❈❘■❙❚■❆◆◆❊ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❉❯❚❘❆
❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙ ❖❚■▼■❩❆❉❆❙ P❆❘❆
❘❊■❉❊◆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ P❊❙❙❖❆❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ❘♦❜s♦♥ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③
© 2016,Cristianne Rodrigues Santos Dutra.
Todos os direitos reservados
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca do ICEx - UFMG
Dutra, Cristianne Rodrigues Santos.
D978t Técnicas otimizadas para reidentificação de pessoas. /
Cristianne Rodrigues Santos. – Belo Horizonte, 2016.
xxvi, 70 f.: il.; 29 cm.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de
Minas Gerais – Departamento de Ciência da Computação.
Orientador: William Robson Schwartz.
1. Computação – Teses. 2. Visão por computador.3.
Sistemas de reconhecimento de padrões. 4. Processamento
de imagens. I. Orientador. II. Título.
❆ ❏❡s✉s✱ ♦ ❈r✐st♦✱ q✉❡♠ ♥♦s s❛❧✈♦✉ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦s ♣❡❝❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦♠❡t❡✉ ✈♦❧t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❘❡✐ ❞♦s r❡✐s ❡ ❙❡♥❤♦r ❞♦s s❡♥❤♦r❡s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❝❛❞❛ ✈✐tór✐❛ ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦✐s só ❊❧❡ é ❞✐❣♥♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❤♦♥r❛✱ ❣❧ór✐❛ ❡ ❧♦✉✈♦r✦ ❏❡s✉s✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ ❘♦❜s♦♥ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥♦tá✈❡❧✳
❆♦ ▼❛r❝♦s✱ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ ❛♠♦ ♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ q✉❡ s♦✉❜❡ ❡①❡r❝✐t❛r ♦ ❞♦♠ ❞❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❡ ❢❡③ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❛♠♦r✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ ❡♥❝❤❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛✳
➪ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ r❡♥ú♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❢♦rç❛ ❡ t♦❞❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❙❙■● q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡r✐❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ♣❡rt♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❡✱ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡t❡r♥❛ ❣r❛t✐❞ã♦✳
➚ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✲ ❋❆P❊▼■● ✭Pr♦❥❡t♦s PP▼✲✵✵✵✷✺✲✶✺ ❡ ❆P◗✲✵✵✺✻✼✲✶✹✮✱ à ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ◆í✈❡❧ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✲ ❈❆P❊❙ ✭Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❉❡❡♣❊②❡s✮ ❡ ❛♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✲ ❈◆Pq ✭Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✹✼✼✹✺✼✴✷✵✶✸✲✹✮✳
❙❡♠ t♦❞♦s ✈♦❝ês ♥❛❞❛ ❞✐ss♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
✏◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ✈✐✈♦✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥ç♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ é ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✐♥✈❡♥❝í✈❡❧✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❡ ♠❛♥t✐❞❛ ❛té ❛ ✈✐tór✐❛ ✜♥❛❧✳✑ ✭❋♦✇❡❧❧ ❇✉①t♦♥✮
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s t❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐✲ ♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❣r❛♥❞❡s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♦ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❞✐st✐♥t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦s✲ t❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡st❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥❛ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛✲ ❞♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦s❡✱ ♦❝❧✉sõ❡s✱ ❜❛✐①❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝r❡s✲ ❝❡♥t❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❧✐st❛s ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♦s ❝❛♥✲ ❞✐❞❛t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❉✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡✲ ♥❛r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥❛s ❧✐st❛s ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❛♠✲ ❜✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❱■P❡❘ ❡ ❈❯❍❑✵✶✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✷✺✪ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❱■P❡❘✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ r❛♥❦✲✶✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣❡♦♣❧❡s r❡✲✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ r❡❝❡♥t❧②✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ❝❛♠❡r❛ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ✐s t♦ r❡✲✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✐♥❞✐✲ ✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝❛♠❡r❛ ❛t ❛♥ ❡❛r❧✐❡r t✐♠❡✳ ▼❛♥② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦st ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❛❧❧❡r②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r t❤❡r❡ st✐❧❧ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❢❛❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡❞✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✱ ♣♦s❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✱ ♦❝❝❧✉s✐♦♥s✱ ❧♦✇ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s✉r✈❡✐❧❧❛♥❝❡ s②s✲ t❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❜② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❛♥ ✐♥❞❡① str✉❝t✉r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✐♥✈❡rt❡❞ ✐♥❞❡① t♦ ❜r✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s t❤❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s ♠♦st ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✳ ❚✇♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✿ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦♥❡ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞✐❝t✐♦♥❛r✐❡s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ ❧❡❛r♥❡❞ t♦ st♦r❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦✇ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✉s❡s t❤❡ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❢♦r r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐t② ❛♠♦♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜② ❱■P❡❘ ❈❯❍❑✵✶ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ♦❢ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t❡s✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ♦✉r ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❜t❛✐♥s ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉❧ts t❤❛♥ t❤♦s❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ st❛t❡✲♦❢✲t❤❡✲❛rt ♠❡t❤♦❞s r❛♥❦✲✶ r❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ r❛t❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ✷✺ ✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ❱■P❡❘ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡♣♦st♦s ❬●✐❧❜❡rt ✫ ❇♦✇❞❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✲ t♦s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❆ ❥á ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❇ ❬❋♦♥t❡✿ ●♦✲ ♦❣❧❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✸ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❬❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ✷✵✶✷❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❱■P❡❘ ❬●r❛② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❞✐✲ ❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✶ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r ❘●❇ ❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ T = 0.1,0.3 ❡ 0.5✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✶ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✷ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✸ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s sã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ m r❡❣✐õ❡s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡♣♦st❛s ✭✶✮✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ é r❡❛✲ ❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✭✷✮✳ P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ é ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ k ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐✲ s✉❛✐s ✭✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✹ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s✿ ❞✐❝✐♦✲ ♥ár✐♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ú♥✐❝♦✱ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✺ ◆❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❛ ❣❛❧❡✲ r✐❛ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✭✶✮✱ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛r ❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡rá ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ✭✷✮✳ ◆♦ t❡st❡✱ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡ é ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡♣♦st❛s ✭✸✮✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ é ❢❡✐t♦ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✭✹✮✳ ❖s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡ s❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✭✺✮✱ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s s❡ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛ ❛♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛r ❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥✈❡r✲ t✐❞❛ ✭✻✮ ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❛ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✭✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✻ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✼ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡st❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ P▲❙✲
❖❆❆ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✽ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧✐st❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✾ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✶ ❆♠♦str❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✿ ✭❛✮ ❱■P❡❘ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❈❯❍❑✵✶✳ ❆s ❛♠♦str❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✷ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s
✈✐s✉❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞✐❝✐♦✲
♥ár✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr❛s ▼❆❘❘ ❡ ❝✉r✈❛ ❈▼❈ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s
♣❡❧❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✺ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr❛s ▼❆❘❘ ❡ ❝✉r✈❛ ❈▼❈ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s
♣❡❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✻ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✼ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆
✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✽ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆
✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✾ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❜❛rr❛s ▼❆❘❘ ❡ ❝✉r✈❛ ❈▼❈ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s
♣❡❧♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✶✵ ❈✉r✈❛s ▼❆❘❘ ❡ ❈▼❈ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s r❡❝✉♣❡✲ r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✶✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦
❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✶✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦
❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✶✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r✲
♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✶✹ ❈✉r✈❛s ▼❆❘❘ ❡ ❈▼❈ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦
❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✶✺ ❈✉r✈❛s ▼❆❘❘ ❡ ❈▼❈ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆
✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❈❯❍❑✵✶ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ▼❆❘❘ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✶✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✿ ✭❛✮ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✱ ✭❜✮ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❡ ✭❝✮ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ ❈✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡✲ r❛çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❛♥❦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡
❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❈▼❈ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡
❞❛❞♦s ❱■P❡❘ ✭✪✮✳ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❢♦✐ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥♦ r❛♥❦❂✶✳ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳ss✐❣✳❞❝❝✳ ✉❢♠❣✳❜r✴r❡✐❞✲r❡s✉❧ts✴✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❈❯❍❑✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❈▼❈ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡
❞❛❞♦s ❈❯❍❑✵✶ ✭✪✮✳ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳ss✐❣✳❞❝❝✳✉❢♠❣✳ ❜r✴r❡✐❞✲r❡s✉❧ts✴✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s
❈▼❈ ❈✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ▼❛t❝❤ ❈❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝
❍❖● ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠s ♦❢ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ●r❛❞✐❡♥t
❑✐ss▼❡ ❑❡❡♣ ■t ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❙tr❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r ▼❡tr✐❝
❙❈◆❈❉ ❙❛❧✐❡♥t ❈♦❧♦r ◆❛♠❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ❈♦❧♦r ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦r
◆■P❆▲❙ ◆♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r ■t❡r❛t✐✈❡ P▲❙
P▲❙ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s
P▲❙✲❖❆❆ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ✉♠✲❝♦♥tr❛✲t♦❞♦s
P▲❙❍ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ❢♦r ❋❛❝❡ ❍❛s❤✐♥❣
❡P▲❙❍ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ P▲❙ ❢♦r ❢❛❝❡ ❤❛s❤✐♥❣
▼❆❘❘ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❆❝❤✐❡✈❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥ ❘❛t❡
❙❉❆▲❋ ❙②♠♠❡tr②✲❉r✐✈❡♥ ❆❝❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❋❡❛t✉r❡s
▼❙❈❘ ▼❛①✐♠❛❧❧② ❙t❛❜❧❡ ❈♦❧♦r ❘❡❣✐♦♥s
❘❍❙P ❘❡❝✉rr❡♥t ❍✐❣❤✲❙tr✉❝t✉r❡❞ P❛t❝❤❡s
❈P❙ ❈✉st♦♠ P✐❝t♦r❛❧ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡
❆❯❈ ❆r❡❛ ❯♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❈✉r✈❡
❋P◆◆ ❋✐❧t❡r P❛✐r✐♥❣ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❦✲◆◆ ❦✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦rs
P❙ P✐❝t♦r✐❛❧ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s
❙❱▼ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s
❇❘❖ ❇❧♦❝❦✲❇❛s❡❞ ❘❛t✐♦✲❖❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡
❈❘❘❘❖ ❈❡♥t❡r ❘❡❝t❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❘✐♥❣ ❘❛t✐♦✲❖❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡
❈P❉▲ ❈r♦ss✲✈✐❡✇ Pr♦❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❉✐❝t✐♦♥❛r② ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣
❙■❋❚ ❙❝❛❧❡✲■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠
❱■❙❊ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ❊♥❣✐♥❡
r❣❜ ❘●❇ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦
❍❙ ❍✉❡✲❙❛t✉r❛t✐♦♥
❲❍❖❙ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠s ♦❢ ❖✈❡r❧❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❙tr✐♣❡s
▲❖▼❖ ▲♦❝❛❧ ▼❛①✐♠❛❧ ❖❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡
P❘❉❈ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥
▲❋❉❆ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❋✐s❤❡r ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
▲▼◆◆ ▲❛r❣❡ ▼❛r❣✐♥ ◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r
❳◗❉❆ ❈r♦ss✲✈✐❡✇ ◗✉❛❞r❛t✐❝ ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
❳✲❈❘❈ ❈r♦ss✲✈✐❡✇ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥
❈❘❈ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥
P❈❆ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐①
❘❡s✉♠♦ ①✐✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s ①①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✾
✷✳✶ ❘❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❆♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✷✶
✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✷✳✶ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❉✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❚❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷✳✷ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡❣r❡ssã♦ P▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✷✳✷✳✷ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷✳✷✳✸ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✸✺
✹✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✹✳✶✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❉✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✸ ■♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✸✳✶ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✸✳✷ P▲❙✲❖❆❆ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❈❯❍❑✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✺✶
✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✷ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✺✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❈❯❍❑✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✺✼
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✺✾
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ▼✉❧t✐✲❚❛s❦ ❈r♦ss✲❱✐❡✇ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛✲
s❡❞ ❈❧❛ss✐✣❝❛t✐♦♥ ✻✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ t❡♠ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ♦♥✐♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❤✉✲ ♠❛♥♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛ ❡rr♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ à ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♦♣❡r❛✲ ❞♦r é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝❛rr❡✐❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛r♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❬❑❡✈❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡♣♦st♦s ❬●✐❧❜❡rt ✫ ❇♦✇❞❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳
❊♠ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✱ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ✭✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✮ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❛rs❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ár❡❛ é ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦✲ r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡♣♦st♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❛str❡❛❞♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s às ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♣♦s❡ ❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛s ❝â♠❡✲
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
r❛s ❬❙♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❪✳
