ROMANS AND MUSLIMS IN THE PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC

BAR International Series 2570

2013

Anciens peuplements littoraux et

relations Homme/Milieu sur les côtes

de l’Europe atlantique

Ancient Maritime Communities and

the Relationship between People and

Environment along the European

Atlantic Coasts

Sous la direction de / Edited by

Marie-Yvane Daire, Catherine Dupont,

Anna Baudry, Cyrille Billard, Jean-Marc Large,

Laurent Lespez, Eric Normand and Chris Scarre

Avec la collaboration de / With the collaboration of

Archaeopress

Publishers of Briish Archaeological Reports Gordon House

276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED England

bar@archaeopress.com www.archaeopress.com

BAR S2570

Anciens peuplements litoraux et relaions Homme/Milieu sur les côtes de l’Europe Atlanique / Ancient Mariime Communiies and the Relaionship between People and Environment along the European Atlanic Coasts

© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2013

ISBN 978 1 4073 1191 3

pour citer ce volume / how to cite:

Daire M.Y., Dupont C., Baudry A., Billard C., Large J.M., Lespez L., Normand E., Scarre C. (dir.), 2013. Ancient Mariime Communiies and the Relaionship between People and Environment along the European Atlanic Coasts / Anciens peuplements litoraux et relaions Home/Milieu sur les côtes de l’Europe atlanique. Proceedings of the HOMER 2011 Conference, Vannes (France), 28/09-1/10/2011. Briish Archaeological Reports, Internaional Series 2570, Oxford: Archaeopress.

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INTRODUCTION

Ancient Atlantic navigation has been questioned, for a nqpi"vkog."fwg"vq"vjg"qdxkqwu"pcxkicvkqp"fkhÝewnvkgu"qp"vjg" Atlantic Ocean, but now new material evidence calls that same view into question.

The Portuguese research has too embraced this image of “Finisterre” by the “Ocean sea” and internalised the notion of an ultra-peripheral Lusitania in the context of the Roman Empire. The Islamic period has also been overlooked, mainly for reasons relating to the historical tradition and the Christian Reconquest.

However, there is historical and archaeological evidence qh"cpekgpv"vtchÝe"ykvj"vjg"Ogfkvgttcpgcp"Dcukp."cu"gctn{" cu"vjg"Dtqp|g"Cig."yjkej"uggou"vq"dg"eqpvkpwqwu"wpvkn"vjg" end of the Arab presence in the Iberian Peninsula.

With this paper we aim to present such evidence, following an interpretive line that puts emphasis on the vestiges of exploitation of marine resources, navigation and product use.

BACKGROUNDANDSOURCES

The societies along these western sea lanes and those sailing from elsewhere having chosen these port sites were certainly required to come up with solutions in order to adapt their marine skills to the natural conditions of the local geography and climate circumstances, including prevailing winds. The study of harbours and sea routes along the Atlantic must, thus, consider both topography and ship technology.

UrgekÝecnn{."qpg"owuv"vcmg"kpvq"ceeqwpv"vjg"rtqdngou"ctkukpi" from the differences between two nautical universes: the Ogfkvgttcpgcp"wpkxgtug"cpf"vjg"jctf"Cvncpvke"wpkxgtug0"Ykvj" these differences in mind, we turned our attention to the recurring preference for estuaries, marine lagoons, coasts naturally defended by coastal formations or island-barriers and nqygt"eqwtugu"qh"tkxgtu"hqt"vjg"kpuvcnncvkqp"qh"jctdqwt"|qpgu0 Kp" qtfgt" vq" ejctcevgtkug" vjg" rqtv" |qpgu" qh" vjg" Tqocp" and Islamic periods and reconstruct the harbour system, one should consider: geographical and morphological data, archaeological evidences and historical-literary, cartographic and iconographical sources.

Reassessing the Roman and Muslim maritime activities in the Portuguese Atlantic

In the last decades, archaeological underwater discoveries

kp" octkvkog" cpf" Þwxkcn" eqpvgzvu" eqpvtkdwvgf" vq" c" dgvvgt" understanding and characterisation of the settlement and sea routes, some of which were referred to by ancient cwvjqtu"kp"encuukecn"*Rqorqpkwu"Ognc."Rnkp{."Uvtcdq"cpf" Cxkgpwu+"cpf"Ctcd"vgzvu"*Cn/Tc|k."Cn/Dcmtk."Kdpg"Oq|ckpg" and Idrisi, for instance).

Kv"ku."vjwu."korgtcvkxg"vq"tgcuuguu"vjg"Tqocp"cpf"Owunko" maritime activities.

The fact that the major political centres of the Lusitania Province were located inland constitutes an argument on behalf of littoral depreciation. Simultaneously, international bibliography valued the importance of some north-south routes, namely the Gallic isthmus and the Rhone and Rhine routes, on the supply to Britannia or Germania Inferior, underlining the supposed Hispanic peripheral condition and depreciating the Atlantic route - which despite some ucknkpi"fkhÝewnvkgu"eqpuvkvwvgf"vjg"dguv"ejqkeg."eqpukfgtkpi" vjg"fkuvcpeg/equv"tgncvkqpujkr"*Dnqv"4225="Ecttgtcu"Oqphqtv" 4222="Hcdk«q"422;c."75+"*Hkiwtg"3+0

Vjg"ncem"qh"ujkrytgem"tgeqtfu"qp"vjg"Cvncpvke"eqcuv"htqo"Ecfk|" vq"Nc"Eqtwpc"kp"vjg"yqtm"qh"Rctmgt"*Rctmgt"3;;4+"eqwrngf" with a somewhat non-contextualised analysis of Avienus’ (c. 4th century AD) Ora Maritima has contributed to the increase qh"Tqocp"Cvncpvke"pcxkicvkqpÓu"uegrvkeu0"Ecfk|."fguetkdgf"d{" Strabo (c. 1st century AD) with enthusiasm, lay in ruins three egpvwtkgu"ncvgt."ceeqtfkpi"vq"Cxkgpwu"*Ocpvcu"4222+0

“Kv"vqq"jcf"dggp"]È_"dki"cpf"qrwngpv"kp"cpekgpv"vkogu="kv" is now poor, small, abandoned - lying in ruins.” (Avienus, 488/4:5"kp"Rcvtqe pkq"4228+0

Vjg"eqodkpcvkqp"qh"vjgug"hcevqtu"jcu"uvtqpin{"kpÞwgpegf" the image one has of the western Iberian Peninsula and, therefore, all undertaken research as well.

