F.A. MELO LIMA2, E.AP. FIGUEIREDO3, A.A. SIMPLICIO4 e F.A. PONCE DE LEÓN 5 ABSTRACT - The pattern of growth of SRD kids from an average of 153 days up to approximately 461 days of age was studied. Weights at the ages of 153 (W 5 ), 181 (W 5 ), 209 (W7 ), 237 (W8 ), 265 (W9 ), 293 (W 10 ), 321 (VI 1 ), 349 (W12), 461 (W15 ) days and calculated weight gains (G) between every weight interval G 5 - (W5 - Weaning weight) through G 12 - (W1 2 - W 1 ) were
evaluated. Data were initially recorded on 54 kids and diminished thereafter at every interval due to kid mortaiity. The least squares analysis of vaiiance showed a significant season of birth effect (P < 0.05) for ali variables except w1 i 1 W 16 , G7 and G 9 . Animais born during the rainy season were heavier up to W 10 and had higher gains up to G 7 An inversion of these trends was observed starting at W1 2 and G8 respectivejy. Sex, type of birth and aU interactions analyzed were non significant (P > 0.05) with the exception of type of birth for G12 (P < 0.025). The covariables of mother's weight at parturition and exact age of kids at the time of weighing were not atways significant. However, the birth weight covariable was significant for W 7 , W8 , W 1o, (P < 0.005), Wg (P < 0.01), W6 ,W 11 and G 12 (P<0.025).
Index terms : native breed, growth pattern, weight gain
SISTEMA TRADICIONAL DE MANEJO DE CAPRINOS
II. DESEMPENHO DE CAPRINOS SRD NA FASE DE PÓS-ALEITAMENTO
RESUMO - Avaliou-se o crescimento da cabritos a partir dos 153 até aos 461 dias de idade. Foram es-tudados os pesos, às idades médias de 153 (p); 181 (P6); 209 (P7); 237 (P 6 ); 265 (P9 ); 293 (P10);
321 CP1 1 P12) e 461 (P1 5) dias e os ganhos de pesos (G) calculados entre cada intervalo destas pesagens, G 5 a G12. Os dados foram inicialmente obtidos de 54 cabritos e diminuíram para cada ganho de peso estudado, em virtude da mortalidade. As análises de varjância foram feitas pelos Qua-drados Mínimos e mostraram que o efeito da estação de nascimento foi significativo )P <0.05) para todas as variáveis estudadas, com exceção de P1 1; P1 6; G 7 e G9. Animas nascidos na estação chuvosa foram mais pesados até P10 e apresentaram maior ganho de peso até o G 7, entretanto, houve uma inversão a partir de P 12 e G8, respectivarnente. Os efeitos de sexo e tipo de nascimento e todas as interações estudadas não tiveram efeitos significativos P > 0,05), com exceção do tipo de nascimen-to para G, 2 (P < 0,025). As covariâncias de peso da mãe ao parto e idade do cabrito no momento da pesagem, foram significativas em algumas idades. Já para peso ao nascer, a covariável foi significa-tiva para P 7, P8, P10 (P <0,005): P9 (P <0001); P6, P1 1 e G12 (P < 0,0251.
Termos para indexação: padrões de crescimento, raça nativa, ganhos de peso
INTRODUCTION
The underiying problems of small producers and the importance of goats for the Northeast of
Brazil have been very weli documented (Gutierrez et ai. 1981, Gutierrez & DeBoer sn.t., Primov 1982). In general, technologicai innovations at the smalI producer's levei are of very siow implementation and will depend heavily on the
Accepted for publication on February 8, 1985.
2 Eng. - Agr., M.Sc., EMBRAPA/Centro Nacional de
Pesquisa de Caprinos (CNPC), Caixa Postal D-10, CEP 62100 Sobral, CE.
Zootecnista, MSc., EMBRAPA/CNPC. Méd. - Vet., MSc., EMBRAPA/CNPC.
Eng. - Zoot., Ph.D., Consultor IICA/EMBRAPA.
economic importance of the activity within the overali system of production, within every farm. Also costs and availability of financial resources wiii ultimately determine its pace (French 1970). Therefore, an evaluation of the traditional system
of goat management was necessary to determine the advantages and/or disadvantages of such a
system under 'the harsh climatological conditions
of this geographical region, and, to some extent, to allow to suggest modifications of the management system without implying capital investment, which at the small producer's levei is rather scarce or nonexistent.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Caprinos (CNPC)-EMBRAPA is located in Sobral, Ceará, Brazil. Climatolo-
gical data of the area have been reported elsewhere (Fi-gueiredo & Pant 1982, Lima et aL 1983).
