❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❋✐❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ▲❛❢❡tá
❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖❙ ❊❱❖▲❯❚■❱❖❙ ▼❆◆❨ ❖❇❏❊❈❚■❱❊❙
❆P▲■❈❆❉❖❙ ❆❖ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ❉❊ ❘❖❚❊❆▼❊◆❚❖
▼❯▲❚■❈❆❙❚ ❈❖▼ ◗❯❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❙❊❘❱■➬❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥❡ ❘❡❣✐♥❛ ❙♦❛r❡s ❇r❛s✐❧
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil.
L162a 2016
Lafetá, Thiago Fialho de Queiroz, 1986-
Algoritmos evolutivos many objectives aplicados ao problema de roteamento Multicast com qualidade de serviço / Thiago Fialho de Queiroz Lafetá. - 2016.
146 f. : il.
Orientadora: Gina Maira Barbosa de Oliveira. Coorientadora: Christiane Regina Soares Brasil.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. Computação - Teses. 2. Algoritmos genéticos - Teses. 3. Roteamento (Administração de redes de computadores) - Teses. 4. Qualidade de serviços (Redes de computadores - Teses. I. Oliveira, Gina Maira Barbosa de. II. Brasil, Christiane Regina Soares. III. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação. IV. Título.
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ▼❛♥② ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛st ❝♦♠ ◗✉❛✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦✑ ♣♦r ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❋✐❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ▲❛❢❡tá ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✶✽ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥❡ ❘❡❣✐♥❛ ❙♦❛r❡s ❇r❛s✐❧
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❈❧á✉❞✐♦ ❇♦t❛③③♦ ❉❡❧❜❡♠ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻
❆✉t♦r✿ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❋✐❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③ ▲❛❢❡tá
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ▼❛♥② ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛st ❝♦♠ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ Pr♦❢a ❉r✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱
♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❈♦✲❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ Pr♦❢a ❉r✳ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥❡ ❘❡❣✐♥❛ ❙♦❛r❡s ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♣❡❧❛
❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❙❡♠ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ s✐❞♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❡❧❛s✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳ ❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❏♦sé ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❏r✳ ❡ ❘❛q✉❡❧ ❋✐❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛r❡♠
♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s P❛✐s ❏♦sé ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❡ ❘❡❣✐❛ ❈♦❡❧❧✐ ❋✐❛❧❤♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❉ra✳ ●✐♥❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❉ra✳ ❈❤r✐st✐❛♥❡ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❆♦ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐♦ ❞❛ ❋❛❝♦♠ ❊r✐s✈❛❧❞♦ ❆r❛✉❥♦ ❋✐❛❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ót✐♠♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❯❋❯ ❡ ❞❛ ❯❋▲❆✱ ♣❡❧♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❏♦sé ❡ ❘❡❣✐♥❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❏♦sé ❏r✳ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❘❛q✉❡❧✱ ♣♦r t✉❞♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦✲ ♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✜♠✲❛✲✜♠✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗♦❙✮✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ◗♦❙ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♦t✐♠✐✲ ③❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥✲ t❡r✐♦r❡s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭❆❊▼❖✮ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❝♦♠ ◗♦❙✳ ➱ s❛❜✐❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❊▼❖s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ♠❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡✿ ♦ ❆❊▼▼❚ ✭❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ▼✉✐t❛s ❚❛❜❡❧❛s✮✳ ❖ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❢♦✐ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❝♦♠ ◗♦❙✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦rt✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞♦ ❆❊▼▼❚✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ❆❊▼▼❉✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦s❀ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st❀ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦❀ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
■♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❛t ❛♥ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥❞✲t♦✲❡♥❞ ✐s ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ❛ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✭◗♦❙✮✳ ❚❤❡ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ◗♦❙ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s t♦ ❜❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ♦r s❡r✈✐❝❡❞ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧②✳ ❲❤❡♥ t❤✐s ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st r♦✉t✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❡ ❦✐♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ r❡❝✐♣✐❡♥ts✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ❡✈❡♥ ❣r❡❛t❡r✳ Pr❡✈✐♦✉s st✉❞✐❡s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t❤♠s ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭❆❊▼❖✮ ✐♥ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st r♦✉t✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ◗♦❙✳ ■t ✐s ❦♥♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝ts t♦ ❜❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❜❡❝♦♠❡s t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ❆❊▼❖s ❚r❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♠❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✿ t❤❡ ❆❊▼▼❚ ✭❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✇✐t❤ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ▼❛♥② t❛❜❧❡s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❆❊▼▼❚ ✇❛s s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ✐t t♦ ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡❧② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡✲ ❛s✐♥❣ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st r♦✉t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ◗♦❙✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ str❡♥❣t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ♦❢ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❛♣♣♦✐♥t❡❞ ❆❊▼▼❉✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s❀ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st r♦✉t✐♥❣❀ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡❀ ❡✈♦✲ ❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✾
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✷ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛ ✸✺
✷✳✶ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛ ✭❖❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ✭❆❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✷✳✸ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✸ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✭❖▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✭❆❊▼❖s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✹✳✶ ◆♦♥✲❉♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt✐♥❣ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ■■ ✭◆❙●❆✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❙tr❡♥❣t❤ P❛r❡t♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ■■ ✭❙P❊❆ ■■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ▼❛♥② ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✭❆❊▼❚✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ▼✉✐t❛s ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✭❆❊▼▼❚✮ ✹✻
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛st ✭P❘▼✮ ✹✾
✸✳✶ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❘▼ ✺✼