❆ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝✲ t❛r ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ s✉s♣❡✐t♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♥ã♦ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✲ t♦s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ♥❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❆ ❥á ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❇ ❬❋♦♥t❡✿ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s❪✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ✭✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐st♦ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡✐s ❡ ❡✜❝❛③❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♦❝❧✉sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ✭♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♣♦s❡✮✱ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❜❛✐①❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s✳
✸
❝✉♥❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♦✉ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲ r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ❬❚✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡s♣♦rt✐✲ ✈♦s ❬❇❡♥ ❙❤✐tr✐t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶❪✱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❬❙✉♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❝r✐♠✐♥❛❧✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❜❛✐①❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞♦s ✈í❞❡♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡st❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❛❧✈❛r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡q✉❡r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡✐s ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✳
❱ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦❝❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❬❈s✉r❦❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ P❛r❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③ ✫ ❉❛✈✐s✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❇❛❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ❈❛✐ ✫ P✐❡t✐❦ä✐♥❡♥✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❇❛③③❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❪✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❝♦r✱ t❡①t✉r❛ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ é ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❢r❛❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ◆♦ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r r♦✉♣❛s ❡s❝✉r❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♠✉❞❛r ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♦❝❧✉sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✲❝❧❛ss❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❡stã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❬●♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❛ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲ ríst✐❝❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛r ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ tr❛❢❡❣❛♠ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦✳
❆ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧✱ ❛❝✉r❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦s✳ ❆ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧✐st❛s ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s ❬❑♥✉t❤✱ ✶✾✾✼❪ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✇♦r❞s ❬❙✐✈✐❝ ✫ ❩✐ss❡r♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ✉♠✲❝♦♥tr❛✲t♦❞♦s ✭P▲❙✲❖❆❆✮ ❬❙❝❤✇❛rt③ ✫ ❉❛✈✐s✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐st❛ ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛ ✉♠ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✇♦r❞s q✉❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲ ❝❛s ♥❛s ❧✐st❛s ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s✳ ❖ P▲❙ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♥t❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡s✲ s♦❛s ❬Pr❛❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ✷✵✶✷❜❀ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③ ✫ ❉❛✈✐s✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡s ❬❞❡ P❛✉❧♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❀ ❏r✳ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✺❪ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❬❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ✷✵✶✷❛❪✳
✶✳✷✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ✺
❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳ ❆ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❡t❛♣❛s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐❣❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s rá♣✐❞♦s ❡ ❛❝✉r❛❞♦s ❬❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ✷✵✶✷❛❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✱ ❛ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♥❢❡r✐r s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳
▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ rá♣✐❞♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡♥❤❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞❡s❡♠✲ ♣❡♥❤❛rã♦ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♥❡st❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ r❡❞✉③❛♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡st❡s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥❛ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛✶✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡✱ ❛ q✉❛s❡ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛ ❜r✉t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛✲ ❞♦s ❬❩❤❛♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❛✱❜❪✳ ❊st❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s s♦❢r❡ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐✲ ♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ♦ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳
✶✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ s❡♠ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈❛s✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭✈❡r ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✹ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ s♦❢r❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛❞r♦s ❞♦ ✈í❞❡♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦✱ ♣♦s❡✱ ♦❝❧✉sã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ s❡ ♣❛r❡ç❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ à ❣❛❧❡r✐❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡ ♠❡s♠♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ é ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣r❡✈❡r q✉❛♥t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡rá ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛✳ ❖ t❡♠♣♦ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧ ❛ ✐♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✳ P♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛ r❡✐✲ ❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❛ ❞❡✈❡rá ❧✐❞❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❞❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝❡♥❛ ❬❩❤❡♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✷✵✶✸❪✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❡♥♦r♠❡s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❡ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧
✶◆♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♥s✐✲
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✹✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❱■P❡❘ ❬●r❛② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✳
❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s à ❣❛❧❡r✐❛ r❡q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦ é ✈✐st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ❬❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ✷✵✶✷❛❪✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❣❡r❛❞❛ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡✳
❆ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ s❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❧✐st❛s ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s ❬❑♥✉t❤✱ ✶✾✾✼❪✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❉✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❜❛❣✲♦❢✲✇♦r❞s ❬❙✐✈✐❝ ✫ ❩✐ss❡r♠❛♥✱ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥❛s ❧✐st❛s ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐st❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜❛✐①♦✳
❆s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿
✶✳✹✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✼
❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s q✉❡ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛té ✶✵ ✈❡③❡s✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ r❛♥❦✲✶ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡❀
✷✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❡♠ ❧✐st❛s ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ rá♣✐❞❛❀
✸✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✉♠✲ ❝♦♥tr❛✲t♦❞♦s ❬❙❝❤✇❛rt③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s❀
❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ três ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐✲ ♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❧✐st❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛ ❡ss❡s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✳
• ❉✉tr❛✱ ❈✳❀ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ❲✳❀ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ❚✳❀ ❆❧✈❡s✱ ❘✳ ❛♥❞ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ▲✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❘❡✲
✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥✐❢♦❧❞ ❛♣♣❡❛r❛♥❝❡ ♠♦❞❡✲ ❧✐♥❣✳ ❊♠ ●r❛♣❤✐❝s✱ P❛tt❡r♥s ❛♥❞ ■♠❛❣❡s ✭❙■❇●❘❆P■✮✱ ✷✵✶✸ ✷✻t❤ ❙■❇●❘❆P■ ✲ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥✱ ♣♣✳ ✷✶✽✲✷✷✺✳ ■❙❙◆ ✶✺✸✵✲✶✽✸✹✳
• ❉✉tr❛✱ ❈✳ ❘✳ ❙✳❀ ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ▼✳ ❈✳ ✫ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ❲✳ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳ P❡rs♦♥ r❡✲✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥
❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ❊♠ ❇❛②r♦✲❈♦rr♦❝❤❛♥♦✱ ❊✳ ✫ ❍❛♥❝♦❝❦✱ ❊✳✱ ❡❞✐t♦r❡s✱ Pr♦❣r❡ss ✐♥ P❛tt❡r♥ ❘❡❝♦❣♥✐t✐♦♥✱ ■♠❛❣❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✿ ✶✾t❤ ■❜❡r♦❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❈♦♥❣r❡ss✱ ❈■❆❘P ✷✵✶✹✱ P✉❡rt♦ ❱❛❧❧❛rt❛✱ ▼❡①✐❝♦✱ ◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✷✲✺✱ ✷✵✶✹✳ Pr♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣s✱ ♣♣✳ ✸✺✾✕✸✻✻✱ ❈❤❛♠✳ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ■♥t❡r✲ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ P✉❜❧✐s❤✐♥❣✳
• Pr❛t❡s✱ ❘✳❀ ❉✉tr❛✱ ❈✳ ❘✳ ❙✳ ✫ ❙❝❤✇❛rt③✱ ❲✳ ❘✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮✳ Pr❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ❝♦❧♦r ♥❛♠❡
✐♥❞❡①✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ♣❡rs♦♥ r❡✲✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✻ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥✲ ❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♠❛❣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✭■❈■P✮✱ ♣♣✳ ✼✼✾✲✼✽✸✳
❊ss❡s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛♠ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ✭s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✮ ❡ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✮✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬❉✬❖r❛③✐♦ ✫ ❈✐❝✐r❡❧❧✐✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ▼❛③③♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❀ ❱❡③③❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ❙♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✸❀ ●♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❀ ❇❡❞❛❣❦❛r✲●❛❧❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪✳
✷✳✶ ❘❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛s
❊♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ é ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ♣❡s✲ s♦❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❝â♠❡r❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ t❡♠✲ ♣♦s ❬●♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹❪✳ ❊ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ss❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ três ❣r✉♣♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ r♦❜✉st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦s ✭s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✶✮✳ ❖ s❡✲ ❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✷✮✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❣r✉♣♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ✭s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✸✮✳