One hundred and twenty kids from the SRD (without racial definition) type were used. A description of the management system has been reported by Lima et aL (1983). Weaning was allowed to occur naturaily. Kids remained with their mothers during the whole period of evaluation.
Weights were iecorded eery 28 days on a fixed day. Weights at an average ot' 153 (W 5 ), 181 (\V5 ), 209 (W 7 ), 237 (W8 ), 265 (W9), 293 (W 10 ), 321 (W 11 ), 349 (W 12),
461 (W56) days of age and calculated weight gains for
every 28 day intervai between weaning weight (125 day of age) and W 5 (G 5 ), W5 and W6 (G6), W 6 and W7 (G7), W 7 and W8 (G5), W8 and W9 (G9), W9 and W 10
(G50), W10 and W11 (G u ), W 11 and W 1 (G 12), wese
anaiysed.
The general linear modei procedre of least squares analysis ofvariance (Barr et ai. 1979) was used for analysis according lo the foliowing modela:
Y Ws through W 8 and G 5 through G g ;
ijki Pi 4 S+ Tic PS li + PTIk+ STjk+ PSTIJk+ + b (BWjjki - W) + b' (MWIIk1 - MW) 4
+ b" (NDjjkI - Nt) + EJki; Y W9 through W 12 and G 9 through G1 2;
''ikl Pi+Tk+ "1'ik b(BWjki - W)+ b'(MWJkl .
-MW)+ b"(NDIkl - Nt))+ Ejki where:
Yjd = is the value ef the dependent variable of lhe 1 1h Icid, borri in the ith season, with the jth sex in lhe kth type of birth.
ik1 = is lhe value of the dependent variable o! the 1 th kid, born in the ith season, with the kth type of birth.
= overali population mean which is com mon to ali observations.
effect ofthe ith season o! bimth (j. 1, 2), effect of the jth sex (j - 1,2).
effectofthekthtypeofbirth(k 1,2). PSj interaction between the ith season with the jh
sex(ij = 1,2,3,4).
PTik interaction between lhe ith season with the kth type ofbiith (ik - 1, 2, 3,4).
STjk - interaction hetween the jth sex wjth the kth type of bixth (jk = 1, 2, 3,4).
PST1Jk interaction between the ith season, jth sex and kth type o! birth, (ijk 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8). b (BWkl . W) reession of the dependent variable mi
birth wcight of kids.
b' (MWjjkI - MW) - regression of the dependent variatle on mother's weight at parturition. Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, 20(3):385-393, mar. 1985.
b" (ND - Nt) - regression of the dependent variable
on the exact number of days between day of birth and first weighment.
Ejjkl = random error assumed to be normally and independently distrihuted with standard assumptions that make thc analysis valid. A separate model for the W 9 through W 12 and G 9 through G 12 , not including the season effect (P 1), was used lo test the eífect o! sex (Si ). Since sex did not show lo be a significant effect and total number of observations did not allow its analysis in conjunction with the season effect, sex effet was not considered further in the final model used for analysis of the dependent variables menticned above.
RESULTS
Results presented were obtained from Idds surviving from weaning up to 461 days of age. Hence, nuinber of observations diminished at every time interval due to mortaiity.
Since the growth pattern of kids wiil depend on the maternal ability during the pre-weaning period with dependence on the genetic riake up of the animal during the post-weaning period Singh & Singli 1974), an arbitrary cut off point at approximately 125 days of age was necessary to differentiate both penada. However, weaning was allowed to occur naturaily, thus kids continued to nurse their mothers for a longer period thars it is recommende d under improved management conditions (Sistemas de produção. . . 1980).
Resulta of the analysis of variance for weighments W5 through W 16 are presented in Tabie 1; and their corresponding least squares means, in Table 2. The analysis of variance for weight gama and their least scjuares mneans are presented in Tables 3 and 4, respectiveiy. A graphic representation of average weights from
birth up to 461 days of age with respect to season
of birth is presented in Figure 1.