However, the presence of numerous shipwrecks along the

ROMANS AND MUSLIMS IN THE PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC

Cnguukc"COCVQ"

Hwpfc›«q"rctc"c"Ek‒pekc"g"Vgepqnqikc"*HEV+"uejqnctujkr."Wpkxgtukfcfg"fg"Eqkodtc1EGCWER."Egpvtq"fg"Guvwfqu" Ctswgqn„ikequ"fcu"Wpkxgtukfcfgu"fg"Eqkodtc"g"Rqtvq."Rqtvwicn

U„pkc"DQODKEQ"

Hwpfc›«q"rctc"c"Ek‒pekc"g"Vgepqnqikc"uejqnctujkr."Wpkxgtukfcfg"fg"¡xqtc1EKFGJWU."Egpvtq"Kpvgtfkuekrnkpct"fg" História, Culturas e Sociedades, Portugal

Figure 1. Ceeguu"tqwvgu"vq"Dtkvcppkc"*Ecttgtcu"Oqphqtv"4222."428+0

3;8 Atlantic coast, the large volume of amphorae recovered and other products demonstrate a constant commercial exchange amongst the diverse Atlantic coastal populations *Ecttgtcu"Oqphqtv"cpf"Oqtcku"4232+0

This data allows one to better understand the importance qh"vjg"Cvncpvke"tqwvg"*Hcdk«q"422;c."77+0

It is, nonetheless, undeniable that the inclusion of the Lusitania Province and the Iberian Peninsula’s northwest in the Roman Empire allowed for the existence of regular long distance contacts with other provinces and especially ykvj" vjg" Ogfkvgttcpgcp0" Vjg" urtgcfkpi" qwv" qh" TqogÓu" rqygt"vq"Itgcv"Dtkvckp"cpf"rtgugpv"fc{"Vjg"Pgvjgtncpfu" - a process completed in the middle of the 1st century AD - inevitably provided the Roman Empire with a wide Atlantic coastal area.

During the Islamic period, one sees the vitality of the port cities, with the development of nautical activities, including naval construction in shipyards mentioned by Arab authors, uwej"cu"Cn/Tc|k."Cn/Dcmtk."Kdpg"Oq|ckpg"cpf"Kftkuk0

The territory called Al-Andalus includes Southern Spain (Andalusia). Various descriptions made by Arab historians and geographers with a common vision of these territories considered the Iberian Peninsula as a prolongation of the gcuvgtp" Ctcd" yqtnf" tgcejcdng" vjtqwij" Pqtvj" Chtkec" cpf" oquv"nkmgn{"xkc"pcxkicvkqp"cnqpi"vjg"eqcuv0"Cn/Tc|k"rtqrqugu" c"ukipkÝecpv"fkxkukqp"qh"Cpfcnwukc"kpvq"CZ/Zctsk"cpf"Cn/ Garbe or, in other words, eastern and western Andalusia. Al-Ictdg"eqttgurqpfu"vq"ewttgpv"Uqwvjgtp"Rqtvwicn"*Hkiwtg"4+0 Although the Arabic literary sources and the corpus of vjg" Ogfkgxcn"Ctcdkcp" igqitcrj{" eqpuvkvwvg" vjg" rtkoct{" sources for the study of the use of the coast and shipping lanes during the Arab dominion of Southern Portugal, the

main maritime cities have revealed large quantities of imported ceramics dating from the Islamic period.

The ancient geomorphology of the Portuguese coast Geographically speaking, the western Iberian Rgpkpuwnc" dgpgÝvu" htqo" c" uvtcvgike" nqecvkqp" dgvyggp" vjg" Ogfkvgttcpgcp"yqtnf"cpf"vjg"Cvncpvke"qpg0"Kpugtvgf"kp"cp" Atlantic geographical space, the Portuguese coast still rtgugtxgu"ocp{"Ogfkvgttcpgcp"ejctcevgtkuvkeu"*Cttwfc"cpf" Xknc›c"4228."53="Tkdgktq"3;:8."5;+0

Geomorphologic studies are useful for the creation of hypothesis regarding possible locations of ancient natural rqtvu0"Dwv"qpg"owuv"cnuq"eqpukfgt"vjg"oqfkÝecvkqpu"vq"vjg" seaboard that were responsible for the different interactions between men and environment.

