◆♦t❛s ❞❡ ❆✉❧❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❊♠❜❛r❝❛❞❛ ✲ ❊▲❚✵✷✹
✶❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ▼❛①✐♠✐❛♥♦ ❆♥t✉♥❡s ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ■t❛❥✉❜á✱
▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❇r❛s✐❧
r♦❞r✐❣♦♠❛① ❅ ✉♥✐❢❡✐✳❡❞✉✳❜r
✶✸ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ✸✻ ✷✳✶ ❆❝❡ss♦ à ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✷ ❈❧♦❝❦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ♥♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✹ ❘❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s P❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s ✹✺
✸✳✶ ❆❝❡ss♦ às ✏♣♦rt❛s✑❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ❇❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▲❡❞✬s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✹ ❉✐s♣❧❛② ❞❡ ✼ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❧❛②s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✺ ▲❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ t❡❝❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❉❡❜♦✉♥❝❡ ♣♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❆rr❛♥❥♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ♣♦r ♠❛tr✐③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✻ ❉✐s♣❧❛② ▲❈❉ ✷①✶✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✼ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ■✷❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ❘❙ ✷✸✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✽ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✸✳✾ ❙❛í❞❛s P❲▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❚✐♠❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✸✳✶✶ ❘❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✸✳✶✷ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✸✳✶✸ ❲❛t❝❤❞♦❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✶✵✵
✹✳✶ ❖♥❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❧♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✹✳✷ ■♥t❡rr✉♣t ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s②st❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❡ ♠✉❧t✐t❛s❦✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ❋✐①❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s s❧♦ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
✺ ❆♥❡①♦s ✶✶✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ P❡sq✉✐s❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ■♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■❈❉✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ■❈❉✷ ♥♦ ▼P▲❆❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✻ P❡❞✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✜r♠✇❛r❡ ❞♦ ■❈❉✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✼ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❊①♣❧♦r❡r ❞♦ ▼P▲❆❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✽ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❈✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✶✳✾ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✶✵ ▲♦♦♣ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡rr♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r P■❈ ✶✽❢✹✺✺✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛r♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✸ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛r♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✹ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ P■❈ ✶✽❢✹✺✺✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✺ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✿ ▼✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r P■❈ ✶✽❢✹✺✺✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✻ ❘❡❣✐str♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r P■❈ ✶✽❢✹✺✺✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸✳✷✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞♦ ▲▼✸✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✸✳✷✼ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❆❉ ❞❡ ✷ ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸✳✷✽ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ✷ ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸✳✷✾ ❙✐♥❛✐s P❲▼ ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✉t② ❝②❝❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶✳✶ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✲ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ✲ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✶✳✺ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✶✳✻ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❜✐t s❡t ❝♦♠ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✶✳✼ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❜✐t ❝❧❡❛r ❝♦♠ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✳✽ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❜✐t ✢✐♣ ❝♦♠ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✶✳✾ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❜✐t t❡st ❝♦♠ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✶ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✏❚❤❡ r❡❛❧ ❞❛♥❣❡r ✐s ♥♦t t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❣✐♥ t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ❧✐❦❡ ♠❡♥✱ ❜✉t t❤❛t ♠❡♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡❣✐♥ t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ❧✐❦❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs✳✑ ✲ ❙②❞♥❡② ❏✳ ❍❛rr✐s Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ❡①✐❣❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝✉✐❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✱ ❛s r♦t✐♥❛s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❦t♦♣s✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♠❛✐s ❛ ❢✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ ♠✐✲ ❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ✈♦❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❦t♦♣s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡ ❛t❡r t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❡st❡s ✐t❡♥s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡s ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ tr❛❞✉t♦r✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✮✳
