❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊◆❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❆❙ ❊▼ ❆❯❚Ô▼❆❚❖❙ ❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙
❙❮◆❈❘❖◆❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❖ ❊❙❈❆▲❖◆❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❊❙❚➪❚■❈❖ ❉❊
❚❆❘❊❋❆❙ ❊▼ ▼❯▲❚■P❘❖❈❊❙❙❆❉❖❘❊❙
▼❯❘■▲▲❖ ●❯■▼❆❘➹❊❙ ❈❆❘◆❊■❘❖
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
▼❯❘■▲▲❖ ●❯■▼❆❘➹❊❙ ❈❆❘◆❊■❘❖
❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊◆❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❆❙ ❊▼ ❆❯❚Ô▼❆❚❖❙ ❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙
❙❮◆❈❘❖◆❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❖ ❊❙❈❆▲❖◆❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❊❙❚➪❚■❈❖ ❉❊
❚❆❘❊❋❆❙ ❊▼ ▼❯▲❚■P❘❖❈❊❙❙❆❉❖❘❊❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥✲ ❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✲ ✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❇❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❙í♥❝r♦♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✑ ♣♦r ▼✉r✐❧❧♦ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✽ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❘✐t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❍❡✐t♦r ❙✐❧✈ér✐♦ ▲♦♣❡s
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❆✉t♦r✿ ▼✉r✐❧❧♦ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❇❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❙í♥❝r♦♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❈♦♥❝❧✉✐r ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ é ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛✱ ♠❛s é t❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❛♠✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t❛♥t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ✉♠❛ só ❞❡❧❛s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❉❡✉s✿
• P♦r s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ✜❡❧ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r
✈✐✈❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s tã♦ ❢❡❧✐③❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❡st❡✳
• P❡❧♦s ♣❛✐s ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✉✿ ❙ér❣✐♦ ❡ ❈❛r♠❡❧✐♥❞❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r✲
❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❧❛r r❡♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈✐❞❛ r❡❝❤❡❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❢❡❧✐③❡s ❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❤á ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❡ss❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✿ ❤♦♥❡st✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❤✉♠✐❧✲ ❞❛❞❡✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ ♠❡✉s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❢♦rç❛✱ ❞❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦✳ P❛✐ ❡ ♠ã❡✱ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✉❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳ ❙♦✉ ❡t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛t♦ à ❉❡✉s ♣♦r tê✲❧♦s ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳
• P❡❧♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ ❆rt❤✉r✱ ❝✉❥❛ ❜♦♥❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝✉♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ s❡♠♣r❡
♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛r❛♠ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦✐s❛s ❜♦❛s ❡ ❛ s❡r ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
• P❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛✱ ▲✉❛♥❛✱ ❝✉❥♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ♥ã♦ ♠❡ ❢❛❧t❛r❛♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦
♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ q✉❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♦s ♠❡✉s ❞✐❛s ❡♠ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❢❡❧✐③❡s✳
• P♦r t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛
❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥tr❛çã♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✉ ❛✈ô ❏♦sé ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✈ó ❈❡❧✐♥❛✳ ◗✉❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ❉❡✉s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ ♣❛ss❛r ❝♦♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✈ó ●❡r❛❝✐♥❛ ❡ ♠❡✉ ❛✈ô ❙❛♠✉❡❧✱ q✉❡ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦❧❤❛♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠ ❞♦ ❝é✉✳
• P❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ Pr♦❢✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼✳ ❇✳ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ❝✉❥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛
❡ s✐♠♣❛t✐❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❙♦✉ ❣r❛t♦ à ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❞❡❧❛ às ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
• P❡❧♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❘❡♥♦✈❛❞❛s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦
●❖❯ ❉❖▼■◆❯❙ ✭✉❤✉❧❧✦✮✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳
• P❡❧♦s ❜♦♥s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ♥♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♥❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡♠ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s
• P❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❈❛r❧♦s ❘✳ ▲♦♣❡s ❡ ▼ár❝✐❛ ❆✳ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❜❛s✲
t❛♥t❡ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s t❡♥❤♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡✲ ❧♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❯✱ ❈❆P❊❙ ❡ ❈◆Pq✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ s❡❝r❡tár✐♦ ❞♦ PP●❈❈✱ ❊r✐s✈❛❧❞♦✳
• P❡❧♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❍❡✐t♦r ❡ Pr♦❢a✳ ❘✐t❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭P❊❊❚✮ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛r✲ q✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❛❧♦❝❛r t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ P❊❊❚ é t❛❧ q✉❡ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✲ ♦✉ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥ ✲ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ◆P✲❈♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝❛s♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✿ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❍▲❋❊❚ ✭❍✐❣❤❡st ▲❡✈❡❧ ❋✐rst ✇✐t❤ ❊st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❚✐♠❡✮ ❡ ▼❈P ✭▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ P❛t❤✮✱ ❡ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭❆●✮ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✭❙❆✮ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❜♦❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❤❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ r❡✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭❆❈s✮ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦s✲ tr❛❞♦ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✿ ✭✐✮ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♠❛ss✐✈♦ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝♦ ❛♦s ❆❈s✱ ✭✐✐✮ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✭✐✐✐✮ r❡✉s♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♥♦✈❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆❈s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❊❊❚ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛s✳ ❊ss❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s s✐st❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❆❈ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡stã♦ três ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r❡s ✭❊❆❈❙✱ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱✮ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❡①tr❛çã♦✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ r❡✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ♦s r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❆❈s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥íst✐❝❛❀ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞♦ ❆❈ ✭♣❡♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛✮ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ❞♦✐s ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✭Vpl✲c1 ❡ Vpl✲c2✮ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❛r❜✐trár✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧✲
t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦s ❆❈s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❞❛q✉❡❧❡s t♦♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❢♦r❛♠ s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❛ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ t❡st❡s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛r❛♠ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❜❛s❡❛✲ ❞♦s ❡♠ ❆❈✳ ❖ r❡✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❡ s❡ ♠♦str♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ♥❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✳ ❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❡st❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❚❛s❦ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✭❙❚❙P✮ ✐♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs ❛✐♠s t♦ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ t❛s❦s t❤❛t ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥♦❞❡s ♦❢ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ❆♥ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❙❚❙P ✐s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞❡♥❝❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ❛r❡ s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r✉♥t✐♠❡ ✲ ♦r ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥ ✲ ✐s ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ◆P✲ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡st ❝❛s❡✿ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ s②st❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❧② t✇♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✳ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ✐t t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ✉s❡ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❍▲❋❊❚ ✭❍✐❣❤❡st ▲❡✈❡❧ ❋✐rst ✇✐t❤ ❊st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❚✐♠❡✮ ❛♥❞ ▼❈P ✭▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ P❛t❤✮✱ ♦r ♠❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✭●❆✮ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✭❙❆✮ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛tt❡♠♣t t♦ ✜♥❞ ❣♦♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❡✛♦rt ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♥❡❡❞s t♦ st❛rt ❛❣❛✐♥ ❢r♦♠ s❝r❛t❝❤✳
■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✲❜❛s❡❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ✐s ❛ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❜❡✲ ❝❛✉s❡ ✐ts ♠❛✐♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐ts s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t r❡✉s❡ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r s♦♠❡ ❞❡s✐r❛❜❧❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ✐♥ ❈❆✲❜❛s❡❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ❛s✿ ✭✐✮ ♠❛ss✐✈❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✐♥❤❡r❡♥t t♦ ❈❆✱ ✭✐✐✮ ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ♥✉♠✲ ❜❡r ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✱ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❜❡❡♥ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞ ❜② ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳
❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡s ♥❡✇ ❈❆✲❜❛s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r ❙❚❙P✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❛❧✲ ✉❛t❡❞ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ♦❢ ❈❆✲❜❛s❡❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♠❡t❛❤❡✉r✐st✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳
❙♦♠❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛r❡ t❤r❡❡ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡rs ✭❙❈❆❙✱ ❙❈❆❙✲❍ ❛♥❞ ❙❈❆❙✲❍❱✮ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ str❛t❡❣② t♦ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❡ ❈❆ ❧❛tt✐❝❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ str❛t❡❣② t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❈❆ r✉❧❡s ✭r✉❧❡ ♣❡♥❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✮ ❛t r✉♥t✐♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ t✇♦ ♥❡✇ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✭Vpl✲c1❡Vpl✲c2✮ ✇✐t❤ s✐♠♣❧❡ str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ❜✉t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧
❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ❛♥ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦rs✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❡ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧ ❡♠♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧✐s♠ ✐♥ ❈❆s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜② ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✭t❛❦❡♥ ❜② r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✮ ❛♥❞ s✉♣❡r✐♦r t❤❛♥ t❤♦s❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡ ♠❡t❛❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ t❡sts ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈❡❞ t❤❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ♦t❤❡r ❈❆✲❜❛s❡❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✇❛s ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❈❆ ❤❛s ❣r❡❛t ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t❧② s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡ t❛s❦s ✐♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss♦r s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜❡tt❡r ❡①♣❧♦✐t❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇♦r❦ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ♦♥ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ①①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✳✹ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ✸✼ ✷✳✶ P❊❊❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❊❊❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✸ ●r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✸✳✶ ●r❛❢♦s ❡♠ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✸✳✷ ●r❛❢♦s ●❡r❛❞♦s ❆❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✹ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❊❊❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❍▲❋❊❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✷✳✹✳✷ ■❙❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✹✳✸ ▼❈P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❊❚❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✹✳✺ ❉▲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❇✐♦✲✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛ ✻✶
✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ■♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✶✳✹ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✶✳✺ ▼✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✶✳✻ ❘❡✲✐♥s❡rçã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✶✳✼ ❋❧✉①♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✷ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ◆♦t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✹ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✼✼
✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✹ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺ ◆♦✈❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉✲
❧❛r❡s ✽✾
✺✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ◆♦✈♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❈❧áss✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✶✳✷ ▼❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❘❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✷ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈ ❙í♥❝r♦♥♦ ✭❊❆❈❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❆♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❊❆❈❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✸ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ✭❊❆❈❙✲
❍✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✺✳✹ ◆♦✈❛s ❊str✉t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈✿ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛s
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✐①
✺✳✹✳✹ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈ ❙í♥❝r♦♥♦ ❝♦♠ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❍❡✉rís✲ t✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ Ps❡✉❞♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✺✳✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✶✸✶
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✸✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✸❪ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✷ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❬✷✽❪✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✾ t❛r❡❢❛s ✭❣♣✾ ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ●❛♥tt ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❣♣✾✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✺ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✻ ●r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ✭❛✮ ❣✶✽ ❀ ✭❜✮ ❣✹✵ ❀ ✭❝✮ ♦✉ttr❡❡✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✼ ❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stát✐❝♦ ❡♠ ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❬✷✽❪✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✽ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❍▲❋❊❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✾ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❍▲❋❊❚ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ✭❛✮ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡stát✐❝♦ ✭s❧✮
❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s❀ ✭❜✮ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✷✳✶✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❍▲❋❊❚ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ❡♠
✉♠ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ●❛♥tt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✶✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ■❙❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✶✷ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ■❙❍ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ✭❛✮ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡stát✐❝♦ ✭s❧✮ ❞❛s
t❛r❡❢❛s❀ ✭❜✮ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✶✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ■❙❍ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ❡♠ ✉♠
❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ●❛♥tt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✶✹ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ▼❈P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✶✺ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▼❈P ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ✭❛✮ ❆▲❆P ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s❀ ✭❜✮
♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✷✳✶✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ▼❈P ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ❡♠ ✉♠
❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ●❛♥tt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✷✳✶✼ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊❚❋✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✶✽ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❊❚❋ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ✭❛✮ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡stát✐❝♦ ✭s❧✮ ❞❛s
t❛r❡❢❛s❀ ✭❜✮ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✶✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❊❚❋ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ❡♠ ✉♠
❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ●❛♥tt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✷✵ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❉▲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✷✶ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❉▲❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ✭❛✮ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡stát✐❝♦ ✭s❧✮ ❞❛s