Main effects and interactions
The season of birt}s effect was significani (P < 0.05) for ali weight variabies anaiysed except for W 11 and
w1 6
. Animais born during the rairsy season showed superior weights at every intervai up to W 10 than animaIs born duming tise dry season. Between w1 i and W1 2 an inversion of the•0 o ii a)' c a) a, a) a) 6) ai a •ci 6 o a) o > o o CO 03 0)N 0 0)LOC rlr . - co W- O (O • co 00)03 c,l * 6 '- N 0) L) 0) C) * co — 03 CO N C') N * * N • * — N • cq OQin i) O N ('1 N0)C) * * C) • * •_ —N- o) c'),Q•:.. q 1)• (0 cn * 6 * • * 6 0) O 0) C'l 0)030 o • ? • 0• •• (O LD• O N O O ('1(0(0 0) * * • * (D03003N0) t Ln ,co 03 •a3 -r 1..N O CN(O - ('1 * • * 0N(0el('lN 00)ONNC)CN ° co N 03 ' (') O 0). N (O N 00eIN0 -0 O NV) 03 — Lfl 6 * * - Nr-030)r-0303 c'i ooc (O.-C)L00) (OON
O03 OOOQ. O U)('103
.--c'do o -i 'çt. _(•, ('1 * DN Ç'lU), O 0)(O Rt (DNNO3(ON(O O 100)03 co q10 — 100)11 ao, 6' a, 06) a- aia) a.c . )- a)t .6 x 6 X O 00 6 t a) a) 66 00 c 06 6 ' O a' 00 x . )( COUQ)C1)v)rC crr O lo) O 000 vvv Q £L 10) vvv8 000V * * *6 * * * * * 6 E o 10 10 a) a) 6 (c a) a) l* CO CO a) a) 2222 CO a) a) a) CO CO CO a) CO 1') 0) t- (0) (1 - 0) - 10) 03 O cl o cri (0 - 0) a) CO a) a) a)0) a) a) a) 0) O) O) O) O) O) O) a) a) CO CO a) a) a) COCO E O) a)a) a'a)O > >3>>>>> >V o COO COLO LO CO CO CO a) a) 66666 CO LO O CO LO a) LO CO a)0 t O) O) Ci 0) CC O) 2-Ci CC a) a) a) .3 a) ••C a) CO LO 0) 3.>>->. 3-3.)- >> a) 0 0 •U V 0 0 00000 O 00 OTj 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 O) O) O O O 0 O O O N ØNa)
e e * e CN • • e e e ac co CN (0 LO OWLO • co • O) IA a- N N O LONO). e R N r-'co' •c')co.-LO CO ci * cd) e — N co LO N.Çd).LO. ,ONA)tfl LA cdl O) OLOON ci o o oocid 00)0 0) AI a- - o• qo 000 vvv O. O. O. vvv o 100100 AI a O 000V 0000 • e e e e e e * e co c - O N r- N CO II Cd) 00 e o c-io oa e e: cdl A) AI co LA - LA O) (O LI) (O O LO 0 LO co e: co co Ocd)OOÇOONNcONO doc'ioN000eo- E comc, cnco e: co o NO) oco e: LOA) o) e: LI) O) cdl O CO LO (0 A) LO E') O) e: co cdl O AI O AI O O O O AI e e e: .-OLOOOÕAle:.-N LI) a)Qr'lcd'JOOOOO-O a-a-a--a--- - -c .2' -c a .r 'o E a, x cc .2 O O 1 O a,OOXOa (e x a, e E O o .1: o 'a a, e O) Dl Dc Dc Dc o) Dc Dc (0 (a (O (O 10 (a (a (a
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ii
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e (.1 •1 e > E a E-. o LOU). NU O 1 .•-r N toco LC)r4 1,- --,- O- DC') NO C)DO coto Õ•r'J - LC)r 9Q— DO 00 Q- Õr- WN OC"I 2 cid.'do WLfl- O)N QC CItO 99-. 00 .0.0 CIto C'4C0 -rI CNCI LotOc,) CIC') C)0) 000 00 tÓcoo-.o)O, co u 0 co o ci L 00 O) co N ('iDC'1C'iDco 00-O--DO O) (O O).- — — CI C') CI ddddcd tO C)OC'l r'. CI N CD CD CD C'J co(o co o co dooddd to N N N N O ÇD D O '0 CD CO 0) (1) • 0) '5 N LC) 0) fl --O--O- . » 'o_• - o o :• Co o 1-
3
CIO co1
o ztrend started, and the season of birth effect became significant (P < 0.01) at W 12.
The sex, type of birth and ali possible inte-ractions analysed for weights W 5 througb W1 6 did not show any significant (P > 0.05) effect.