Firmware
Hardware Sistema Operacional
Aplicação
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
P❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡♠ q✉❡s✲ tã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ✏❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✑ ❡st❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ✐t❡♥s✿ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r s❡rá ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r tr❛❞✉③✐r ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✳ ❆ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ é ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r✳
✶✳✶ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈
✏❈ ✐s q✉✐r❦②✱ ✢❛✇❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡♥♦r♠♦✉s s✉❝❝❡ss✳✑ ✲ ❉❡♥♥✐s ▼✳ ❘✐t❝❤✐❡
✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❣❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♥♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ P❡sq✉✐s❛ s♦❜r❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞✳❝♦♠✴❞❡s✐❣♥✴✷✶✽✻✵✵✶✹✷
❆ ❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ✷✵✵✹ s❡ ❞á ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡r❛✿ ✏P❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞❛✱ q✉❛✐s ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✈♦❝ê ✉s♦✉ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✶✷ ♠❡s❡s❄✑✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✺ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉✿ ✏▼❡✉ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ é ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❴❴❴❴❴❴✑✳ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s s❡❧❡çõ❡s ❡r❛♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✶✵✵✪✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✾✪✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❡✉ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♦♣çõ❡s✳
❖ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡r✿ ❛té ✷✵✵✹✱ ❡st❛✈❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✻✷✪ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ✭♥❛ ♠é❞✐❛✮✳ ❖ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❡①✐❣❡ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡r✳ ❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❡♠ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡r✱ ✉♠❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✼✪✳
✶✳✷ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
✏P❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ r❡❛❧❧② s❡r✐♦✉s ❛❜♦✉t s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳✑ ✲ ❆❧❛♥ ❑❛②
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❞❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦ é ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❦✐t ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♥t♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r P■❈✳
❈♦♠♦ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s t❡♠♦s✿
❼ ✶ ❞✐s♣❧❛② ▲❈❉ ✷ ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣♦r ✶✻ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ✭❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❍❉✼✼✹✽✵✮ ❼ ✹ ❞✐s♣❧❛②s ❞❡ ✼ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❼ ✽ ❧❡❞s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣❧❛②s
❼ ✶✻ ♠✐♥✐ s✇✐t❝❤❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ♠❛tr✐❝✐❛❧ ✹①✹ ❼ ✶ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ▲▼✸✺❈
✸ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❼ ✶ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❘❙✲✷✸✷
❈❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ t❡rá s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡s✳
✶✳✸ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦
✏❋✐rst✱ s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡✳✑ ✲ ❏♦❤♥ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥
❖ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ s❡rá ♦ ▼P▲❆❇✭❘✮✳ ❊st❡ é ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ▼✐❝r♦❝❤✐♣✭❘✮ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ s❡rá ♦ ❙❉❈❈✱ ♦s ❧✐♥❦❡rs ❡ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡rs s❡rã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ●P❯t✐❧s✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ é ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞❛✱ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛❞❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✴❧✐♥❦❡r✳ ❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✴❧✐♥❦❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣r❡st❛r ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛s ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛✈❛çã♦✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ▲✐♥✉① r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ s✉ít❡ P■❑▲❆❇ ✶✺✳✶✵✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❑❉❊ ✸✳✺✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ■❈❉✷ ✈✐❛ ❯❙❇✳
■♥st❛❧❛çã♦
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦
■t❡♠ ❱❡rsã♦ ▲✐❝❡♥ç❛
■❉❊ ▼P▲❆❇ ✽✳✺✵ Pr♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦
❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❙❉❈❈ ✷✳✾✳✵✵ ✭✇✐♥✸✷✮ ●P▲ ▲✐♥❦❡r✴❆ss❡♠❜❧❡r ●P❯t✐❧s ✵✳✶✸✳✼ ✭✇✐♥✸✷✮ ●P▲
P❧✉❣✐♥ ▼P▲❆❇ s❞❝❝✲♠♣❧❛❜ ✵✳✶ ●P▲
❚♦❞♦s ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s sã♦ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦s ❡ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✳ ❆♥♦t❡ ♦ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦✳
❆♣ós ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛❜r✐r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✏♣✐❝✶✻❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳t①t✑ ✭❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ✇♦r❞♣❛❞✮ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ❞♦ ❙❉❈❈ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ♣❛st❛ ✏✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❭♣✐❝✶✻✑ ✭♣♦r ♣❛❞rã♦ ✏❈✿❭❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s❭❙❉❈❈❭✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❭♣✐❝✶✻✑✮✳ ◆♦ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ✈✐st❛ ❡ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ✼ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡❞✐t❛r ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝❧✐q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜♦tã♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❃ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❃ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❃ ❊❞✐t❛r ❃ ❯s✉ár✐♦s ❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❚♦t❛❧✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❝❧✐q✉❡ ❡♠ ♦❦✳ ❆♣ós ✐ss♦ s❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡❞✐t❛r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✳ Pr♦❝✉r❡ ❡♥tã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❧✐♥❤❛s✿
♥❛♠❡ ✶✽❢✹✺✺✵ ✉s✐♥❣ ✶✽❢✷✹✺✺
❚r♦❝❛r ❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✏❢✑ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦ ✶✽❢✹✺✺✵✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✏❋✑ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧♦✿
✹ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦
❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❛❜r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ▼P▲❆❇ ❡ ✈á ❛♦ ♠❡♥✉ ✏Pr♦❥❡❝ts ✲❃ ❙❡t ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❚♦♦❧ ▲♦❝❛t✐✲ ♦♥s✑✳ ❙❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ t❡❧❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✳
❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❡ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✏❙♠❛❧❧ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❈ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❢♦r P■❈✶✻ ✭❙❉❈❈✶✻✮✑✳ ❊①♣❛♥❞❛ ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ✏❊①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡s✑✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✏❣♣❛s♠✑ é ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ✏❜✐♥✑ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ♦ ●P❯t✐❧s✱ ♣♦r ♣❛❞rã♦✿ ✏❈✿❭❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s❭❣♣✉t✐❧s❭❜✐♥✑✳ P❛r❛ ❛s ♦♣çõ❡s s❞❝❝✶✻ ❡ s❞❝❝ ❧✐♥❦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✏s❞❝❝✳❡①❡✑✱ q✉❡ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ✏❜✐♥✑ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ♦ ❙❉❈❈ ♣♦r ♣❛❞rã♦✿ ✏❈✿❭❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s❭❙❉❈❈❭❜✐♥❭✑✳ ❈❧✐❝❛r ❡♠ ✏❖❑✑✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❡st❛s ♦♣çõ❡s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s
❊①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡s ◆♦♠❡ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❣♣❛s♠ ❣♣❛s♠✳❡①❡ ❈✿❭❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s❭❣♣✉t✐❧s❭❜✐♥❭ s❞❝❝ ❧✐♥❦ s❞❝❝✳❡①❡ ❈✿❭❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s❭❙❉❈❈❭❜✐♥❭ s❞❝❝✶✻ s❞❝❝✳❡①❡ ❈✿❭❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s❭❙❉❈❈❭❜✐♥❭
❆♣ós ❡st❡s ♣❛ss♦s ❛ s✉ít❡ ▼P▲❆❇ ❡stá ♣r♦♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❙❉❈❈✰●P❯t✐❧s✳
❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦r ■❈❉✷
❆♣ós ✐♥st❛❧❛r ♦ ▼P▲❆❇ ❥á é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦r ♦✉ ❞❡♣✉r❛❞♦r ■❈❉✷✳ ❈♦♥❡❝t❡✲♦ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦rt❛ ❯❙❇ ❡ ❛❣✉❛r❞❡ ❛ t❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ✇✐♥❞♦✇s ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❞❡ ✈♦❝ê s❡r ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛❞♦ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜q✉❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ✜r♠✇❛r❡ é ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✶✳✵✳✵✳✵ ❞❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡ ▼✐❝r♦❝❤✐♣✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✹ ❡ ❛✈❛♥❝❡✳
✺ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✹✿ ■♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■❈❉✷
◆♦ ✇✐③❛r❞✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❯❙❇ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞✐❣❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ✏❚❛r❣❡t ❤❛s ♦✇♥ ♣♦✇❡r s✉♣♣❧②✑✳ ❉❡✐①❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♦♣çõ❡s ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✳ ❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❧✐❝❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ✈❡r✐✜q✉❡ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ s❡ ♦ r❡s✉♠♦ s❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✺✳
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ❛♦ ■❈❉✷ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♦ ▼P▲❆❇ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ✜r♠✇❛r❡ ❞♦ ■❈❉✷ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♦ ❛✈✐s♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✻✳
❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦
❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛ss✐st❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✭♠❡♥✉ Pr♦❥❡❝t ✲❃ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❲✐③❛r❞✮✳ ❊❧❡ ✐rá q✉❡st✐♦♥❛r s♦❜r❡ ✭❡♥tr❡ ♣❛rê♥t❡s❡s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦✮✿
✶✳ ❖ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✭P■❈ ✶✽❢✹✺✺✵✮ ✷✳ ❆ s✉ít❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ✭❙❉❈❈ ✶✻✮
✸✳ ❖ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ❡ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦
✹✳ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝✉❥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❞❡s❡❥❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦
❆♣ós ❡st❡s ♣❛ss♦s ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡st❛rá ❝r✐❛❞♦✳ ❈❛s♦ ❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♥ã♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ✈á ❛♦ ♠❡♥✉ ❱✐❡✇ ✲❃ Pr♦❥❡❝t✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✈á ❛té ♦ ♠❡♥✉ ❋✐❧❡ ✲❃ ◆❡✇✳ ◆❡st❡ ♥♦✈♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞✐❣✐t❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ❡ s❛❧✈❡✲♦✳ ❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡rá ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✭♠❛✐♥✮ é ❝♦st✉♠❡ s❛❧✈á✲❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ✏♠❛✐♥✳❝✑✳
❆ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦✈♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥s❡r✐✲❧♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝❧✐❝❛r ♥❛ ♣❛st❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❡ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ✏❆❞❞ ❋✐❧❡s✑ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✼✳
✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✺✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ■❈❉✷ ♥♦ ▼P▲❆❇
✼ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✼✿ Pr♦❥❡❝t ❊①♣❧♦r❡r ❞♦ ▼P▲❆❇
❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝✉rs♦✳ ❊st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s❡rã♦ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳
✶✳✹ ■♥❞❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛
✏●♦♦❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡rs ✉s❡ t❤❡✐r ❜r❛✐♥s✱ ❜✉t ❣♦♦❞ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s s❛✈❡ ✉s ❤❛✈✐♥❣ t♦ t❤✐♥❦ ♦✉t ❡✈❡r② ❝❛s❡✳✑ ✲ ❋r❛♥❝✐s ●❧❛ss❜♦r♦✇
➱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡r ❛ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ s❡❥❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞❛✳
◆❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♣❛rá❣r❛❢♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛r ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛s❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛✳ ❊♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈ ❡st❡s ❜❧♦❝♦s sã♦ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❤❛✈❡s ✏④✑ ❡ ✏⑥✑✳
P❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❛♦ ❧❡✐t♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣❛rá❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♠ r❡❝✉♦ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♥❛ ♣r✐✲ ♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❝♦❧♦❝❛✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s ✐t❡♥s ♥✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡❝✉❛❞❛ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ tr❛ç♦ ✏✲✑ ♦✉ s❡t❛ ✏✲❃✑ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✳
❈♦♠ ❡ss❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦✱ ♦s r❡❝✉♦s ❡ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦✳
✽ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈ó❞✐❣♦ ✐♥❞❡♥t❛❞♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❞❡♥t❛❞♦
✶ ✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t t❡♠♣ ❀
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t t❡❝❧❛♥♦✈❛ ❂✵❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❙❡r✐❛❧ ✭ ✮ ❀
■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❉✐s♣❧❛②s ✭ ✮ ❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛▲❈❉ ✭ ✮ ❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❆❉ ✭ ✮ ❀
❢♦r✭ ❀ ❀ ✮ ④
❆t✉❛❧✐③❛❉✐s♣❧❛② ✭ ✮ ❀
✐ ❢ ✭ t❡❝❧❛♥♦✈❛ ✦❂ ❚❡❝❧❛ ✮ ④
t❡❝❧❛♥♦✈❛ ❂ ❚❡❝❧❛ ❀
❢♦r✭ ✐❂✵❀✐ ❁✶✻❀✐✰✰✮ ④
✐ ❢ ✭ ❇✐t❚st ✭ ❚❡❝❧❛ ✱ ✐ ✮ ✮ ④
❊♥✈✐❛❉❛❞♦s ✭ ✐✰✹✽✮ ❀ ⑥
⑥ ⑥
❢♦r✭ ✐ ❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁ ✶✵✵✵❀ ✐✰✰✮❀ ⑥
⑥
✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ✐ ❀
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t t❡♠♣ ❀
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t t❡❝❧❛♥♦✈❛ ❂✵❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❙❡r✐❛❧ ✭ ✮ ❀
■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❉✐s♣❧❛②s ✭ ✮ ❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛▲❈❉ ✭ ✮ ❀ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❆❉ ✭ ✮ ❀
❢♦r✭ ❀ ❀ ✮ ④
❆t✉❛❧✐③❛❉✐s♣❧❛② ✭ ✮ ❀
✐ ❢ ✭ t❡❝❧❛♥♦✈❛ ✦❂ ❚❡❝❧❛ ✮ ④
t❡❝❧❛♥♦✈❛ ❂ ❚❡❝❧❛ ❀
❢♦r✭ ✐❂✵❀✐ ❁✶✻❀✐✰✰✮ ④
✐ ❢ ✭ ❇✐t❚st ✭ ❚❡❝❧❛ ✱ ✐ ✮ ✮ ④
❊♥✈✐❛❉❛❞♦s ✭ ✐✰✹✽✮ ❀ ⑥
⑥ ⑥
❢♦r✭ ✐ ❂ ✵ ❀ ✐ ❁ ✶✵✵✵❀ ✐✰✰✮❀ ⑥
⑥
P♦❞❡♠♦s ♥♦t❛r ♣❡❧♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♥❞❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ♥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛✐s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✴r♦t✐♥❛s ❡stã♦ s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛❞❛s às ❞❡♠❛✐s✳
❖✉tr❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ P❡❧❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦✉ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡✿ s❡❥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧❡tr❛✱ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧❛ ♦✉ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛✱ ❡ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❧❡tr❛s✱ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦✉ ✉♥❞❡rs❝♦r❡ ✏❴✑✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❝❛s♦ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ❧❡tr❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝❛✐①❛ ✭♠❛✐ús❝✉❧❛ ♦✉ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛✮✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✏✈❛r✑ ❡ ✏✈❆r✑ sã♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ❡rr♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛çã♦✳
P♦r ✐ss♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s s❡❥❛♠ ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ♠✐♥ús❝✉❧❛s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✱ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✲❧♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✏❝♦♥tP♦s✑ ❡ ✏❝♦♥t❚♦t❛❧✑✳