✹✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❞❡ ✭❇✉❡♥♦ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✶✳✶ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✶✳✸ ▼✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❋✐❧tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡♣❡t✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✳✺ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✳✻ ❘❡✐♥s❡rçã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✭❈❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❯♠❛ ◆♦✈❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡✿ ♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦
▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❉♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛s ✭❆❊▼▼❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷✳✺ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✼✸
✺✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❋r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❞❡ P❛r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✶✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❆❊▼❖s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❍✐♣ót❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉♦✐s
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥❛ ❋♦r♠✉✲
❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ◗✉❛tr♦ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥❛ ❋♦r♠✉✲
❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❈✐♥❝♦ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✷✳✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥❛ ❋♦r♠✉✲
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✐①
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✶✷✶
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✼ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✷✺
■ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s
✶✸✶
❆ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✶✸✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷ ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✷ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ P❛r❡t♦ Ót✐♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✹ ❊t❛♣❛ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦ ◆❙●❆✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ str❡♥❣❤t ❡ r❛✇ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✸ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❆❊▼▼❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ● ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✭❇✉❡♥♦ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✸ Ps❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✹ Ps❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ♣♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✺ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ❡ s✉❛ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✼ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣♦r ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆r❡st❛s ❝♦♠ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ Pr✐♠ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✽ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❙♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣♦r ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆r❡st❛s ❝♦♠ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❇r♦❞❡r ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ✭❈❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✶✵ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞♦ ❆❊▼▼❉ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✹ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✶✶ Ps❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s ❡rr♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✷ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s ❣❞✬s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✺✳✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s s♣✬s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s ❤✈✬s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✺ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤① ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠étr✐❝❛
❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✻ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤① ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠étr✐❝❛
❣❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✼ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤① ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠étr✐❝❛
s♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✽ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠étr✐❝❛
❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✾ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠étr✐❝❛
❣❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✶✵ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠étr✐❝❛
s♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✶✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❡r ❡ ❣❞ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✶✷ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣s ❡ ♠s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✶✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✈ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✶✹ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✶✺ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❉✴♠❞✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r✲
♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✶✻ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❉✴♠❞✷ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r✲
♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✶✼ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❡r ❡ ❣❞ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✶✽ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣s ❡ ♠s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✶✾ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✈ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✷✵ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✷✶ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❉✴♠❞✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r✲
♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷✷ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❡r ❡ ❣❞ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✷✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣s ❡ ♠s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✷✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✈ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ s❡✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✷✺ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❙P❊❆✷✴❤✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✷✻ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❉✴♠❞✶ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐✐✐
✺✳✷✾ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✻ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✺✳✸✵ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❡r ❡ ❣❞ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✹ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✺✳✸✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣s ❡ ♠s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✹ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✺✳✸✷ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✈ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✹ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠
❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✺✳✸✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❡r ❡ ❣❞ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✺ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✺✳✸✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣s ❡ ♠s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✺ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✺✳✸✺ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✈ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✺ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠
❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✺✳✸✻ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❡r ❡ ❣❞ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✻ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✺✳✸✼ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣s ❡ ♠s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✻ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s
❝♦♠ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✺✳✸✽ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✈ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ ✻ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✐♥❢❛❝tí✈❡✐s q✉❡ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❛♣ós ♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✷ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✜❧❤♦ ❛❜s♦r✈❡ ❞♦s ♣❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ P❛r❡t♦ Ót✐♠♦ ✭P∗✮ ♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ P❛r❡t♦ Ót✐♠♦ ✭P∗✮ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✹ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ P❛r❡t♦ Ót✐♠♦ ✭P∗✮ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✺ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ P❛r❡t♦ Ót✐♠♦ P∗ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦
♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✻ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❡rr♦
✰✴✲ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✮✳ ❊stã♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s ♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ❆✳✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ❆✳✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ P✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❆✳✸ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❆✳✹ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❍✐♣❡r ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✶✳ ✶✸✹ ❆✳✺ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ❆✳✻ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ P✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ❆✳✼ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ❆✳✽ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❍✐♣❡r ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✷✳ ✶✸✻
①①✈✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
❆✳✾ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ❆✳✶✵ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ P✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ❆✳✶✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ❆✳✶✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❍✐♣❡r ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✸✳ ✶✸✼ ❆✳✶✸ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ❆✳✶✹ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ P✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ❆✳✶✺ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ❆✳✶✻ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❍✐♣❡r ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✹✳ ✶✸✽ ❆✳✶✼ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ❆✳✶✽ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ P✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ❆✳✶✾ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ❆✳✷✵ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❍✐♣❡r ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✺✳ ✶✹✵ ❆✳✷✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ❆✳✷✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ P✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ❆✳✷✸ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ P❛r❡t♦ ❙✉❜s❡t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✻✳ ✶✹✶ ❆✳✷✹ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ▼á①✐♠♦ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✻✳✶✹✶ ❆✳✷✺ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❍✐♣❡r ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✻✳ ✶✹✶ ❆✳✷✻ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷ ❆✳✷✼ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
❜❧❡♠❛ P✼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷ ❆✳✷✽ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ P❛r❡t♦ ❙✉❜s❡t ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✼✳ ✶✹✷ ❆✳✷✾ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ▼á①✐♠♦ ❙♣r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✼✳✶✹✸ ❆✳✸✵ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❍✐♣❡r ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✼✳ ✶✹✸ ❆✳✸✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ P✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸ ❆✳✸✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
◗♦❙ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦
P❘▼ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛st ❆● ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦
❆❊▼❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦
❆❊▼❚ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
❆❊▼▼❚ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ▼✉✐t❛s ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❖❊ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛
❆❊ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ❖▼ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛
P❖▼ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❆●▼❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦
◆❙●❆✷ ◆♦♥✲❉♦♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt✐♥❣ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ■■ ❙P❊❆ ■■ ❙tr❡♥❣❤t P❛r❡t♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥❛r② ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ■■ ❈❙ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡
❈❈ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦
❆❊▼▼❉ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❉♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛s
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖
✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣♦♥t♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❚❱ s♦❜r❡ ■P✱ ✈í❞❡♦ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ r❛❞✐♦❞✐❢✉sã♦✱ ♣❛❧❡str❛s ♥❛ ✐♥✲ t❡r♥❡t✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣♦♥t♦s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐r❡t❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛❞❛s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❧✐♥❦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛✳
◆❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡①✐st❡♠ três ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✿ ✉♥✐❝❛st✱ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st✳ ❊♠ trá❢❡❣♦s ✉♥✐❝❛st✱ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❤♦sts ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ✇❡❜✳ ❚rá❢❡❣♦s ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ❡♥✈✐❛♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❚rá❢❡❣♦s ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❡♥✈✐❛♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ■P ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦s ✉♥✐❝❛st ❡ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st sã♦ ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡✈❡rá ❧✐♠✐t❛r ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ t❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ✭❈♦st❛ ❡t ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❘❡❞❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❚❈P✴■P ❝♦♥tê♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ✐♥s✲ t❛❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❊st❡
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❢♦rt❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❚❈P✴■P ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s✿ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❡❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❚❈P✴■P ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ às s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❞❡✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ■P ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛çã♦ ❛❜❡rt❛✱ ♦♥❞❡✿
• ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r✱ s❡♠ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦❀
• ❯♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡r ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r❡str✐çã♦❀ • ❯♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st✱ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥❞♦✱ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❡st❡
❣r✉♣♦❀
• ❖ ❣r✉♣♦ é ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ♦✉ s❛✐r ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦❀ • ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♥❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❢♦♥t❡
❡ ♥❡♠ ♣❡❧♦s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s✳
❖✉tr♦ ✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ é ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗♦❙✮ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s trá❢❡❣♦s ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠í❞✐❛s ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s ❡ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s t❡♠♣♦r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ✭❈♦st❛ ❡t ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ é ✉♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✭❛tr❛s♦✱ ✈❛③ã♦✱ ♣❡r❞❛s✱ ❡t❝✮ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ✭❙❛♥t❛♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ◆❛s r❡❞❡s ❚❈P✴■P✱ ❛ ◗♦❙ é ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✜♠✲❛✲✜♠ ✭❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s✲ t✐♥♦✮✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ❣❛r❛♥t❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ tê♠ s✉r❣✐❞♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♣♦s✲ s✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜q✉❡♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈♦s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❱✐t❛ ❡t ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇✉❡♥♦ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❘♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ✭P❘▼✮ ❝♦♠ ◗♦❙ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛ ❜❡♠ à ❛♥❛❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❡❝✲ t❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✈ért✐❝❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❤♦sts ❡ ❛r❡st❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡♥❧❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❛r❡st❛ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉st♦✱ ❞❡❧❛②✱ trá✲ ❢❡❣♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ● ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♥ó ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r q✉❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ❞❡st✐♥♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✳ ❖ ❞❡s❛✜♦ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❚ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛ ❡♠ ●✱ ❡♥r❛✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ó ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥ós ❞❡st✐♥♦s ♦t✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ●✳
✸✶
✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦✱ ♥❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s✱ s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❖s ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭❆●s✮ sã♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛r✇✐♥ ✭●♦❧❞❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♣t♦s s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡♠✳ ❊st❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s tê♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♣♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ♠ét♦✲ ❞♦s r♦❜✉st♦s✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♥tr❛tá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✈❡✐s✳ ▼❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ✭❙❝❤✇❡❢❡❧ ❡ ❚❛②❧♦r✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✱ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ é ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ❝❤❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥st❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❢r❛❝t❛✐s✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r s✉♣❡r❛r ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ ❣❛✲ r❛♥t❛♠ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡①❛t❛✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✭♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✮ ♣♦r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❆● ❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ s♦❜r❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✭❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠✉t❛çã♦✮✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ✭●♦❧❞❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ◗♦❙ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✈ár✐♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦t✐♠✐✲ ③❛❞♦s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ é ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ✉♠ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ▼✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✭❆❊▼❖✮ ✭❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❱✐t❛✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❆ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ❛❧❣♦rít♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ót✐♠❛s ✭❙♣♦❧❛ôr✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❖s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✲ ✈♦s✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙P❊❆ ■■ ✭❩✐t③❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ s❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✶✵ ♦ ❙P❊❆ ■■ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❝♦♠ ◗♦❙ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s ✭❇✉❡♥♦ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❇✉❡♥♦ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ r❡✈❡❧♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡r❛ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❛ q✉❡❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❆❊▼❖s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❙P❊❆ ■■ ❡ ◆❙●❆✷ ✭❆ss✉♥çã♦ ❡t ❛❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❆❊▼❚ ❡ ❆❊▼▼❚ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❞❛r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ à ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s✿
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✉❧t✐♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❝♦♠ ◗♦❙✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠
✭❇✉❡♥♦ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ q✉❡ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❙P❊❆ ■■✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡✜♥❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡str❛✲ té❣✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦❀
• ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✭❇✉❡♥♦
❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ♠❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✈♦s ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ sã♦ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❆❊▼❚ ✭❉❡❧❜❡♠✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ ♦ ♠❛♥② ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ❆❊▼▼❚ ✭❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❉❡❧❜❡♠✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡s✉❧t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
• ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣❛❝t❛♥t❡
❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ P❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ♥✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ❊ss❛ é ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r♠♦s ❢♦✐ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡❧❛ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❜❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ✭▲✐♠❛ ❡ ❉❡❧❜❡♠✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ s❡✉ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳
• ❆♣ós ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r♠♦s ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✭❇✉❡♥♦ ❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱
