suas implicações sociais e ambientais
Palestrantes:
- Sr. Xavier Arnauld de Sartre, Geógrafo, Unidade mista de pesquisas (UMR) Passages, Centro nacional de pesquisa científica (CNRS), França
- Sr. Jaime Finguerut, Gerente de desenvolvimento estratégico do Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira (CTC), Brasil
- Sr. Christophe Poser, Pesquisador do Centro de cooperação internacional em pesquisa agronômica para o desenvolvimento (CIRAD), Membro da Unidade de pesquisa Aïda, Coordenador do Projeto Sypecar, França
- Sr. Sizuo Matsuoka, Diretor da Vignis Plantando Energia, Brasil
Moderador : Sra. Mylène Testut-Neves, Conselheira agrícola regional, Embaixada da França
10h30-12h00 Mesa redonda sobre a conversão de biomassa celulósica em energia e produtos e as implicações para o clima e o desenvolvimento sustentável
Palestrantes:
- Sr. Manoel Teixeira Souza Júnior, Chefe-geral, Empresa brasileira de pesquisa agropecuária - Embrapa Agroenergia
- Sr. Robert Wojcieszak, Encarregado de pesquisa, Unidade de catálise et química do sólido (UCCS/CNRS) do CNRS
- Sr. Isaias de Carvalho Macedo, Universidade de Campinas
- Sra. Carole Jouve, Professora no Laboratório de engenharia dos sistemas biológicos e dos processos, (LISBP/INSA/CNRS/INRA), célula energia do CNRS
- Sr. Luiz A. Horta Nogueira, Universidade de Itajubá, Consultor do CGEE Moderador : Sr. Olivier Fudym, Diretor do CNRS no Rio
Slide 2 Today, there is a sound base of data assessing the current and future
requirements of arable land to sustainably produce food, feed and
biomass for energy, to assure that, from a global perspective, land is not a real concern.
Modern bioenergy: land use impact
Slide 3
The analysis of this issue is often hampered by ideological assumptions. After all, what is food security?
Food security depends on food availability and conditions to access,
process and use properly. Detailed studies of price changes and its causes indicate that it is effectively reduced the impact of biofuels sustainable
production on the availability and cost of food.
From World Agriculture: Towards 2015-2030, FAO, 2004
Slide 4 Obesity is currently a more serious problem than hunger in most countries.
Effectively there is no shortage of food, there is lack of access to food
resources, due to limited resources of social groups in poverty. The growing food waste indicates the untapped surplus production.
The Lancet, Volume 378, Issue 9793, Pages 804 - 814, 27 August 2011
The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments
Prof. Boyd A Swinburn MD a , Gary Sacks PhD a, Kevin D Hall PhD c, Prof Klim McPherson PhD d, Prof Diane T Finegood PhD e, Marj ory L Moodie DrPH b, Prof Steven L Gortmaker PhD.
Summary
The simultaneous increases in obesity in almost all countries seem to be driven mainly by changes in the global food system, which is producing more processed, affordable, and effectively marketed food than ever before. This passive
overconsumption of energy leading to obesity is a predictable outcome of market economies predicated on consumption-based growth. The global food system drivers interact with local environmental factors to create a wide variation in obesity prevalence bet ween populations…
There is no lack of fuel, there are people
not able to access food
Slide 5 To achieve climate mitigation scenarios, bioenergy and specially liquid
biofuels, have a crucial role relative to other potential renewable energy sources (IPCC, 2012).
Modern bioenergy: GHG mitigation
Estimated global renewable primary energy supply by source by 2030 and 2050 (IPCC, 2012)
6
Bioeletricidade no Brasil
(ANEEL, Mai/2016)
Depois da hidroenergia, a bioenergia é o recurso renovável mais
importante para a geração de eletricidade no Brasil, com 13.425 MW de capacidade instalada, aprox. 9% do total.
Categoria Biocombustível Número
de usinas
Potência (MW) Agroindústria Bagaço de Cana de Açúcar 393 10.674,7
Biogás- Agroindústria 2 1,7
Capim Elefante 3 65,7
Casca de Arroz 12 45,3
Biocombustíveis Óleos vegetais 2 4,3
Recursos florestais Carvão Vegetal 8 54,1
Gás de Alto Forno a C. Vegetal 10 114,3
Lenha 1 11,5
Licor Negro 17 1.978,1
Resíduos Florestais 51 389,5
Resíduos animais Biogás - RA 10 1,9
7
Central termoelétrica a resíduos de madeira, Piratini RS
Generación eléctrica con bioenergía en Brasil
• Potência instalada: 10 MW • Geração anual: 71 GWh
• Consumo anual de combustível: 142 mil toneladas de resíduos de madeira • Investimento: R$ 22 milhões
• Projeto da KOBLITZ, em operação desde 2002
Exemplos de UTE’s a lenha
> Título da apresentação - Data - Referências
22AREVA KOBLITZ 22
PIRATINI ENERGIA S/A Turbina a vapor de condensação 10.000 kW - Resíduos de madeira
8
(Bioenergy International, 2011)
Thermal capacity: 75 MW
Biomass consumption: 60 ton/h
Biomass storage: 10.000 ton
Steam output: 170 t/h
Steam temperature: 520°C
Steam pressure: 119 bar
Steam turbine:
Electric capacity: max. 48.000 kW
Exemplos de UTE’s a lenha
9
Exemplos de UTE’s a lenha
Central termelétrica DRAX (Inglaterra), 6 x 660 MW a carvão.