◆♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ s❡rã♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧❡tr❛ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧❛ ❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ s❡rá ❣r❛❢❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧♦✿ ✏■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❚❡❝❧❛❞♦✭✮✑✱ ✏P❛r❛❙✐st❡♠❛✭✮✑✳
❚❛❣s ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✭✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ★❞❡✜♥❡✮ s❡rã♦ ❣r❛❢❛❞♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧♦✿ ✏◆❯▼❊❘❖❉❊❱❖▲❚❆❙✑✱ ✏❈❖◆❙❚●❘❆❱■❚❆❈■❖◆❆▲✑✳
❈❛❞❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ s❡rá ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛ ♥✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✲ çõ❡s ❞♦ t✐♣♦✿
✐ ❢ ✭ P❖❘❚❆ ❂❂ ✵①✸✵ ✮ ④ P❖❘❚❇ ❂ ✵①✶✵ ❀ ⑥ ❖✉
✐ ❢ ✭ P❖❘❚❆ ❂❂ ✵①✸✵ ✮ ④ P❖❘❚❇ ❂ ✵①✶✵ ❀ ⑥
✾ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
♣♦ss✉✐ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦r♠❛s✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ t❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳
❖ ❡st✐❧♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❛♣♦st✐❧❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st✐❧♦ ✏❆❧❧♠❛♥✑✱ ✏❜s❞✑ ✭♥♦ ❡♠❛❝s✮ ♦✉ ❆◆❙■✱ ❥á q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❆◆❙■ ❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡st❡ ❡st✐❧♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐st♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❆◆❙■ ❈ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛ ✉♠ ❡st✐❧♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦✳
✶✳✺ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s
✏■❢ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts ❞✐s❛❣r❡❡✱ t❤❡♥ ❜♦t❤ ❛r❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ✇r♦♥❣✳✑ ✲ ◆♦r♠ ❙❝❤r②❡r
❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s sã♦ t❡①t♦s q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♠♦s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ t♦r♥á✲ ❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r♦✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐r ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s ♥♦ss♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✏✴✴✑ ✭❞✉❛s ❜❛rr❛s✮✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✉s❛✲s❡ ♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ✏✴✯✑ ✭❜❛rr❛ ❡ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦✮ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦ ❡ ✏✯✴✑ ✭❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ❡ ❜❛rr❛✮ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦✳
★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁s t ❞ ✐ ♦ ✳ ❤❃
★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❉■❙❚ ✷✻✵ ✴✴ ❞ ✐ s t ❛ ♥ ❝ ✐ ❛ ❡ ♥ t r ❡ ❙P ❡ ■ t ❛
✐♥t ♠❛✐♥ ✭✐♥t ❛r❣❝ ✱ ❝❤❛r✯ ❛r❣✈ ❬ ❪ ✮ ④
✴✯ ❡ s s ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s ❡ r ✈ ❡ ♣❛r❛
♠♦str❛r ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✐ ♥ s ❡ r ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✯✴
♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❡stá ❛ ✪❞ ❑♠ ❞❡ ■t❛❥✉❜á✧✱ ❉■❙❚ ✮ ❀
r❡t✉r♥ ✵ ❀ ⑥
✶✳✻ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ✳❝ ❡ ✳❤
◆❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❚♦❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♥♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ✏✳❝✑ ✭❝♦❞❡✮✳ ➱ ♥❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛♠♦s ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ❙❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✏✳❝✑ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ♣♦ss❛ ✉s❛r ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡✳
❖s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✏✳❤✑ ✭❤❡❛❞❡r✮ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ s❡r ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❧❤♦ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✏✳❝✑ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✏✳❝✑ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✳ ◆❡❧❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠♦s t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✉s❡♠✳
❙❡ q✉✐s❡r♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ só ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✱ ♣♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♦✉ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❜❛st❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r s❡✉ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❆P❊◆❆❙ ♥♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✏✳❝✑✳
❙❡ ❢♦r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❧❡✐❛ ❡✴♦✉ ❣r❛✈❡ ♥✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ é r❡❝♦♠❡♥✲ ❞❛❞♦ ❝r✐❛r ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❖ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✏✳❝✑ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶✳✷ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛ ♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❤❡❛❞❡r ✏✳❤✑✳
P♦❞❡♠♦s ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ♥♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✏✳❤✑ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛❉✐s♣❧❛②✭✮ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡❧❛ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛rá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ♥♦t❛r t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡r ♦✉ ❣r❛✈❛r ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✏❞✐❣✐t♦✑ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ▼✉❞❛❉✐❣✐t♦✭✮ ❡ ▲❡r❉✐❣✐t♦✭✮✳ ◆♦t❛r q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ às ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐♥s❡r❡ ❛tr❛s♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❝❛✉s❛r tr❛✈❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛ ❡s♣❛ç♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ st❛❝❦✳
✶✳✼ ❉✐r❡t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦
✶✵ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣✼s❡❣✳❝
✶ ✴✴ ✈ ❛ r ✐ á ✈ ❡ ❧ ✉s❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞ ❡ s t ❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦
✷ st❛t✐❝ ❝❤❛r t❡♠♣ ❀
✸ ✴✴ ✈ ❛ r ✐ á ✈ ❡ ❧ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉s❛❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢ ♦ r ❛ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦
✹ st❛t✐❝ ❝❤❛r ✈❛❧♦r ❀
✺ ✴✴ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❢ ♦ r ❛ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦
✻ ✈♦✐❞ ▼✉❞❛❉✐❣✐t♦ ✭❝❤❛r ✈❛❧ ✮ ✼ ④
✽ ✈❛❧♦r ❂ ✈❛❧ ❀ ✾ ⑥
✶✵ ❝❤❛r ▲❡r❉✐❣✐t♦ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ✶✶ ④
✶✷ r❡t✉r♥ ✈❛❧♦r ❀ ✶✸ ⑥
✶✹ ✈♦✐❞ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❉✐s♣❧❛②s ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ✶✺ ④
✶✻ ✴✴ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦
✶✼ ⑥
✶✽ ✴✴ ❢✉♥çã♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞ ❡ s t ❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦
✶✾ ✈♦✐❞ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛❉✐s♣❧❛② ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ✷✵ ④
✷✶ ✴✴ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦
✷✷ ⑥
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣✼s❡❣✳❤ ✶ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢ ❱❆❘❴❍
✷ ★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❱❆❘❴❍
✸ ✈♦✐❞ ▼✉❞❛❉✐❣✐t♦ ✭❝❤❛r ✈❛❧ ✮ ❀ ✹ ❝❤❛r ▲❡r❉✐❣✐t♦ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ❀
✶✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡
❆ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ é ❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❡ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♦✉ ♣♦r ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ◆ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s✮ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞❛✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏❍❡❛❞❡r✑ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ✏✳❤✑✳
★❞❡✜♥❡
❖✉tr❛ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ é ❛ ★❞❡✜♥❡✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ s❡❥❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦✳
❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❡❧❛
★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❈❖◆❙❚ ✶✺
✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧✪❞✧✱ ❈❖◆❙❚ ✯ ✸✮ ❀ ⑥
✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
♣r✐♥t❢ ✭✧✪❞✧✱ ✶✺ ✯ ✸✮ ❀ ⑥
✹✺
❋✉♥çã♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❖♣çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ★❞❡✜♥❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❡❧❛
✈♦✐❞ ▼♦str❛❙❛✐❞❛P❛❞r❛♦ ✭ ✮ ④
★✐❢❞❡❢ P❆❉❘❆❖ ❙❡r✐❛❧
❝❤❛r ✯ ♠s❣ ❂ ✧❙❊❘■❆▲✧❀ ★❡❧s❡
❝❤❛r ✯ ♠s❣ ❂ ✧▲❈❉✧❀ ★❡♥❞✐❢
♣r✐♥t❢ ✭ ♠s❣ ✮ ❀ ⑥
★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁s t ❞ ✐ ♦ ✳ ❤❃
★❞❡❢✐♥❡ P❆❉❘❆❖ ❙ ❡ r ✐ ❛ ❧
✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
▼♦str❛❙❛✐❞❛P❛❞r❛♦ ✭ ✮ ❀ ⑥
❙❊❘■❆▲
★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ❁s t ❞ ✐ ♦ ✳ ❤❃
★❞❡❢✐♥❡ P❆❉❘❆❖ ▲❈❉
✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
▼♦str❛❙❛✐❞❛P❛❞r❛♦ ✭ ✮ ❀ ⑥
▲❈❉
P❡❧♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ▼♦str❛❙❛✐❞❛P❛❞r❛♦✭✮✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ r❡✲ s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛ ♦♣çã♦ P❆❉❘❆❖✳
✶✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
★✐❢❞❡❢✱ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢✱ ★❡❧s❡ ❡ ★❡♥❞✐❢
❆s ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛s ★✐❢❞❡❢✱ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢✱ ★❡❧s❡ ❡ ★❡♥❞✐❢ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❣❡r❛r ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥✉♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣❡❞❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣❧❛② ❞❡ ▲❈❉✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ t❡①t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ♠❛s é ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♠❛✐s ❜❛r❛t♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❧❡❞ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❖ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿
✈♦✐❞ ■♠♣r✐♠✐r❚❡♠♣ ✭❝❤❛r ✈❛❧♦r ✮ ④
★✐❢❞❡❢ ▲❈❉
■♠♣r✐♠❡❴▲❈❉ ✭ ✈❛❧♦r ✮ ★❡❧s❡
✐ ❢ ✭ ✈❛❧♦r ❃ ✸✵✮ ④
❧❡❞ ❂ ✶ ❀ ⑥
❡❧s❡
④
❧❡❞ ❂ ✵ ❀ ⑥
★❡♥❞✐❢ ✴✴▲❈❉
⑥
◆♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ♦ ♣ré✲❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✐rá ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❛ ✏t❛❣✑ ▲❈❉ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r✳ ❊♠ ❝❛s♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦ ♣ré✲❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✐rá ❞❡✐①❛r t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ★✐❢❞❡❢ ❡ ♦ ★❡❧s❡ ❡ r❡t✐r❛rá t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ★❡❧s❡ ❡ ♦ ★❡♥❞✐❢✳
❖✉tr❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡st❛s ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛s é ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✱ ✉♠ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ✭s❡r✐❛❧✳❤✮ ❡ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭t❡♠♣✳❤✮✳ ❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦rt❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ❡ t♦❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛ss❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❛t❛♠❛r ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛❧❡rt❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦rt❛ s❡r✐❛❧✳ ❖ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♣♦rt❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ✭s❡r✐❛❧✳❤✮ t❡♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❝❤❛r ▲❡r❙❡r✐❛❧ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ❀
✈♦✐❞ ❊♥✈✐❛❙❡r✐❛❧ ✭❝❤❛r ✈❛❧ ✮ ❀
❖ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭t❡♠♣✳❤✮ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❝❤❛r ▲❡r❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ❀