Generally, one could argue that the outline of the coast jcu"dggp"ÐukornkÝgfÑ"kp"vjg"ncuv"3222"{gctu"*Htgkvcu"cpf" Cpftcfg"3;;:+0"Wr"vq"vjg"37vj"cpf"38vj"egpvwtkgu"CF."vjg" design of the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula would be more irregular than the current one, more indented, and vjgtg"yqwnf"dg"oqtg"dc{u"cpf"tkxgt"oqwvju"*Hkiwtg"5+0 Octkc"Nw uc"Dnqv"*Dnqv"3;;:."36:+"uwooctkugu"vjg"Rqtvwiwgug" coast evolution process according to three aspects:

1. Gradual connection between ancient islands and the eqpvkpgpv." hqtokpi" rgpkpuwncu" *ecugu" qh" Rgpkejg." Dcngcn" cpf"rtqdcdn{"ewttgpv"Vt„kc"rgpkpuwnc+=

40"Enqukpi"qh"cpekgpv"eqcuvcn"godc{ogpvu"cpf"hqtocvkqp"qh" eqcuvcn"nciqqpu"*ecugu"qh"Ucpvq"Cpftfi."Ognkfgu."Cnhgk|gt«q." Tkc"fg"Cxgktq."Tkc"fg"Hctq+=

50"Uknvcvkqp"qh"guvwctkgu"cpf"uwdugswgpv"kpncpf"eqpvgzv"qh" former coastal areas.

Siltation is a gradual process that has been increasing over the centuries in most Portuguese waterways and estuaries, decreasing their navigability.

The historical cartography is commonly used to study the

Figure 2." ぺゆヱ" ネゆキ" やメメロ" ュゥュキ" ゆラ" ュゥュキ" やゆラ" ネゆキ" やメメロ" ゆラ" まキケヵサ"

やメソベメヵ"*Kftkuk+"Egwvc."32;;"/"Ukeknkc."33860"Ecuvgnnq"fgn"Oqpvg." Cpftkc."Rwinkc"*4229"hqvq+0"Yguvgtp"ugevkqp"qh"vjg"92"ocr"dqctf0

Figure 3.

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waterfront geomorphologic changes of the Portuguese coast. However, this should be interpreted with caution. These testimonials often pose problems, such as the inaccuracy of the outlining of the coast, the small scale and the omission or enlargement of certain details, such as embayments. Cartography analysis is also affected by chronological contradictions and mistakes resulting from the fact that some maps are copies of previous works. Kp"vjku"Ýgnf."vjg"eqorkncvkqp"qh"Eqtvgu«q"cpf"Oqvc"*3;:9+" stands out, with particular emphasis on the maps of Pedro Teixeira (Descripción de España y de las costas y puertos de sus reinos, Atlas de Viena, c0"3856+"cpf"Lq«q"Vgkzgktc" (Descrição dos Portos Marítimos do Reino de Portugal, c0"386:+."yjkej"ctg"swqvgf"d{"vjg"oclqtkv{"qh"vjg"cwvjqtu" who study the evolution of the Portuguese coast and its harbour characteristics (Figure 4).

The complexity of the Atlantic environment makes it rctvkewnctn{" fkhÝewnv" hqt" qpg" vq" tgeqipkug" cpekgpv" rqtv" hceknkvkgu"cpf"ocmgu"qpg"tgÞgev"qp"vjg"eqpegrv"qh"jctdqwt" space.

Qpg"owuv"Ýtuv"kfgpvkh{"vjg"tgncvkqpujkr"dgvyggp"jctdqwt" typology - recognised since Antiquity - and possible corresponding archaeological vestiges.

Kp"hcev."vjgug"xguvkigu"ctg"pqv"cnyc{u"ocvgtkcnkugf"kp"urgekÝe" harbour equipment. Sometimes, it could be that, as described by Strabo regarding the Tiber River, ships were unloaded vjtqwij"vjg"wug"qh"uocnngt"xguugnu"*Dnqv"4225."44+"*Hkiwtg"7+0

SEAFARING AND HARBOUR ACTIVITIES IN ROMAN AND

ISLAMICTIMES

Early mariners certainly understood the necessity of waiting for high tide before incoming on estuaries. These mooring places, naturally sheltered by high cliffs, are still today’s deep and safe mooring sites while waiting to enter cp"guvwct{"*Dnqv"4232.":6+0"Vjgtghqtg."vjg"corjqtcg"cpf" lead anchor stocks found in rivers and on the coast include not only presumed shipwreck sites but also some important mooring sites. In those places, underwater surveys indicate the diachronic utilisation of such natural marine shelters. Dgukfgu" pcwvkecn" ctvghcevu" uwej" cu" ngcf" cpejqt" uvqemu."

evidence from Portuguese waters included containers of imported and exported products, such as amphorae and other pottery vessels, which were also found in archaeological excavations on the seaboard and on land. Those provide important information regarding the capacity of overseas transport and regarding social, economic, and cultural factors relating to marine activity. Roman evidences of maritime activities

Initiated by Augustus, Rome’s Atlantic policy seems to have been consolidated in the age of Claudius, with the acknowledgment of the economic potential offered by vjg"Cvncpvke"tgikqp"*Hcdk«q"4227.":6="Ocpvcu"4224/4225." 67;+0"Kp"hcev."dgvyggp"vjg"okffng"qh"vjg"3uv"egpvwt{"DE" and the 1st century AD, the quantity of archaeological evidence indicative of Roman presence in the western Kdgtkcp" Rgpkpuwnc" itqyu" gzrqpgpvkcnn{." eqpÝtokpi" fcvc" found in classical literature sources.