The analysis of variance for weight gains showed a significant season of birth effect for G 5 , G 6, G 10 , G 12 (P < 0.005) and G 5 (P <0.01). Weiht gaios at G5 and G 6 were superior for animais born during the rainy season than for animais born during the dry season, Weight gains were almost equal at G 7 and an inversion of the trend was observed starting at G8 and maintained up to G 12 . From G 10 up tc G 12 animais bom during the rainy season, were losing weight.
Sex, type of birth and interaction of main effects were not significant for any of the weight gain variabies analysed, with the exception of the type of birth effect which showed significance (P< 0.025)forG 12 .
Covariables
For the analysis of body weights and caiculated weight gains aL every 28 day intervais, the cova-riabie of mother's weight at parturition was significant for W1 2 (P < 0.005), G 9 and G1 2 (P < 0.05). The covariabie of exact age of kids expressed in days at the time of weighing was significant for W 10 (P < 0.01), W9 , W 1 1 and G 12 (P < 0.025). Birth weight covariable showed the most consistent and significant (P < 0.025) associated effect with alI weight dependent variables anaIysed. However, this covariable did not show any association with the weight gain variabies except for G 12
DISCUSSION
Differences in ciimatic conditions between the rainy and dry seasonwhich wiil determine food and water availability as well as ambient tempe-rature differences are bound to be reflected on the growth performance of animais. According to Winchester (1964), ambient temperature will have an important effect on food and water intake and energy conversion. Hence, animais 6orn during the rainy season are expected to grow faster due Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasi'lia, 20(3) 385-393, mar. 1985.
20 15 1- = !2 10 u.J 3 o 5
RA!NY SEASON BORN DRY SEASON BOAN
2 w cr
,-_ -
E 300 _I i) 200 U. C#) ;cr cr3 ec oo-
LL. 2 CC wO 300 E 200 -J -JuJ <u 100W1 W3 W3 VI4 VI1 VI6 VI7 VI1 W9 VI10 VI11 W W VI14 Wj VI]
1 I I I 6W 41 69 97 125 153 191 209 237 265 293 321 349 377 45 433 461 DAYS RAINFALL 1979 o— RAINFALL 1980 RAINFALL 1981 4 F M A M 4 4 A A S O N D 4 F M A M 4 MONTHS s O N D 4 F M A M 44 A AS O W 04 F MONTHS FIG. 1. The season of birth effect on lhe pattern of growth.
to abundance of feed availabie and even during the first month or so of the dry season because of the availability of leaf litter eis the ground. However, the pattern of growth, as determined by weight gaios, may slow down during the first haif of the dry season until stopping, only to resume with the next rainy season. The opposfte may occur for animais born during the dry season, presenting a siow pattern of growth during the first 6 to 7 months of age and increasing thereafter when they enter into their first rainy season, therefore compensating for their previous retarded development. Significant season effect on the pattern of growth of kids up to 17 weeks of age has been previously demonstrated for this region (Oliveira et aL 1982) and other subtropical and tropical regions as well (Guha et ai. 1968, Arara & Acharya 1972, Ali et ai. 1973, Internationai Livestock Center for Africa 1979, Khan 1979, Sarma et ai. 1981, Haryana Agricultural IJniversity 1982). However, for the Sirohj breed, in the Northwesterrs semi-and region of India, Mishra et aL (s.n.t.) did not find any effect aí the season of birth on body weights except for the weight at 9 months.
Lima et al. (1983) reported a significant sex and type of birth effect during the preweaning period of SRD kids, and stated that some indication of a compensatory growth for female kids and animais of multiple births was apparent at later stages during that period. At the postweaning period weight differences between males and females and between single and multiple born kids were non significant. The sarne pattern was observed for the weight gain variables analysed. The marginal acivantage of weight gains for females and kids of multiple births at every weight gain interval was additive and narrowed down the differences of body weights observed during the preweaning period.
Our findings differ from those reported for the Jamnapari breed, where sex of kid was found to influence body weights from birth until 15 months of age (Khan 1979), as well as growth rates, except for the period between 4 to 8 months (Singh & Singh 1974). Similarly sex and type of birth were found to influence growth rates from birth up to
one year of age, lo the Biack Bengai breed (Gu}ia et al. 1968).
The 1de of sex and type of birth significant effects during the postweaning period may be due to smailer number of animais availabie for analysis. However, under the agroclimatic condition of the Northeast of Brazil, the effect of environment, especiaily that due to nutritionai stress during dry season mnay be so marked as to mask sex and type of birth effects. Perhaps a combination of severai other factors was responsible for such observation. In any case, sex and type of birth do not seem to influence much the postweaning growth of kids under the traditional system of management is this area.