✈♦✐❞ ❆❥✉st❛❈❛❧♦r ✭❝❤❛r ✈❛❧ ✮ ❀
❚♦❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ▲❡r❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✭✮ ❢♦r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✱ ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ t❡st❡ ❡ s❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣❛t❛♠❛r ❝❤❛♠❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❊♥✈✐❛❙❡r✐❛❧✭✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✵①✸✵✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ t❡♠♣✳❤ ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ s❡r✐❛❧✳❤✳
★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧s❡r✐❛❧✳❤✧
❝❤❛r ▲❡r❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ❀
✈♦✐❞ ❆❥✉st❛❈❛❧♦r ✭❝❤❛r ✈❛❧ ✮ ❀
❚♦❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ▲❡r❙❡r✐❛❧✭✮ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❆❥✉st❛❈❛❧♦r✭✮ ❡ r❡♣❛ss❛r ❡ss❡ ✈❛❧♦r✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ s❡r✐❛❧✳❤ ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ t❡♠♣✳❤
★✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✧t❡♠♣✳❤✧
❝❤❛r ▲❡r❙❡r✐❛❧ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ❀
✶✸ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❡❛❞❡r ✶ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢ ❚❆●❴❈❖◆❚❘❖▲❊
✷ ★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❚❆●❴❈❖◆❚❘❖▲❊
✸ ✴✴ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✈❡♠ ❛q✉✐ ✳
✺ ★❡♥❞✐❢ ✴✴❚❆●❴❈❖◆❚❘❖▲❊
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é q✉❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦ é ❝r✐❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r s❡♠ ✜♠✿ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❧ê ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ s❡r✐❛❧✳❤ ❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ q✉❡ ✐♥s❡r✐r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ t❡♠♣✳❤✳ ■♥s❡r✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ t❡♠♣✳❤ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ q✉❡ ✐♥s❡r✐r ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ s❡r✐❛❧✳❤✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✽✳
#include “serial.h”
char LerTemperatura(void); void AjustaCalor(char val);
temp.h
#include “temp.h” char LerSerial(void); void EnviaSerial(char val);
serial.h
#include “serial.h”
char LerTemperatura(void); void AjustaCalor(char val);
temp.h
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✽✿ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❈✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s
❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ s❡❥❛ ❧✐❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③✳ ❊st❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ é ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✶✳✸✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢ ❡ ♦ ★❡♥❞✐❢✱ só s❡rá ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ s❡ ❛ t❛❣ ✏❚❆●❴❈❖◆❚❘❖▲❊✑ ◆➹❖ ❡st✐✈❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✐st♦ é ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛✱ ♦ ♣ré✲❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❧ê ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝í❝❧✐❝❛✱ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❢♦r ❧✐❞♦✱ ❛ t❛❣ ✏❚❆●❴❈❖◆❚❘❖▲❊✑ ❥á ❡st❛rá ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✾✳
●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠♦ t❛❣ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✳ ❊st❛ t❛❣ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✳
✶✳✽ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❈
✏✶✾ ❏❛♥ ✷✵✸✽ ❛t ✸✿✶✹✿✵✼ ❆▼✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❯♥✐① ✭✷✸✷ s❡❝♦♥❞s ❛❢t❡r ❏❛♥ ✶st ✶✾✼✵✮✑ ✲ ❯♥✐① ❞❛t❡ s②st❡♠
✶✹ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
#ifndef TEMP_H #define TEMP_H #include “serial.h”
char LerTemperatura(void); void AjustaCalor(char val); #endif
temp.h
#ifndef SERIAL_H #define SERIAL_H #include “temp.h”
char LerSerial(void); void EnviaSerial(char val); #endif
serial.h
#ifndef TEMP_H
//tag já definida, //pula o conteúdo
#endif
temp.h
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✾✿ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ★✐❢♥❞❡❢
❈ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✸✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❚✐♣♦ ❇✐ts ❇②t❡s ❋❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s
❝❤❛r ✽ ✶ ✲✶✷✽ à ✶✷✼
✐♥t ✶✻ ✷ ✲✸✷✳✼✻✽ à ✸✷✳✼✻✼ ✢♦❛t ✸✷ ✹ ✸✱✹ ① ✶✵✲✸✽ à ✸✱✹ ① ✶✵✸✽ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ✻✹ ✽ ✸✱✹ ① ✶✵✲✸✵✽ à ✸✱✹ ① ✶✵✸✵✽
P♦❞❡♠♦s ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❛✐✲ ♦r❡s✳ ◆♦t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s t✐♣♦s ✢♦❛t ❡ ❞♦✉❜❧❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛s❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s✳
❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ❡ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧
❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♥ár✐♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✵ ♦✉ ✶✳ P♦r ✐ss♦ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ✷✳ ❯♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝❤❛r q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✽ ❜✐ts s❡rá r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✽ ❛❧❣❛r✐s♠♦s✱ t♦❞♦s ✵ ✭③❡r♦s✮ ♦✉ ✶ ✭✉♥s✮✳ P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r♠♦s ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ✷ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s s❡❣✉✐r ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✿
✶✳ ❉✐✈✐❞✐r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦r ✷
✷✳ ❆♥♦t❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ r❡st♦ ✭✵ ♦✉ ✶✮
✸✳ ❙❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✵ ✈♦❧t❛r ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶
✶✺ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✺✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✽✳ ✶✽✴✷ ❂ ✾✱ r❡st♦ ✵ ✾✴✷ ❂ ✹✱ r❡st♦ ✶ ✹✴✷ ❂ ✷✱ r❡st♦ ✵ ✷✴✷ ❂ ✶✱ r❡st♦ ✵ ✶✴✷ ❂ ✵✱ r❡st♦ ✶
▲❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✶✽✶✵ ❂ ✶✵✵✶✵✷
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❜✐♥ár✐♦s ♥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r♠♦s ❡st❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ✶✻ ♦✉ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳ ❆ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡st❛ ❜❛s❡ é q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ♦❝✉♣❛ ❜❡♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥❛ t❡❧❛✳
❆ ❜❛s❡ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✶✻ ✧✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✧❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶✵ ❛❧❣❛r✐s♠♦s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❛rá❜✐❝♦ ✭✵✱ ✶✱ ✷✱ ✸✱ ✹✱ ✺✱ ✻✱ ✼✱ ✽✱ ✾✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ✻ ❧❡tr❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✲❧♦s ✭❆✱ ❇✱ ❈✱ ❉✱ ❊✱ ❋✮✳ ❆ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❜✐♥ár✐♦s✱ ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s ❡ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✹✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✹✿ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ✕ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ✲ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧
❉❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❇✐♥ár✐♦ ❍❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❉❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❇✐♥ár✐♦ ❍❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧
✵ ✵✵✵✵ ✵ ✽ ✶✵✵✵ ✽
✶ ✵✵✵✶ ✶ ✾ ✶✵✵✶ ✾
✷ ✵✵✶✵ ✷ ✶✵ ✶✵✶✵ ❆
✸ ✵✵✶✶ ✸ ✶✶ ✶✵✶✶ ❇
✹ ✵✶✵✵ ✹ ✶✷ ✶✶✵✵ ❈
✺ ✵✶✵✶ ✺ ✶✸ ✶✶✵✶ ❉
✻ ✵✶✶✵ ✻ ✶✹ ✶✶✶✵ ❊
✼ ✵✶✶✶ ✼ ✶✺ ✶✶✶✶ ❋
P❛r❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❞❡ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❤❡①❛❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❜❛st❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ✹ ❡♠ ✹✱ ❞❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛❝✐♠❛✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✽✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✶✵✵✶✵✷✳ ❙❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✹ ❡♠ ✹ ❛❧❣❛r✐s♠♦s t❡♠♦s✿
✶✲✵✵✶✵ P❡❧❛ t❛❜❡❧❛✿ ✶✷ ❂ ✶✶✻ ✵✵✶✵✷ ❂ ✷✶✻✳ ▲♦❣♦✿
✶✵✵✶✵✷✳ ❂ ✶✷✶✻✳
▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ s✐♥❛❧
❯♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❜❛s❡ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ t✐♣♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✭❧♦♥❣ ❡ s❤♦rt✮ ❡ ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❛ s✐♥❛❧ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❡ s✐❣♥❡❞✮✳ ❯♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❧♦♥❣ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ▼❆■❖❘ ♦✉ ■●❯❆▲ ❛♦ t✐♣♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❯♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❤♦rt ❞❡✈❡ t❡r t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ▼❊◆❖❘ ♦✉ ■●❯❆▲ ❛♦ t✐♣♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳
✶✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ❞♦❜r♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ s✐❣♥❡❞✳ ◆❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✺ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✺✿ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s
❚✐♣♦ ❇②t❡s ❊①❝✉rsã♦ ♠á①✐♠❛
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r ✶ ✵ à ✷✺✺
s✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r ✶ ✲✶✷✽ à ✶✷✼
✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ✷ ✵ à ✻✺✳✺✸✺
s✐❣♥❡❞ ✐♥t ✷ ✲✸✷✳✼✻✽ à ✸✷✳✼✻✼ ❧♦♥❣ ✐♥t ✹ ✲✷✳✶✹✼✳✹✽✸✳✻✹✽ à ✷✳✶✹✼✳✹✽✸✳✻✹✼ ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❧♦♥❣ ✐♥t ✹ ✵ à ✹✳✷✾✹✳✾✻✼✳✷✾✺
s❤♦rt ✐♥t ✷ ✲✸✷✳✼✻✽ à ✸✷✳✼✻✼
◆❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈✱ ♣♦r ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ♦s t✐♣♦s sã♦ s✐♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✳ P♦r ✐ss♦ é r❛r♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r s✐❣♥❡❞✳
▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ r❡t✐r❛r ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦✉ ❞❡s❢❛③❡r ❧♦♦♣s ❝♦♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ✜①♦s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦✿
★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❳ ✭ ✯ ✭ ♥❡❛r ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r✯✮ ✵①❋✽✸ ✮
✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❳✦❂❳ ✮ ❀ ⑥
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❛ss❡♠❜❧❡r✿
✴✴ ❙ t ❛ r t ✐ ♥ ❣ ♣❈♦❞❡ ❜ ❧ ♦ ❝ ❦
❙❴❚❡st❡❴❴♠❛✐♥ ❝♦❞❡ ❴♠❛✐♥ ✿
✳ ❧✐♥❡ ✶✾ ✴✴ ❚❡st❡ ✳ ❝ ✇ ❤ ✐ ❧ ❡ ✭❳✦❂❳✮ ❀
❘❊❚❯❘◆
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✏①✑ ❢♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✏①✑ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♥ã♦ s❛✐ ❞♦ ❧♦♦♣✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♥✉♥❝❛ ✐rá ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ ♦ ❧♦♦♣ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✈❡r ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ r❡t✉r♥ ❡stá ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❴♠❛✐♥✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♦ ✈❛❧♦r só é ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞✐r❡t❛s ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✿ ✭① ❂ ✹❀✮ ♦✉ ✭① ❂ ②❀✮✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ① ♣♦❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❙❡ ❡st❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✱ s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ♣♦❞❡ ♠✉❞❛r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ P❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡✳
★❞❡❢✐♥❡ ❳ ✭ ✯ ✭✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ♥❡❛r ✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞ ❝❤❛r✯✮ ✵①❋✽✸ ✮
✈♦✐❞ ♠❛✐♥ ✭✈♦✐❞✮ ④
✇❤✐❧❡ ✭ ❳✦❂❳ ✮ ❀ ⑥