t❛r❡❢❛s❀ ✭❜✮ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✷✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❉▲❙ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣♣✾ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ●❛♥tt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✼❪✮✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♥♦ ❆● ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❊❊❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✸ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ✭❛✮ ♣♦♥t♦✲s✐♠♣❧❡s❀ ✭❜✮ ♠✉❧t✐♣♦♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✹ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✺ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❊❊❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✻ ▼✉t❛çã♦✿ ✭❛✮ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❜✐t❀ ✭❜✮ t✐♣♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♣❡r♠✉t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❆● ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❊❊❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❈✿ ✭❛✮ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧❀ ✭❜✮ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦❀ ✭❝✮ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦
t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ sí♥❝r♦♥♦❀ ✭❞✮ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❆❈s ❬✸✼❪ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✲
✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❲♦❧❢r❛♠✿ ✭❛✮ r❡❣r❛ ✵✶✵✵✶✵✵ ✭❈❧❛ss❡ ✶✮❀ ✭❜✮ r❡❣r❛ ✵✶✵✵✶✵✶ ✭❈❧❛ss❡ ✷✮❀ ✭❝✮ r❡❣r❛ ✵✵✶✶✶✶✵ ✭❈❧❛ss❡ ✸✮❀ ✭❞✮ r❡❣r❛ ✶✶✵✶✶✶✵ ✭❈❧❛ss❡ ✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✶ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❬✹✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✿ ✭❛✮ ❘❛✐♦ ❂ ✶❀ ✭❜✮ ❘❛✐♦ ❂ ✷❀
❘❛✐♦ ❂ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✺ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✻ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬✺✻❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✼ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ t♦t❛❧íst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬✺✻❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈ ✭❊❆❈❙✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✷ Ps❡✉❞♦✲❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ ❆● ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❊❆❈❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✸ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r❡s✿ ✭❛✮ ❣✶✽ ❀ ✭❜✮ ❣✹✵ ❀ ✭❝✮ ❣❛✉ss✶✽ ❀ ✭❞✮
❣✶✽ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✾✺✵ ❛ ✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✭❡✮ ❣✹✵ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✾✺✵ ❛ ✶✵✵✵✮❀ ✭❢✮ ❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ✾✺✵ ❛ ✶✵✵✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ✭❛✮❣✶✽✱ ✭❜✮❣✹✵ ❡ ✭❝✮❣❛✉ss✶✽ ❡♠ ❊❆❈❙✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ r❛♥❞♦♠✸✵✱ r❛♥❞♦♠✹✵ ❡ r❛♥❞♦♠✺✵ ❡♠
❊❆❈❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ✭❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ ❆❈ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✺✳✼ ❘❡✉s♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❡✈♦❧✉í❞❛ ♥♦ ❣❛✉ss✶✽ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✱
❣✶✽✱ r❛♥❞✶✽✳✶ ❡ r❛♥❞✶✽✳✷✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❬✺✸❪✳✶✶✼ ✺✳✽ ❘❡✉s♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❡✈♦❧✉í❞❛ ♥♦ ❣❛✉ss✶✽ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✱
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐✐✐
✺✳✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛Vpl✲c2✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❇◆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❆❈❙ ❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✿ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✷ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❛♣t❛s ❛ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛r ✶✵✵✵ CIs ♣❛r❛ TOT ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡
❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❣✶✽✱ ❣✹✵ ❡ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✿ ■ ✭M1✿ ❘❡♣r♦❞✳ ❙✐♥❝ ❡ M2✿ ❘❡♣r♦❞✳ ❙❡q✮❀ ■■ ✭M1✿
❊❆❈❙ ❡ M2✿ ❘❡♣r♦❞✳ ❙❡q✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✺✳✹ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❊❆❈❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❊❆❈❙ ❡ ✉♠ ❆● s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
♦✉ttr❡❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬✺✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✼ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✉s♦ ✭❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✮ s♦❜r❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦✲
❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✺✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ sí♥❝r♦♥♦s
r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✺✳✾ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ✭M1✮ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❞♦s
♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ✭M2✮✿ ❘❡♣r♦❞✳ ❙✐♥❝ ❡ ❘❡♣r♦❞✳ ❙❡q✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾
✺✳✶✵ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❡ ♣♦r ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✭❆♣✳✮ ❡ r❡✉s♦
✭❘❡✳✮ ❞♦ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❝♦♠ ✷ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ✭Vs = 2✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✺✳✶✷ ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✺✳✶✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ r❡✉s♦ ❞♦ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✺✳✶✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛
r❡❣r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✺✳✶✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✮ ❡♠ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡♥❛❧✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✺✳✶✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭r❛♥❞♦♠✸✵ ✮ ❡♠ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡♥❛✲
❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
①①✈✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✱ r❛♥❞♦♠✸✵✱ r❛♥❞♦♠✹✵ ❡ r❛♥❞♦♠✺✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✺✳✶✽ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍
❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✺✳✶✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✮
♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ r❛♥❞♦♠✸✵✱ r❛♥❞♦♠✹✵ ❡ r❛♥❞♦♠✺✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✺✳✷✵ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦
❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✺✳✷✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭r❛♥❞♦♠✸✵ ✮
♣❛r❛ ♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❛✉ss✶✽✱ r❛♥❞♦♠✹✵ ❡ r❛♥❞♦♠✺✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✺✳✷✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦
❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭r❛♥❞♦♠✸✵ ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✺✳✷✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆❈ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✺✳✷✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ❆✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❯◆❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸ ❆✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ❚❉❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ❇✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊❆❈❙✲❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✷ ❇✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❣❛✉ss✶✽ ✮
❞❡ ❊❆❈❙✲❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✸ ❇✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭r❛♥❞♦♠✸✵ ✮
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❜✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ t✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸ ❋❧✉①♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❈ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❈❡❧✉❧❛r ❆● ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦
❜✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❈■ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧
❉❍▲❋❊❚ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❍▲❋❊❚
❊❆❈❙ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❈ ❝♦♠ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❙í♥❝r♦♥❛ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❊❆❈❙ ❝♦♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❍❡✉ríst✐❝❛
❊❆❈❙✲❍❱ ❊❆❈❙✲❍ ❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♣s❡✉❞♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ●❆❉ ●r❛❢♦ ❆❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❉✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦
GP ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛
❍▲❋❊❚ ❍✐❣❤❡st ▲❡✈❡❧ ❋✐rst ✇✐t❤ ❊st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❚✐♠❡
P❊❊❚ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❙❆ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❆♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣
t✲❧❡✈❡❧ t♦♣ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♥í✈❡❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦r
Vs ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦
❖ ✉s♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣r✐r ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛s✳ ❚❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♠✉❧t✐❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛❞♦s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s t❛r❡❢❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s ♥♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ t✐r❛r ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛s✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ❖s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✜❝✐♥❛✱ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❬✹✶❪✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ t❡♠✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❛❧♦❝❛r t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊stát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ✭P❊❊❚✮ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐✳ ❯♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ P❊❊❚ é t❛❧ q✉❡ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s sã♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✲ ♦✉ ♠❛❦❡s♣❛♥ ✲ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r s❡r ◆P✲❈♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❬✺✺❪ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✳
❱ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❤❡✉ríst✐❝♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❜♦❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❍▲❋❊❚ ✭❍✐❣❤❡st ▲❡✈❡❧ ❋✐rst ✇✐t❤ ❊st✐♠❛t❡❞ ❚✐♠❡✮✱ ■❙❍
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✭■♥s❡rt✐♦♥ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ❍❡✉r✐st✐❝✮ ❡ ▼❈P ✭▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❈r✐t✐❝❛❧ P❛t❤✮ ❬✷✻✱ ✷✾❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡s✱ ♠❡t❛❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✭❙❆✮✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭❆●✮ ❡ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✭❘◆❆✮ t❛♠❜é♠ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❬✷✺✱ ✸✵✱ ✹✸❪✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❛❜r❡ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❡st❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s s❡q✉❡♥✲ ❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝♦s✱ é ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❤á ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s à ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡①❛t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡s❡♠✲ ♣❡♥❤♦✱ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊♠ s❡ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ P❊❊❚ é ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❞♦ ③❡r♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✳
❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❬✹✾✱ ✺✸✱ ✺✼❪ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭❆❈✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❊❊❚✳ ➱ ✈á❧✐❞♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ♦s ❆❈s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❬✻✺❪✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❬✺✵❪✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ✭t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✮ ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s✳ ❯♠ ❆❈ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✳ ❆ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ é ♦ sí♥❝r♦♥♦ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝♦ ❞♦s ❆❈s✳ ❆ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ r❛✐♦ R✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s é q✉❡ ♦ ❡s✲ ♣❛ç♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✱ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ é t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❛❜r✐r❛♠ ♥♦✈❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❆❈s ❬✶✽✱ ✺✵❪✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡ss❛ ❜✉s❝❛ sã♦ ♦s ❛❧✲ ❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭❆●✮✳ ❖s ❆●s sã♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛✲ ♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♣t♦s ❡ ♥❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❉❛r✇✐♥✐❛♥♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ♥❛ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❬✷✸✱ ✷✹❪✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❬✻✶❪ ❡ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❬✷✸❪ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✱ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❬✶✽✱✸✺✱✸✻✱✸✾❪ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬✹✻❪✳