Pliny writes “the cities worthy of mention on the coast, beginning from the Tagus, are that of Olisipo, famous for kvu" octgu." yjkej" eqpegkxg" htqo" vjg" yguv" ykpf=" Ucncekc." yjkej" ku" uwtpcogf" vjg" Korgtkcn" Ekv{=" Ogtqdtkic=" cpf" then the Sacred Promontory, with the other known by the pcog"qh"Ewpgwu."cpf"vjg"vqypu"qh"Quuqpqdc."Dcnuc."cpf" O{tvknk0Ñ"*Rnkp{."Pcvwtcn"Jkuvqt{."657043+"*Hkiwtg"8+0 Traditionally, only a small number of cities whose economic functions date back to the pre-Roman period are deemed as true maritime cities. They are: Olisipo (Lisbon), Salacia (Alcácer do Sal), Ossonoba (Faro) and Balsa *Nw|"fg"Vcxktc+" *Ocpvcu"3;;2."382+"dwv"cnuq"Scallabis (Santarém), located in the lower course of the Tagus River. The studies of the last decade lead us to consider the existence of cities with harbour functions north of the Tagus, namely Aeminium, Portus Calem and even Bracara Augusta (located in the lower course of the Cávado River), which functioned as Þwxkcn"terminus0"Oqtgqxgt."oquv"Þwxkcn"eqwtugu"kp"vjg"pqtvj" cpf" egpvtg" qh" vjg" rgpkpuwnc" *Okpjq." Nkoc." E xcfq."Cxg." Fqwtq."Tkc"fg"Cxgktq."Oqpfgiq"cpf"vjg"nciqqp"tgikqp"qh" Estremadura) would have known extensive maritime and commercial activity, functioning within harbour complexes *Dnqv"4225+0"Eqcuvcn"kuncpfu."uwej"cu"Rguugiwgktq"cpf"vjg" Dgtngpic."uggo"vq"jcxg"rnc{gf"cp"gswcnn{"korqtvcpv"tqng." vjg" ncvvgt" jcxkpi" eqpÝtogfn{" qrgtcvgf" cu" oqqtkpi" rnceg" cpf"uecng"rqkpv"hqt"Cvncpvke"pcxkicvkqp0"Oct"fg"Cpe«q"*kp" vjg" guvwct{" qh" vjg" Ucfq" Tkxgt+" qt" vjg" ÐHwpf«q" fg"Vt„kcÑ" *ukvwcvgf"kp"htqpv"qh"c"Ýuj"rtqfwev"hcevqt{+"ctg"cnuq"korqtvcpv" Figure 4. Rgftq"Vgkzgktc"*3856+"Fguetkrvkqp"fg"Gurc‚c"{"fg"ncu" equvcu"g"rwgtvqu"fg"uwu"tg{pqu."hqnkq"8;0"Gn"Cvncu"fgn"Tg{"Rncpgvc." Pgtgc."42240 Figure 5.

"Oqucke"htqo"vjg"Hqtwo"qh"Eqtrqtcvkqpu"cv"Cpekgpv"Qu-tia, representing direct transshipment of goods from one ship to a caudicaria.

3;: oqqtkpi"ukvgu"*Hkiwtg"9+0

The coast of Peniche seems to constitute a particular case. Thanks to the descriptions and cartography, we know that Peniche was an island in ancient times. The geo-strategic and economic importance played by this coastal region within the scope of the Atlantic circulation is suggested by the existence of a large number of leaded Roman anchors, amphorae and other archaeological remains found on vjg"Dgtngpic"kuncpf"cpf"qp"vjg"uqwvjgtp"eqcuv"qh"Rgpkejg" *ujkrytgem"ukvg"qh"Eqtvk›cku+"*Hkiwtg":+0

The main Roman viae seem to appear, on the one hand, from the necessity to link maritime cities, and, on the other hand, from the necessity to establish crossings with the Þwxkcn"tqwvgu"vjcv"rgpgvtcvgf"vjg"vgttkvqt{"*Ocpvcu"4224/ 4225+0"Vjku" ogcpu" vjcv" tqcfu" eqodkpgf" octkvkog" tqwvgu" and oceanic termini with inner termini"*Dnqv"4225+0 One may argue that the historical and archaeological data collected in the last decades suggests the following uegpctkqu<"vjg"gzkuvgpeg"qh"c"ukipkÝecpv"cevkxkv{"qh"octkpg" tguqwtegu" gzrnqkvcvkqp" *ockpn{" Ýuj" rtqfwevu+" eqttgncvgf" with export and amphorae production activities (Figure ;+=" cp" kpvgtguv" hqt" guvwctkgu" cpf" vjg" fgxgnqrogpv" qh" NwukvcpkcÓu"octkvkog"ekvkgu="rtqnkhgtcvkqp"qh"ctejcgqnqikecn" records related to transport and circulation of goods by sea along the Atlantic coastline (such as the pattern of distribution of some amphorae and terra sigillata+=" cpf" ncuvn{." vjg" kfgpvkÝecvkqp" qh" ctejcgqnqikecn" tgockpu" qh" ancient navigation (lead anchor stocks, shipwrecks and nkijvjqwugu+"*Hkiwtg32+0

These elements suggest an ancient economy based on both citkewnvwtg"cpf"Ýujkpi"vq"yjkej"ugc"vtcfg"ycu"cffgf0 Vjg" fgxgnqrogpv" qh" ucnv" gzrnqkvcvkqp." nkpmgf" vq" Ýujkpi" cevkxkvkgu." cnnqygf" hqt" vjg" rtqfwevkqp" qh" ucnvgf" Ýuj." qpg"

of the most important industries in Roman Lusitania *Gfoqpfuqp"3;:9+0

Vjg"kfgc"qh"c"Ýtuv"qticpkugf"eqnqpkucvkqp"qh"vjg"Cvncpvke" seaboard taking place in the Roman period came originally htqo"vjg"uvwfkgu"qh"qvjgt"jkuvqtkecn"rgtkqfu0"Lckog"Eqtvgu«q" ycu"vjg"Ýtuv"Rqtvwiwgug"cwvjqt"vq"uwiiguv"vjg"gzkuvgpeg"qh" cp"ÐCvncpvke"ugvvngogpv"rtqeguuÑ"kp"Tqocp"vkogu"*Hcdk«q" 422;c+0"Ncvgt"uvwfkgu"jcxg"cpcn{ugf"vjcv"vqrke"*Dnqv"4225="

Figure 6. Tabula Peutingeriana" d{" Eqptcf" Oknngt" *3::9+" /"

Arkeotavira sources.

