97
Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola ISSN 1516-635X Apr - Jun 2014 / v.16 / n.2 / 97-100 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-635x160297-100
Classification of the Coefficients of Variation
of Parameters Evaluated in Japanese Quail
Experiments
Author(s) Leal DHVI
Faria Filho DE deII
Oliveira EMBIII I Zootecnista.
II Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade
de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia En-genharia de Alimentos, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brasil.
III Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da
Universi-dade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Cla-ros, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
Mail Adress
Corresponding author e-mail address: Daniel Emygdio de Faria Filho
Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia Engenharia de Alimentos. Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, n. 225, Campus da USP, CEP 13635-900, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: fariafilho@usp.br
Keywords
Coturnix coturnix japonica, experimental
sta-tistics, experimental precision.
Submitted: June/2013 Approved: April/2014
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to design a classification range of
the coefficients of variation (CV) of traits used in experiments with
egg-type Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The journal Revista
Brasileira de Zootecnia was systematically reviewed, using the key
word ‘quail’ during the period of January, 2000 to 2010. The CV of
feed intake (g/bird/d), egg production (%/bird/d), egg weight (g), egg
mass (g/bird/d), feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (g/dozen), feed
conversion ratio per egg mass (g/g), and egg specific gravity (g/mL) were
collected. For each parameter, CV were classified using the following
median (MD) and pseudo-sigma (PS) ratio as follows: low (CV ≤ MD –
PS), medium (MD – PS < CV ≤ MD + PS), high (MD + PS < CV ≤ MD +
2PS) and very high (CV > MD + 2PS). According to the results, it was
concluded that each parameter has a specific classification range that
should be taken into account when evaluating experimental precision.
InTRoduCTIon
The coefficient of variation is obtained by the residual standard
deviation as a percentage of the general mean of the experiment.
Therefore, it measures experimental precision because the residual
standard deviation is the square root of residual mean square, which
contains all the variation due to experimental error. In addition, the CV
allows comparing experiments, independently of the unit used.
In experiments with Japanese quails, there are reference values of
specific CV that identify classification ranges relative to their degree
of precision, as it happens in pig production (Judice et al., 1999), beef
cattle (Judice et al., 2002), equine nutrition (Lana et al., 2006), broilers
(Mohallem et al., 2008), and commercial layers (Faria Filho et al., 2010).
Therefore, the distribution of CV values in experiments with Japanese
quails need to be studied, as most researchers have compared their
results with the classification suggested by Gomes (2000) as low, when
CV values are lower than 10%; medium, with CV values between 10
and 20%, high, with CV value between 20 and 30%, and very high,
when CV values are higher than 30%.
Amaral et al. (1997) and Judice et al. (1999) suggest that the normality
of CV distribution should be determined to establish variability ranges.
However, working with upland rice crops, Costa et al. (2002) presented
a new method of CV classification that can be applied with data do not
have normal distribution. This method is based on the use of median
and pseudo-sigma, instead of mean and standard deviation.
In order to obtain a consistent compilation of published studies, the
method of systematic literature review can be used (Castro et al. 2002).
This is a scientific technique to review literature, using specific methods
to identify, select, and critically analyze relevant studies. Therefore,
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Leal DHV, Faria Filho DE de,
Oliveira EMB
Classification of the Coefficients of Variation of
Parameters Evaluated in Japanese Quail Experiments
search strategy, databases, period of review, and
criteria for the inclusion of studies must be previously
defined. All these aspects should be mentioned in the
text. Excluded articles must be mentioned and their
exclusion justified. This will render these systematic
reviews reproducible and, in general, unbiased.
This study aimed at verifying if the parameters
evaluated in experiments with Japanese quails (Coturnix
coturnix japonica) have specific classification ranges
of the coefficient of variation by using the method of
systematic literature review for data collection and the
method of Costa et al. (2002) to classify the CV.
MATERIALS And METHodS
The systematic literature review (Castro et al., 2002)
was carried out using the journal Revista Brasileira de
Zootecnia of issues published between January, 2000
and January, 2010. The website of Sociedade Brasileira
de Zootecnia (Brazilian Society of Animal Science) was
accessed (www.sbz.org.br; access in April, 2010) and
the path revista → revista on-line → entrar → consulta
por palavra-chave (journal → online journal → enter
→ search key word) was followed. The key word used
was “quail” to search in Portuguese the fields title, key
words, and abstract.
Studies with egg-type Japanese quails (Coturnix
coturnix japonica) during lay and presenting CV for at
least one of the following parameters were selected:
feed intake (g/bird/d), egg production (%/bird/d), egg
weight (g), egg mass (g/bird/d), feed conversion ratio
per dozen eggs (g/dozen), feed conversion ratio per
egg mass (g/g), and egg specific gravity (g/mL).
The number of observations, minimum and
maximum values, mean and standard deviation were
calculated. The median (MD) was calculated according
the equation: MD = (Q1 + Q3)/2, where Q1 is the first
quartile and Q3 is the third quartile. pseudo-sigma (PS)
was calculated according to the equation: PS = (Q3 –
Q1)/1.35 (Tukey, 1977). Data normality was evaluated
by the Cramer-Von-Mises test. Analyses were carried
out using SAS® software package (Littell et al., 2002).
