❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
▼➱❚❖❉❖ ❈❘■P❚❖●❘➪❋■❈❖ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❆❯❚Ô▼❆❚❖❙
❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙ ❇■❉■▼❊◆❙■❖◆❆■❙ P❆❘❆ ❈■❋❘❆●❊▼ ❉❊
■▼❆●❊◆❙
❚❆❘❈❮❙■❖ ❆❇❆❉■❖ ❉❊ ▼❆●❆▲❍➹❊❙ ❏Ú◆■❖❘
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❚❆❘❈❮❙■❖ ❆❇❆❉■❖ ❉❊ ▼❆●❆▲❍➹❊❙ ❏Ú◆■❖❘
▼➱❚❖❉❖ ❈❘■P❚❖●❘➪❋■❈❖ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❆❯❚Ô▼❆❚❖❙
❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙ ❇■❉■▼❊◆❙■❖◆❆■❙ P❆❘❆ ❈■❋❘❆●❊▼ ❉❊
■▼❆●❊◆❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
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4 3 5 6 4 7 .
8 9 7 : 9 ; % < %5 = ' .
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9 ; . < %5 = ' % . . ! .
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏▼ét♦❞♦ ❈r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❈✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s✑ ♣♦r ❚❛r❝ís✐♦ ❆❜❛❞✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❏ú♥✐♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✶✷ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦sé ❉❡♠ís✐♦ ❙✐♠õ❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵
❆✉t♦r✿ ❚❛r❝ís✐♦ ❆❜❛❞✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❏ú♥✐♦r
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❈r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❇✐❞✐✲ ♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❈✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ à ❉❡✉s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ♣♦r ♠❡ ❞❛r❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
➚s ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠ãs ❆♥❛ P❛✉❧❛ ❡ ❆♥❛ ●❛❜r✐❡❧❛✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ t❡r❡♠ ♠❡ ❛tr❛♣❛❧❤❛❞♦✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❚❛t✐❛♥❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❘♦❜s♦♥ ❡ ▲í❣✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❛♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡ s✐♠étr✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥✱ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❆ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❛s ❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❜❛s❡♦✉✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉✲ ❧❛r❡s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❍❈❆✮✳ ❆ ♥ã♦ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦✱ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ❍❈❆✱ s❡ ❞á ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r❡❣r❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ❙✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜✐ts✳ ❆ ♦✉tr❛ r❡❣r❛ é ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝❛ót✐❝❛ ❡ é ❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✳
❆ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐❢r❛r ✐♠❛❣❡♥s é ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
❆ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s t❡st❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❝♦♠ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ ❡ r❛✐♦ ✷✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❝♦♠ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s ❞❡ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ❢♦✐ t❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①❛✉st✐✈❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ❡ ❞✐❢✉sã♦✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦s t❡st❡s✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❚✇♦✲❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❚❍❈❆✮✳ ❖ ❚❍❈❆ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ à ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✱ ♦ ❚❍❈❆ ♦♣❡r❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❛✈❡s ❞❡ ✷✺✻ ❜✐ts✱ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞❡ ✶✵✷✹ ❜✐ts ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✶✺ ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ à ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦ ❚❍❈❆ ♦♣❡r❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❤❛✈❡s ❞❡ ✷✺✻ ❜✐ts ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ é tr❛t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❜❧♦❝♦✱ q✉❡ é ❝✐❢r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✷✺ ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s✉❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ♥ã♦ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❡ ✺✶✷ ❑❜②t❡s ❡ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♥ã♦ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❡ ✷✵✹✽ ❜✐ts✳ ❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r q✉❡❜r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞❡2048×2048 ❜✐ts✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❝✐❢r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✺ ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝✲❦❡② ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉✲ ♠❛♥♥ t✇♦✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❛❞❞✐t✐✈❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ♣r❡✲✐♠❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❜② t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✳
❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ✇♦r❦ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❍❈❆✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t♦♥✱ ❛ ❧❡❣❛❝② ♦❢ ❍❈❆✱ ✐s ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t✇♦ r✉❧❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ♣r❡✲✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✉❧❡s ✐s ✉s❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✐♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❧❛tt✐❝❡ ❝❡❧❧s t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✲ ✐♠❛❣❡✱ t❤❡✐r ♦♥❧② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❛ s❤✐❢t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜✐ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♦t❤❡r r✉❧❡ ✐s ❝❤❛♦t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ s❝r❛♠❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛tt✐❝❡✳
❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❡♥❝r②♣t ✐♠❛❣❡s ✐s ❥✉st✐✜❡❞✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t❧② ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ✉s❡ ❛♥ s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤② ❤❛s ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r q✉❛❧✐t②✱ t❤✉s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❝✉r✐t② ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ✈❛❧✐❞✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛s ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ t❡sts ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❡ts ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ r✉❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ r❛❞✐✉s ✶ ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐✉s ✷✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ r✉❧❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ r❛❞✐✉s ✶✱ t❤❡ ❢✉❧❧ s❡t ♦❢ ❦❡②s ♦❢ ✶✻ ❜✐ts ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ t❡st❡❞ t❤♦r♦✉❣❤❧②✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❝♦♥✜r♠ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❤❛s t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥❢✉s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥✳
❋r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡sts✱ ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ s♣❡❝✐❢② ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝r②♣t♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ s②st❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♥❛♠❡❞ ❚✇♦✲❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❚❍❈❆✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❚❍❈❆ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♦r ❧✐♥❡❛r t❡①ts✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s❝r❛♠✲ ❜❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛r t❡①ts✱ t❤❡ ❚❍❈❆ ♦♣❡r❛t❡s ✇✐t❤ ✷✺✻✲❜✐t ❦❡②s✱ ❜❧♦❝❦s ♦❢ ✶✵✷✹ ❜✐ts ❛♥❞ ✉s❡s ✶✺ st❡♣s ♦❢ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♥❣ ♣r❡✲✐♠❛❣❡s ✐♥ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♠❛❣❡s✱ t❤❡ ❚❍❈❆ ♦♣❡r❛t❡s ✇✐t❤ ✷✺✻✲❜✐t ❦❡②s✱ ❛♥❞ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐s tr❡❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❜❧♦❝❦✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❡♥❝r②♣t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ✷✺ st❡♣s ♦❢ ♣r❡✲✐♠❛❣❡s✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✐ts ❜✐♥❛r② ♠❛tr✐① ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❝❡❡❞ ✺✶✷ ❑❜②t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜✐❣❣❡st ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❡①❝❡❡❞ ✷✵✹✽ ❜✐ts✳ ■❢ ✐t ✐s ❧❛r❣❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡s❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ✐♠❛❣❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❜r♦❦❡♥ ✐♥t♦ ❜❧♦❝❦s ♦❢ 2048×2048 ❜✐ts✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❡♥❝r②♣t❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✺ st❡♣s ♦❢ ♣r❡✲✐♠❛❣❡s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✺