Sex and type of birth effects couid perhaps be more obvious when concentration of births occur within a limited period withirs a particular season. Results reported by Beilaver & Nunes (1982) support to a certain extent the latter fact. Animais born at the beginning of the rainy season showed inferior birth weights than animals which were born at the beginrsing af the dry season.
The covariabie of mother's weight at parturition and exact age of kids at time of weighment were not associated with weights and weights gains throughout the period analysed. These covariables seem to be imporcant only up to the thjrd month of age and could be ignored in future analysis for postweaning weights and weight gain variables. The covariable of birth weight of kids demonstrated high association with subsequent weights, but had no influence on weight gains.
The growth curve presented in Fig. 1, demonstrated the typical shape expected for this geographical region. It could be observed that animais born during the rainy season reached about 14.26 kg on the average by W 6 with a mean age of 181 days. The net gain during this period was about 79 g/day. From.W 6 to W9 , they showed an increase of 1,33 kg of body weight with net gains of 16 g/day. This lower daily gain is due to the fact that this group of animais was passing through their first dry season period. From W 9 to
W1 2 there was a net ioss of 32 glday of body weight. Weight galos resumed again during the
peniod between W12 and W1 6 at a rate of
35 g/day, The highest average weight (16.85 kg) reached by this group of animais occurred at
W16 at a mean age of 461 days. The net increase
of body weight between W 6 and W 16 was 2.59 lcg, but animaIs needed, on the average, 280 days to reach this difference.
Foilowing the sarne kind of analysis for animais born during the dry season it was observed that
weight gama up to W6 were accomplished at a
rate of 47 g/day, a much siower growth than that observed for animais born during the rainy season, due to the fact of lack of fodder. However, for the periods between W 6 to W9 and W9 to w1 2 the
net daily gains were 32 giday and 47 glday
rcspectiveiy. Animais born in the dry season reached their highest weight (16.40 kg) at a mean age of 377 days. A comparabie weight to that reached by animais born in the rainy season at
W6 (181 days af age) was reached at
w
j
(321 days of age) by animais born during the dry season, therefore, demonstrating the greater advantage of kiddings during the rainy season.
Based on these findings, it appears that under the traditional system of lnanagement kidding during the dry season should be avoided. In ths sense, resuits presented are in agreement with a previous recommendation (Sistemas de produ-ço... 1980). However, in the event that producers are incapabie of accepting such recommendation, it wouid be advisable to recommend culling of male kids between 293 to 349 days of age. For kids born during the rainy season, culling of male kids not seiected for breeding purposes should be carried out at a mnean age of 181 to 209 days. It seems tiiat the
marginal higher weight attained at W9 might not
be profitabie to justify a ionger permanence of this ciass of animais under farm conditions. This practice will improve the management of the fiock aliowing better use of food resources which are norrnally scarse during the dry season. Another advantage would be that of a better control of matings, since few bucics would be kept and the fiock will mainly consist of does and yearling fernaies. Even though, this recommendation fits the present situation at the levei of farm mana-gement, it still faces the meat marketing system which is not presently adapted to channei the Pesq. agropec. bras., Brasília, 20(3): 385-393, mar. 1985.
product properly if the recommended practice is applied (Gutierrez & DeBoer s.n.t.). An alternative solution could be the suppiementation of animais with crop residues (Barros et ai. s.n.t., s.n.t.,
Johnson et ai. s.n.t.) to maintaine the weight of
animais and have them ready when meat demand and prices are attractive to producers.
Another reason which traditionaily supports a delay in culling is based on the better price which could be obtained for a prime quality skin, As stated by Beliaver et ai. (1980), a prime quaiity sldn can be produced when an animal reaches minimum live weight of 16.00 kg. This weight is highly correiated with the minimum weight of a akin to be graded as a prime quality one. A skin graded as first quaiity would represent 29% of the price of a living animal. However in another report (Gutierrez & DeBoer s.n.t.), it was found that the proportion of vaiue of the skin to the live animal value ranges from 6% to 8%. Thjs conflicting evidence might be the result of normal skin price fluctuations, and with Brazil being a price taker in the intemnationai market for sheep and goat skins, little can be done to correct the situation. This fact attached to the normal risk invoived in ailowing animais to go through a dry season period indicates that skin vatue might not be a good indicator to estabtish the right moment for culling. Instead, earIy cuiling, which will allow better food resources for the rest of the fiock, in conjunction with an improvement of the meat marketing system, or food supplementation with crop residues, couid significantly improve the present situation with little or no additional capital invest-ment.
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