Hkiwtg" 90" Ctejcgqnqikecn" wpfgtycvgt" gxkfgpegu0" *Dcemitqwpf" ocr<"Ocpvcu."Vias Romanas da Lusitana."3;;50+

Figure 8. Shipwreck of Cortiçais (Foto by Gonçalo de Carvalho,

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Gfoqpfuqp"3;:9="Ocpvcu"3;;2+0"Kv"ku"kpvgtguvkpi"vq"pqvg" that the cases of the Sado and the Tagus Rivers seem to eqpÝto"Lckog"Eqtvgu«qÓu"eqpegrv"cpf."kpfggf."vjgtg"ctg" indications of a settlement (or a settlement increase) on the eqcuv"kp"Tqocp"vkogu"*Hcdk«q"422;c+0

Kp"vjg"Rqtvwiwgug"Pcwvkecn"cpf"Wpfgtycvgt"Ctejcgqnqikecn" Ejctv" *Pcwvkecn" cpf" Wpfgtycvgt"Ctejcgqnqi{" Fkxkukqp+." there are currently more than one hundred records (around 343+" rgtvckpkpi" vq" vjg" Tqocp" rgtkqf." yjkej" eqttgurqpf" to approximately two hundred amphorae and one hundred ngcf" cpejqt" uvqemu" *Hkiwtg" 9" cpf" 33+0" Hqwt" qh" vjgug" contexts are associated with presumed shipwreck sites. Vjg" tgockpu" qh" Oq›«q" fc" R„xqc" *Xknc" Htcpec" fg" Zktc+"

kp"vjg"eqwtug"qh"vjg"Vciwu"Tkxgt="uqog"eqpvgorqtcpgqwu" and associated materials in the Arade River and the site off Tavira that might correspond to the shipwreck of a ogtejcpv" ujkr" eqokpi" htqo" Dcgvkec." fcvcdng" vq" vjg" 3uv" century AD. Even so, the only site that has undergone archaeological surveying is Cortiçais, in Peniche. The gzecxcvkqp"ecorckipu"fgxgnqrgf"dgvyggp"4226"cpf"4228" cnnqygf"hqt"vjg"kfgpvkÝecvkqp"qh"htciogpvu"qh"Jcnvgtp"92" Dcgvkecp" corjqtcg" *ykpg" eqpvckpgtu+" cpf" Kvcnkcp/v{rg" sigillata"/"vjku"Ýpfkpiu"cnnqygf"qpg"vq"fcvg"vjg"ujkrytgem" to the change of the Era, between the last decade of the 3uv"egpvwt{"DE"cpf"vjg"Ýtuv"fgecfg"qh"vjg"3uv"egpvwt{"CF0 The bibliographic data related with the main amphorae collections coming from underwater contexts are directly linked to the Portuguese inventory records and pinpoint

vjg" nqecvkqp" qh" vjg" ockp" ctgcu" qh" Ýpfkpiu0" Vjg"Cnictxg" region stands out with the highest number of records *Ecegnc."Vcxktc."Ogkc/Rtckc/Nciqu"cpf"vjg"Ctcfg"Tkxgt+=" hqnnqygf"d{"vjg"guvwctkgu"qh"vjg"Ucfq"cpf"vjg"Vciwu"Tkxgtu=" cpf"vjgp"d{"vjg"Rgpkejg"ctgc."yjkej"kpenwfgu"vjg"Dgtngpic" and Farilhões islands.

The underwater data allow us to conclude that, in percentage terms, imported amphorae represent a much nctigt"pwodgt"vjcp"vjg"Nwukvcpkcp"qpgu"*Hkiwtg"34+0 Ejtqpqnqikecnn{."yg"ecp"kfgpvkh{"vyq"ukipkÝecpv"oqogpvu" qh" korqtv" cevkxkvkgu0" Vjg" Ýtuv" qpg." htqo" vjg" Kdgtq/Rwpke" rgtkqf"wpvkn"vjg"okffng"qh"vjg"4pf"egpvwt{"CF."cvvguvgf"d{" the presence of Ibero-Punic, Greco-Italic and Italic wine corjqtcg"Ftguugn"3"cpf"Ftguugn"4160

Dressel 1 is a constant presence in all discovery contexts qh"vjg"Rqtvwiwgug"vgttkvqt{."gurgekcnn{"kp"kvu"3D"v{rg0 Cp" korqtv" rgtkqf." vjgp." uvctvu" ykvj" vjg" Ýtuv" rtqfwevkqpu" htqo"Dcgvkec."ykvj"vjgkt"eqpvgpvu"qh"Ýuj"rtqfwevu"*Ftguugn" 9133"cpf"Dgnvt p"K."KK"cpf"KX+."ykpg"*Jcnvgtp"92+"cpf"qnkxg" qkn"*Ftguugn"42+0

Vjg"ugeqpf"ukipkÝecpv"oqogpv"eqttgurqpfu"vq"vjg"korqtv" rgtkqf" qh"Chtkecp" iqqfu" *htqo" vjg" dgikppkpi" qh" vjg" 5tf" egpvwt{" qp+." ockpn{" corjqtcg" htqo" Chtkec" D{|cegpc" *Mgc{"KKK."X."XK"cpf"ZZX+"yjkej"ctg"nctign{"rtgugpv"kp"vjg" Algarve contexts but also in the estuary of the Sado River, qhh"Vt„kc"*Hkiwtg"35+0

Figure 9. Sites with cetariae (xcvu"hqt"ucnvkpi"Ýuj+ on the coast of

Lusitania. (Hcdk«q"422;d."787+0

Figure 10. Lead anchor stock found in Portuguese waters (Foto

d{"FCPU."Fkxku«q"fg"Ctswgqnqikc"P wvkec"g"Uwdcsw vkec).