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✷✾
✷✳✶ ❆❈ ❯♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷ ❆❈ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✹ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✺ ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❆❈ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✺✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✺✳✹ ❉✐♠❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ✹✸
✸✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✷ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❈❧áss✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❙✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✹ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✹✳✶ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡ ❙✐♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹✳✷ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡ ❆ss✐♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✺ ❈r✐♣t♦❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❈r✐♣t♦❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❈r✐♣t♦❛♥á❧✐s❡ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
①✈✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❈r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✺✺
✹✳✶ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆❈s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ●✉t♦✇✐t③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❯♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ P❛t❡♥t❡ P■✵✼✵✸✶✽✽✲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❆❈✷❉ ✻✾
✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ Pré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♥♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✷ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❞❛ ❇♦r❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✸ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❘❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❇♦r❞❛ ❡ ❘♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❣r❛ ✽✶ ✺✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❋✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✐①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✺✳✷ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❘♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✽✼
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✈✐✐
✻✳✽✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✼ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❚❍❈❆ ✭❚✇♦✲❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❍②❜r✐❞ ❈❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❆✉✲
t♦♠❛t❛✮ ✶✷✺
✼✳✶ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❇❧♦❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✼✳✶✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✼✳✶✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❡①t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✼✳✷ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❈❤❛✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✼✳✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ Pré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✼✳✸✳✶ ❈✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✼✳✸✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✼✳✹ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✿ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✐①❛ × ❘♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✶✷✽
✼✳✺ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❚❍❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✼✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ P❛t❡♥t❡ P■✵✼✵✸✶✽✽✲✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✸✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✸✾
❆ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ✺✵✵ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❛ r❡❣r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✶✹✸
❇ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❞❛ s❡çã♦ ✻✳✸ ✶✹✼
❇✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ❇✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹
❈ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❞❛ s❡çã♦ ✻✳✹ ✶✻✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❘❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✶❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹ ❘❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ✸ ❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✺ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✻ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ▼♦♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✼ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❆❈ ✷❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✽ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❆❈ ✷❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✾ ▲✐♥❡❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✶✶ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❜✐t ❞❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✶✷ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❜✐t ❞❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✶✸ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❜✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✶✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♥✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✶✺ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ sí♥❝r♦♥❛ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✼ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✽ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✾ ❘❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❆❈ ✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❋❡✐st❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ ❉❊❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✹ ❙✲❜♦① S5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ ❆❊❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❲♦❧❢r❛♠ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✷ ❘❡❣r❛ ✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✹ ✭❛✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çõ❡s r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✭❜✮ Pr♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✺ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r❛✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✹✳✻ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ r❛✐♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✼ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❬❞❡ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ✷✵✵✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✽ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✾ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✶ ■♠❛❣❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✶✷✽①✶✷✽ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ r✉✐♠ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✸ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡ s✉❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✹ ❈é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✺ ❘❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❜✐t ❞♦ ♥♦rt❡ ✼✷ ✺✳✼ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ❞❛ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✽ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✾ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✺ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✶✵ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✺ ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✶✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✶✷ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✶✸ ❘❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✶✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✺ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✺✳✶✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜ás✐❝♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ✽✵ ✺✳✶✻ ❉❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