CV ranges were determined according to the
methodology proposed by Costa et al. (2002) as a
function of MD and PS. The following CV ranges were
determined: low (CV ≤ MD – PS), medium (MD – PS <
CV ≤ MD + PS), high (MD + PS < CV ≤ MD + 2PS), and
very high (CV > MD + 2PS).
RESuLTS And dISCuSSIon
The systematic literature review found 41 articles,
out of which 24 were selected: Araújo et al. (2007),
Barreto et al. 2007
a, 2007
b, 2007
c, 2007
d), Costa
et al. (2007), Costa et al. (2008
a, 2008 b), Costa et al.
(2009), Freitas et al. (2005), Mori et al. (2005), Moura
et al. (2008), Murakami et al. (2006), Oliveira et al.
(2009), Pinheiro et al. (2008), Pinto et al. (2002), Pinto
et al. (2003
a, 2003
b), Ribeiro et al. (2003), Rizzo et al.
(2008), Silva et al. (2002), Silva et al. (2003), Soares et
al. (2007), and Umigi et al. (2007).
The number of observations, minimum and
maximum values, mean, standard deviation, median,
pseudo-sigma, and Cramer-Von-Mises test results
of the CV values of the evaluated parameters are
presented in Table 1. Only feed intake CV values
presented normal distribution, and therefore the
methodology proposed by Costa et al. (2002) was
applied to establish CV classification ranges because it
does not assume data normality.
Table 2 shows the CV classification ranges for the
main parameters used in Japanese quail experiments.
The parameter egg specific gravity is highlighted as
its classification range is very narrow, which indicated
it is a very stable parameter. The same behavior of
egg specific gravity results was found by Faria Filho et
Table 1 – Number of observations (N), minimum value (Min), maximum value (Max), mean (X), standard deviation (SD),
median (Me), pseudo-sigma (PS), and Cramer-Von-Mises normality test of feed intake (FI), egg production (EP), egg weight
(EW), egg mass (EM), feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (FCRDz), feed conversion ratio per egg mass (FCREM), and egg
specific gravity (ESG) of egg-type Japanese quails.
Parameter N Min Max Mean SD Me PS Normality
FI 24 2.48 11.19 5.23 2.12 5.08 2.25 0.08 ns EP 25 2.50 16.23 6.93 3.68 7.13 3.55 0.15* EW 23 1.37 6.22 3.17 1.06 2.95 0.78 0.13* EM 23 3.50 15.81 8.02 3.62 7.34 3.61 0.15* FCRDz 19 3.30 34.67 8.31 7.01 6.74 3.14 0.37** FCREM 22 3.17 39.96 9.18 7.95 7.54 4.20 0.36** ESG 8 0.09 2.06 0.47 0.69 0.33 0.30 0.27** ns = not significant, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01
99
Leal DHV, Faria Filho DE de,
Oliveira EMB
Classification of the Coefficients of Variation of
Parameters Evaluated in Japanese Quail Experiments
al. (2010) in experiments with commercial layers. On
the other hand, feed conversion ratio per egg mass
presented the widest CV classification range.
The classification of coefficients of variation in
the present study should be used as reference by
researchers to verify if the CV results obtained, and
consequently the precision of their experiments,
are within the acceptable range of values. When
comparing the classification ranges used in the
present study with that proposed by Gomes (2000), in
which CV values lower than 10% are considered low,
between 10 and 20%, medium; between 20 and 30%,
high; and higher than 30% are very high, it is clear
that this proposed range does not apply to Japanese
quails. For instance, 8% CV would be considered low
in the classification of Gomes (2000), but according
to our classification, it is very high for the parameters
egg weight and egg specific gravity. This difference
may be due to the fact that the proposal of Gomes
(2000) is based on agronomic parameters. Moreover,
there is considerable variation among animal species,
and there are specific classifications for pigs (Judice
et al., 1999), beef cattle (Judice et al., 2002), equine
nutrition (Lana et al., 2006), broilers (Mohallem et al.,
2008), and commercial layers (Faria Filho et al., 2010).
ConCLuSIonS
It is concluded that there is a specific classification
range for each parameter evaluated in egg-type
Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) that should
be taken into account when evaluating experimental
precision.
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Parameter Low Medium High Very high
FI CV ≤ 2.83 2.83 < CV ≤ 7.33 7.33 < CV ≤ 9.58 CV ≤ 9.58 EP CV ≤ 3.58 3.58 < CV ≤ 10.67 10.67 < CV ≤ 14.22 CV ≤ 14.22 EW CV ≤ 2.17 2.17 < CV ≤ 3.72 3.72 < CV ≤ 4.50 CV ≤ 4.50 EM CV ≤ 3.73 3.73 < CV ≤ 10.94 10.94 < CV ≤ 14.55 CV ≤ 14.55 FCRDz CV ≤ 3.60 3.60 < CV ≤ 9.88 9.88 < CV ≤ 13.02 CV ≤ 13.02 FCREM CV ≤ 3.35 3.35 < CV ≤ 11.72 11.72 < CV ≤ 15.90 CV ≤ 15.90 ESG CV ≤ 0.02 0.02 < CV ≤ 0.63 0.63 < CV ≤ 0.93 CV ≤ 0.93
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