Figure 11. Corjqtcg"hqwpf"cv"Ecdq"Uctf«q"*Cnxgu"et al0."4227+0

Figure 12. Graph representing the percentage of Lusitanian

422 The wooden ship hull remains associated with underwater ceramic materials are less frequent on the Portuguese coast, although they have been recorded on the island of Hctknj gu" *Dgtngpic+." Oqwej«q" fc" R„xqc" *Vciwu" Tkxgt+"

and in the estuary of the Arade River (Figure 14).

Some epigraphic and iconographic information, such as monetary emissions, completes the attempt of reconstruction of ancient naval construction principles (Figure 15).

The data recorded on the Portuguese coast seems to

corroborate the studies that underline the importance of the Atlantic side of the Iberian Peninsula. Among uwej"uvwfkgu."vjg"hqnnqykpi"uvcpf"qwv<"Ecttgtcu"Oqphqtv" 4222."4227="Ejke"Icte c"3;;7."4225="Nci„uvgpc"Dcttkqu" 4223="Pcxgktq"N„rg|"3;;3."3;;8="Tgogucn"Tqft iwg|" 3;:8." 4226." 422:0" Cv" vjg" Rqtvwiwgug" tgugctej" ngxgn." vjg" hqnnqykpi" uvwfkgu" uvcpf" qwv<" Hcdk«q" 4227." 422;c=" Ocpvcu" 3;;2." 3;;:." 3;;;." 4224/4225." 4226=" Oqtcku" 42290

Archaeological remains show us a continuity of navigation and economic exploitation of the coast that goes beyond vjg" gpf" qh" vjg" Tqocp" Gorktg" wr" vq" vjg" Ýhvj" cpf" ukzvj" egpvwtkgu"CF"*Hcdk«q"422;c+0

Islamic evidences of maritime activities

The vast testimonies of the Islamic Peninsular maritime world, in the south of Portugal, discloses up from

the interdisciplinary analysis of its components. These components are used to compensate the lack qh" ctejcgqnqikecn" Ýpfkpiu" cpf" vjg" korquukdknkv{" qh" comparison with the current ethnographic evidences, which express the continuity of ancient practices and use of the same sites.

The ports, areas of trade and cultural exchanges, in the post-Lusitanian period, would be the sites in particular to contact with naval technology information, opening vjg"yc{"hqt"kvu"ocvgtkcnk|cvkqp"cpf"fkhhwukqp"kp"ujkr{ctfu." mooring places or arsenals.

Regarding medieval Islamic times, especially concerning traces of maritime nature, we must distance ourselves from outdated readings that see the naval archeology as a limited source of knowledge as it is deprived of its object of study: the ship I *Dctcvc"3;:;+0"Vq"eqwpvgt"vjku" idea, at least partially, we considered the studies that have contributed to the overcoming of these limitations, which were also attributed to the Roman period.

From the present sources of the Islamic period, stand out especially works of nautical nature dedicated to the history cpf"jkuvqtkqitcrj{"*Rkectf"3;;9+."uwej"cu"eqnngevkqpu"qh" naval warfare, ship’s logs and detailed descriptions of the eqcuvcn"fcpigtu0"Pgxgtvjgnguu"vjgtg"ku"c"ncem"qh"tghgtgpegu" to trade and exchanges, this gap is bridged by the etymology of the places, whose names testify their Islamic origin and are the preamble for the caravel, transformed kp"vq"cp"kpuvkvwvkqpcn"ujkr"*Hqpugec"4225+"cpf"vq"vjg"hwvwtg" conquest of unknown seas.

Kp" vjg" urgekÝe" ecug" qh" vjg" kfgpvkÝecvkqp" qh" ytgemu" qt" vessels structures, the problem is compounded by the lack of attention that they have received. An example of this ku"vjg"yqtm"qh"C0"L"Rctmgt"*3;;4+."vjg"hqewu"qp"ogfkgxcn" shipwrecks is somehow vague and does not highlight any differences in Arab-Islamic boat structures. This study also presents limitations of the geographic space, considering predominantly the Mare Nostrum in detriment of the Atlantic. The lack of literature sources and archeological tgockpu"uggou"kpfkecvg"c"tgcn"fgenkpg"qh"Owunko"octkvkog" policy. This has contributed for a simplistic view of Islamic and Roman naval history, where sea exploration was based on unplanned and adventurous navigations. Assumptions that have contributed to the theory of an autonomous emergent 15 century Expansionism.

This study covers the ports included in the area between the estuary olisipponense, on the banks of the Tagus river

Figure 13. Ockp" corjqtcg" v{rgu" kfgpvkÝgf" qp" wpfgtycvgt"

Ýpfkpiu"cv"Rqtvwicn0"

Figure 14. Kuqncvgf"htciogpv"qh"dqctf"kfgpvkÝgf"kp"Ctcfg"Tkxgt0"

Ujgnn"Ýtuv"eqpuvtwevkxg"rtkpekrng0"*Cnxgu"4227."673+0

Figure 15. Oqpgvct{" gokuukqp" qh" Quuqpqdc" *Hctq+0" Ocpvcu"

N

- N

, A

. ; R

*Hkiwtg" 38+." yjkej" fgÝpgu" vjg" dqwpfctkgu" qh" UvtcdqÓu" Oguqrqvcokc"*Igqitcrj{"KKK."4."6+"cpf"vjg"Iwcfkcpc"tkxgt" which allows access to the interior mines through Algarve. The numerous and fascinating testimonies of geographers and contemporary chronicles of the kingdoms of Gharb

narrate a reality that opposes the one established in the okf/35vj" egpvwt{0" Some documents, such as Forais II and Charters of the King of Portugal, can be related to a geomorphological moment of accentuated siltation process, which may be related to the massive deforestation implemented by Dom Dinis’s agricultural policy. Since, the so-called Christian Reconquest, the port entities suffered restrictions of a political and social nature, with vjg" rtqdcdng" iqcn" qh" nkokvkpi" eqpvcevu" ykvj" vjg" Pqtvj" African Islamic coast.