✻✳✶✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❖❋❇ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✶✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❈❚❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✶✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❈❚❘ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✻✳✶✹ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶ ❝✐❢r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❈❚❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✻✳✶✺ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝✐❢r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜♦r❞❛ ✜①❛ ❡ s❡♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✶✻ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝✐❢r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✶✼ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝✐❢r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✶✽ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝✐❢r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✶✾ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✷✵ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶ ♣✐①❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✻✳✷✶ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝✐❢r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✺ ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♠✿ ✭❛✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦
s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ✭❜✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✷✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝✐❢r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✷✸ ❏❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ {1101001110100111} ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✻✳✷✹ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ 16×16 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✷✺ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ 16×16 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✷✻ ❏❛♥❡❧❛s 2×4♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✷✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ s✉❛s ❡♥tr♦♣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✻✳✷✽ ✭❛✮ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ 515×512 ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❝✐♥③❛ ✭❜✮ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✽✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸ ❋✉♥çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡S4×4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸✳✹ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✶ ❖❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❜✐♥ár✐❛{1101001110100111} ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✻✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr♦♣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✻✳✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✼ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❣r❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❜✐t
❞♦ ♥♦rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✽ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❣r❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❜✐t
❞♦ ❧❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✾ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❣r❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❜✐t
❞♦ ♦❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✶✵ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❣r❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❜✐t
❞♦ s✉❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✳✶✷ ❘❡❣r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✻✳✶✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✻✳✶✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✻✳✶✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s
❞❡ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✻✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐✲
❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✻✳✶✼ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
①①✐✈ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✻✳✶✽ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✻✳✶✾ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
♣❛r❛ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✷ t❡st❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✷✵ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ✶✵✵✵ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr♦♣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✻✳✷✵ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✜①❛ ❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡
♣❛r❛ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ t❡st❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✷✵ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✻✳✷✶ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✶✶✼ ✻✳✷✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s
q✉❛❞r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✻✳✷✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠❛✲
❣❡♥s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ✶✵✷✹ ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✻✳✷✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠❛✲
❣❡♥s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ✹✵✾✻ ❜✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✻✳✷✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠❛✲
❣❡♥s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ ❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✻✳✷✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✷✺✻ ❝♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡✲
❣r❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦ ✶ ❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✻✳✷✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✷✺✻ ❝♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s
r❛✐♦s ✶ ❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✻✳✷✽ ❚❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✼✳✶ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s q✉❛❞r❛❞❛s ❜✐♥❛r✐③❛❞❛s✶✷✻ ✼✳✷ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ✭❝❛s♦
❣❡r❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✼✳✸ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ♥ã♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ◆❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞♦s ❝♦♥tr❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ s❡♥❤❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✳
❆ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡r✲ s♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐✲❧♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐✲❧❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡r✲ s♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♥ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡❣✉r♦s✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❊st❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿ s❡rá q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s às ✐♠❛❣❡♥s❄ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❥á ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦t✐✈♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♥❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡♥♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✏❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s✑ ❬❨✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❆ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s t❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛✱ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♠é❞✐❝❛s✱ t❡❧❡♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❡t❝✳ ◆❛ ❝r✐♣✲ t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❛♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐❢r❛r ❜❧♦❝♦s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈✐❢r❛r ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♣♦❞❡✱ ❡♥✲ tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❣❡r❛r ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ③♦♥❛s ❞❡ t❡①t✉r❛s ❬❨✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❖s ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s sã♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞✐s❝r❡t❛s ♥❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❞♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❬❲♦❧❢r❛♠ ✶✾✽✻❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ ♦s ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡❝✉rs♦r ❞❡ ❲♦❧❢r❛♠ ❬❲♦❧❢r❛♠ ✶✾✽✻❪✳ ❆ ❝r✐♣✲ t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ três ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✿ ✐✮