Operou com biomassa em co-firing, posteriormente converteu 4
unidades para biomassa (pellets de biomassa lenhosa importado dos EUA) e informou que pretende deixar de queimar carvão em 3 anos. Existem avaliações positivas do impacto na geração de empregos, renda e impostos, além dos evidentes benefícios ambientais.
Slide 10 The global market for liquid biofuels is related to the energy demand in
transport, which depends basically on population, motorization, income
levels and vehicular technology available. The global fleet is expanding fast.
Biofuels demand prospects
Projections of global fleet and motorization for regulated (Tollway) and non regulated (Freeway)
scenarios (based on WEC, 2011)
Slide 11 Even with better technology and expanding biofuels use in the forthcoming years, the total fuel demand will grow and consequently increase the GHG emissions.
Some projections:
Global Transport Scenarios 2050 (World Energy Council, 2011)
Total fuel demand in transport will increase by 30% to 82% above the 2010 levels. The GHG emissions in this sector will increase between 16% and 79%.
-Biofuels could reach 5% of this demand.
Energy Outlook 2035 (BP, 2015)
In 2030 the transport sector will consume 30% more than in 2010.
-Biofuels could cover about 4% of this demand, about 4,77 EJ/year.
Slide 12
To reduce the build up of GHG and considering all available options, biofuels
should contribute more.
Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (IPCC, 2011)
To mitigate GHG and limit the average global temperature increase to 2°C, the liquid biofuels should be 11% of energy demand for transport in 2030, about 12 EJ/year.
Estimated global liquid biofuels demand in 2030
(IRENA, 2014)
Several studies indicated the need of increase the biofuels beyond the current trend.
Slide 13 Thus, the sustainable liquid biofuels must contribute more to energy
demand for transport. Main concerns:
Is there enough potential for producing bioenergy?
“The upper bound of the technical potential of biomass for energy may be as large as 500 EJ/year by 2050” (SRREN/IPCC, 2011).
How to develop this potential?
“A substantial fraction of the technical potential will require sophisticated land and water management, large worldwide plant productivity
increases, land optimization and other measures. Realizing this potential will be a major challenge, but it could make a substantial contribution to the world’s primary energy supply in 2050” (SRREN/IPCC, 2011).
Slide 14 In recent years, the ethanol production has stagnated due to a retraction of demand caused by gasoline tax reduction and low pricing policies. It is
expected that the ethanol production and use will recovery, although there are concerns on increase of external dependence of gasoline in the near
future, a burden to national trade balance and to the Brazilian economy.
Prospects for ethanol market in Brazil
Perspectives for light vehicles fuels market in Brazil
Slide 15
Higher energy yield allowed by of energy cane and straw collection and
better conversion of 1G associated to 2G processes, converting sugar and
lignocellulosic raw material in ethanol, increase the biofuel production
per hectare and improve the GHG mitigation effect of ethanol.
Global impacts of innovative bioethanol from
sugarcane: GHG mitigation and land use
Global scenarios to 2030
Parameter'' 2030'BAU' 2030'Needed'
Mitigation'factor''
(t#CO2eq/m3#ethanol)# 1,53# 1,65#
Ethanol'productivity##
(liter#ethanol/ha)# 7,260# 8,660#
Mitigation and ethanol productivity parameters, average in Brazilian mills
Slide 16 The introduction of innovation in the sugarcane ethanol agroindustry,
could cover 11% of energy demand in the world transport sector, and
avoid approx. 1.4% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions estimated for 2010 and 9.5% of global transport GHG emissions estimated for the same year (IPCC et al, 2014).
This scenario can be considered technically feasible under the standpoint of final utilization since in Brazil biofuels have been supplying more than 50% of transport energy consumption for many years, with good results.
Global impacts of innovative bioethanol from
sugarcane: GHG mitigation and land use
Slide 17 The land to be planted with sugarcane, about 47 million ha in the Needed scenario, means 1.6% of land available for rainfed agriculture, estimated to be 1,400 million ha of ‘prime and good’ land and a further 1,500 million ha of marginal land that is ‘spare and usable’, mostly in Latin America and Africa (FAO, 2012).
Global impacts of innovative bioethanol from
sugarcane: GHG mitigation and land use
Global arable land
(approx. 13 billion ha, about 9% of world land area)
Land available for rainfeed crops (approx. 2.9 billion ha)
Sugarcane area, Needed scenario, 11% global energy transport in 2030 (47 million ha)
FC cars are coming… will they use ethanol?
Slide 20
Final remarks
An enormous amount of sugarcane straw is still left on field after
harvesting and bagasse is burned mostly in low efficiency boilers.
Admitting to collect 50% of straw and obtain a 20% surplus bagasse from mills, about 95 kg of lignocellulosic material per sugarcane ton could be diverted for ethanol 2G production; assuming a yield of 217 liters of
ethanol/ton cellulose (current technology), the current global production of sugarcane, circa 2 billion ton, would produce more than 41 million m3
ethanol. Just using “residues”, without planting any additional ha.
To accelerate the maturation and deployment of innovation in sugarcane energy agroindustry the government role is crucial.