Dgukfgu"vjku"nqpi/vgto"rtqdngo."vjg"cfokpkuvtcvkxg"rtkqtkv{"qh" the Portuguese Kingdom seems to have been the remodeling of coastal boundaries, manifested with a transfer of port competences from the main Islamic centers to the north-central coastal cities, but keeping nautical characteristics and types of transport. At the moment of a national identity formation, the establishment of southern ports might have been a menace for an Islamic determination to control the seas but it was considered by Christians the only way to conquer hostile regions that still existed.

Arabic language is also present in the harbour space, resulting from the presence of merchants and communication and interaction between the previous occupants of the south western and the new conquerors from the Portuguese dynasties’ territories." Owunkou" ocuvgt" ectrgpvgtu" jcxg" cnuq" cfokvvgf" Pgy/Ejtkuvkcpu" as craftsmen at their service, consigning in this way, the ugetgvu"qh"vjg"Oqqtkuj"eqpuvtwevkqp"cpf"eqpvtkdwvkpi"vq"vjg" likely evolution from the qarib to the Caravela.

From documentary data we have also developed an approach to the subject of vessel production. Knowledge of the existence of old vessels, shipyards and arsenals, is mainly due to the number of information obtained from written sources, since we know that the recoveries from underwater archaeology have been limited as a result of the complexity of methodologies and techniques. The parallel between the nautical archaeological remains (shipwrecks) and graphical representations of boats used in the documentary qt"keqpqitcrjke"uqwtegu"ku."vjgtghqtg."uvknn"cp"qrgp"Ýgnf"hqt"c" number of different interpretations, often a starting point for

vjg"kfgpvkÝecvkqp"qh"c"egtvckp"v{rg"qh"xguugn0

Kp"3:;4"J0"Nqrgu"fg"Ogpfqp›c"rqkpvgf"qwv."kp"tghgtgpeg" to the art documentation, the overlooking of ancient documentation regarding navigation, especially paintings, sculptures and written sources. This fact does not invalidate them, but draws attention to the proper way of how to read and use these documents. An example of this exercise is gzgornkÝgf"d{"vjg"gvjpqitcrjke"ocr"qh"Fwctvg"fg"Ctocu0" The 115 folio of his work III"*Hkiwtg"39+"engctn{"tguvqtgu"vjg" physiognomy of a land on the river banks where, despite vjg"igqitcrjkecn"rtqzkokv{"vq"Icnkekc."qpg"ecp"tgeqipk|g" the same elements that can be found along other medieval coasts, including the Iberian Peninsula. The simplicity of

this type of structure can still be seen today in many parts qh"Ogfkvgttcpgcp"cpf"Cvncpvke"eqcuvu."rqkpvkpi"vq"c"ugewnct" continuity in the naval context.

To overcome the lack of objective evidences in the Rqtvwiwgug" vgttkvqt{." yg" wug" vjg" gzcorng" qh" Ocnnqtec" Dcekpk"fguetkdkpi"vjg"nqpikvwfkpcn"rtqÝngu"qh"c"ukoknct"ugv" of boats, from which are obtained most of the information for reconstruction of the hypothetical qarib.

Vyq" oqfgnu." pwodgt" 4;4" qh" vjg" ncvg" 33vj" egpvwt{" /" dgikppkpi" qh" vjg" 35vj" egpvwt{"CF." cpf" vjg" pwodgt" 3;." which dates from the last quarter of the tenth century, from vjg"Ucp"Okejgng"fgink"Uecn|k"ejwtej"kp"Rkuc."cpf"c"vjktf" corresponding to the number 59 from San Pietro church in Grado. The latter and the number 19 are particularly korqtvcpv"hqt"cp"kpkvkcn"itcrjke"tgeqpuvtwevkqp"*Hkiwtgu"3:." 3;"cpf"42+0

The sum of these ceramic elements with other data collected during our study raises etymological, structural cpf" nqikuvke" kpgxkvcdng" swguvkqpu." oqtg" urgekÝecnn{." vjg" absence of remains (wooden boats), which have a negative impact on the work in progress.

We conclude that the unifying element of the research lies on the continuous use of the aquatic areas. The urban centers and developed areas of the coast are the essential starting point for an interdisciplinary approach in the seaboard analysis, studied from the standpoint of geographical, geomorphological and anthropogenic evolution. The literary and iconographic historical sources tgÞgevgf" vgejpkecn" fgxgnqrogpvu" qxgt" vjg" egpvwtkgu." hypothetical signs of interaction with the material components unexplored.

Figure 16." ÐCtugpcn" fc" TkdgktcÑ" Nkudqp0" 38vj" egpvwt{" CF."

Ikqtikq"Dtcwpkk0

424 The inconsistent boundaries of the Algarve’s territory, at the end of the Islamic domination, and the evident linguistic assimilation that occurs in the most populated ctgcu." dqvj" kp" vjg" Cvncpvke" cpf" kp" vjg" Ogfkvgttcpgcp." correspond to the simultaneously use of techniques and places with the Christian lords in the thirteenth century. Is from this coexistence that arises the expansionist desire of the sixteenth century.