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣s❡✉❞♦✲❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♥ã♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❬❲♦❧❢r❛♠ ✶✾✽✻❪✱ ❬●✉❛♥ ❡ ❚❛♥ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❬❍❛♠❡❡❞ ❡ ❊❧❞✐♥ ✷✵✵✼❪ ❀ ✐✐✮ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ é ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❬◆❛♥❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✹❪✱ ❬❙❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✷❪❀ ✐✐✐✮ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♥ã♦ ❛❞✐✲ t✐✈♦s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ trás ✭❝❛❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ é ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❬●✉t♦✇✐t③ ✶✾✾✺❪✱ ❬❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ❬❞❡ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ❬❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❝❪✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❛ s❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ trás ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠✳ ●✉t♦✇✐t③ ✭✶✾✾✺✮ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❬❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪ ❡ ❬❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❝❪✳ ❊♠ ❬❞❡ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ✷✵✵✼❪ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❝❛ót✐❝♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛ ❞✉❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✿ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝❛ót✐❝❛✱ é s✐♠✐❧❛r à ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ●✉t♦✇✐t③ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ r❡❣r❛✱ ❞❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♣♦♥t♦✲✜①♦✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❞✉❛s r❡❣r❛s ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❝✐❢r❛❞♦ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❬❞❡ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s✱ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ à ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ t♦r♥❡ ❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s s❡❣✉r❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳ ❆ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ s❡rá ♦❜t✐❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s ❜✐ts s❡rã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❊ss❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ s❡rá r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❬❩❡❣❤✐❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦
✶✳✷✳ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦ ✷✼
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❬❞❡ ▼❛❝❡❞♦ ✷✵✵✼❪ sã♦ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛❞❛s✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♥❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✭♥ã♦✲❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡♦✮✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡❣r❛ é ❝❛ót✐❝❛ ❡ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❜✐ts ❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❜✐ts ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ ❢♦rt❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ r❡❣r❛ é ♣♦♥t♦✲✜①♦ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜✐ts ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✱ ♠❛s ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣ré✲✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✳ ❊❧❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ❛ ❜♦r❞❛ ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉✲ ❧❛❞♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳
❆ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛t❛q✉❡s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s ❡ ❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥tá✲❧♦✱ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡❝✐❢r❛❣❡♠✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③á✲ ❧♦s✳ ◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t❡st❡s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝✐t❛❞❛s✳
✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦
❖s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❡stã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛✱ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✱ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ s❡r✈✐rã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❞✉❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡✲ t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞á✲❧♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝r✐♣t♦❣rá✜❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s
❖s ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭❆❈s✮ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❯❧❛♠ ❡ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✵ ❡ t✐♥❤❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❱♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✏◗✉❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦❄✑✱ ♣r♦♣ôs✲s❡ ❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❚✉r✐♥❣ q✉❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡ss❡ t❛❧ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❊♠ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ✈♦♥ ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ❆❈s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✺✵ ❡st❛❞♦s✳
❏♦❤♥ ❈♦♥✇❛② ❡ ❲♦❧❢r❛♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❆❈s ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♥✇❛② ♣r♦♣ôs ✉♠ ❆❈ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✏●❛♠❡ ♦❢ ▲✐❢❡✑ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❣❧✐❞❡rs✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆❈✮ ❬●❛r❞♥❡r ✶✾✼✵❪✳ ❲♦❧❢r❛♠ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✽✵✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ às r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❆❈s✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s r❡ss❛❧t❛ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❆❈s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡①✐❜✐r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❡ ❆❈s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s ❬❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
❯♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r é ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦✱ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♥♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ❖s ❆❈s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❬●❛♥❣✉❧② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
❯♠ ❆❈ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r s❡✉ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✳ ❖ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r é ✉♠ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ◆ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ♥✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♥♦s ❡①tr❡♠♦s ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❬❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st❛♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ é ❛ss✉♠✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ ❆ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❢❛③ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳ ❯♠ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ é ❝♦♥t❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞♦ ❆❈✱ ♥❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s é q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