In the present knowledge of Garb al-Andalus the archaeological evidence of arsenals and shipyards is kpuwhÝekgpv, despite the clear functional importance of these areas and their logistics and etymological continuity. The main limitation of our research is actually the main reason why it is performed: the ephemeral character of the wood and the hypothetical possibility of analysis, still keeping the hope qh"tgdwknfkpi"vjg"cpekgpv"octkvkog"cevkxkvkgu."eqpÝtokpi"vjg" ytkvkpiu"tgrqtvgf"d{"ogfkgxcn"Owunko"cwvjqtu0

CONCLUSIONS

Yg" oc{" eqpenwfg" vjcv" yg" jcxg" vjg" ucog" rqtv" |qpgu" dominated by the same maritime cities over more than two millennia. In some cases those maritime activities lasted until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries AD, ykvj"Þwxkcn"vtcpurqtvcvkqp"qpn{"eqokpi"vq"cp"gpf"kp"vjg" nineteenth century AD with the construction of the railway networks, which replaced the ancient water routes (Dnqv" 4225."4232+0

One may conclude that the Portuguese ancient maritime installations are made up by a set of harbours integrated in the same navigable geographical reality, such as an estuary hqt"kpuvcpeg."ecnngf"Ðjctdqwt"eqorngzguÑ"*Dnqv"3;;:."376=" 4225="Ocpvcu"4222+0

Vjg"nqpi/fkuvcpeg"ugcdqtpg"vtchÝe"cpf"eqoogteg"tgegkxgf" cp" wpfgpkcdng" uvkownwu" fwtkpi" vjg" Tqocp" rtgugpeg=" however, such evidence continued to exist throughout the next centuries going beyond the end of the Roman Empire and lasting throughout the Arab period. Pq" fqwdv" vjg" “littoralisation” of the settlement was a gradual process, which allowed the development of the Portuguese Atlantic façade, which greatly contributed to the Portuguese Octkvkog"Gzrcpukqp"qh"Ýhvggpvj"cpf"ukzvggpvj"egpvwtkgu"CF0 Kp"vjg"yqtfu"qh"Rtqhguuqt"Xcueq"Ikn"Ocpvcu"ÐOquv"ekvkgu" that performed important sea port functions during the Roman dominion continued to perform such functions until today.” *Ocpvcu"4224/4225."688+0

Oqtg" vjcp" vjg" octkpg" eqcuv." guvwctkgu" hgcvwtg" rtqvgevgf" interfaces between land and sea that have been attracting attention these last years. Palaeoshapes and estuarine areas are the ones presenting us with the greatest nautical archaeological potential.

Without material evidence of harbour activities, such as structures, archaeologists working in cities along tkxgtukfgu." qt" qvjgt" mkpfu" qh" ycvgthtqpvu." gzrgev" vq" Ýpf" evidence of ancient wooden structures much more often than stone ones.

Harbour functions played an important role in the development of urban centres. That is why archaeological

Figure 20. Dcekpq"pwodgt"7;"*Owugq"Pc|kqpcng"fk"Ucp"Ocvvgq/

Pisa). Gpf"qh"vjg"33vj"egpvwt{"/"gctn{"35vj"egpvwt{"CF0"According to"Dgtvk"Itc|kgnnc0

Figure 18. Dcekpq"pwodgt"4;4"*Owugq"Pc|kqpcng"fk"Ucp"Ocvvgq/

Pisa)."Gpf"qh"vjg"33vj"egpvwt{"/"gctn{"35vj"egpvwt{0

Figure 19. Dcekpq"pwodgt"3;"*Owugq"Pc|kqpcng"fk"Ucp"Ocvvgq/

N

- N

, A

. ; R

remains of port facilities, shipyards and industrial sites are often registered in the underground of major maritime Portuguese cities.

Thus, the future trend is the increase of knowledge driven by the development of building monitoring missions on vjg"ycvgthtqpv"cpf"kvu"gzrcpukqp"vq"vjg"Pqtvj."gurgekcnn{" with the growing studies in historical Atlantic routes. The number of cases registered in the Portuguese underwater archaeology inventory led us to study the particular case of the Portuguese littoral as a new territory to be explored.

á NOTESà

I - “The marine archaeologist is always in a state of considerable inferiority to their colleagues in other branches of archeology, as it lacks the very purpose of their studies: the ujkrÑ+"Dctcvc"3;:;."xqn0"3."370

II - Royal Charters.

KKK"/"Fwctvg"fg"Ctocu."38vj"egpvwt{"CF."Livro das Fortalezas, 3;;2."hqnkq"3370

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ROMANS AND MUSLIMS IN THE PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC

Alessia

COCVQ, Sónia DQODKEQ

Romans; Muslims; maritime activities; seafaring; harbour complexes; underwater archaeology; Atlantic Ocean; geomorphology.

ABSTRACT:

The Atlantic coasts of the South of Portugal, conveniently located near the area where the Mediterranean and the Atlantic World meet, were continuously visited and populated by peoples of the Mediterranean – societies of maritime vocation such as the Romans and the Muslims who transformed the Atlantic maritime space.

The expansion of the main Portuguese maritime cities took place side by side with the development of harbour activities, yjqug" eqpuqnkfcvkqp" fcvgu" vq" vjg" Tqocp" rgtkqf0" Kp" cffkvkqp." gxkfgpeg" vjtqwijqwv" vjg" Kuncoke" gtc" eqpÝtou" dqvj" vjg" proliferation of maritime commerce and the preference for estuaries for the installation of harbour structures. Today’s Portuguese maritime landscape is, thus, shaped by harbour complexes made up by a set of harbours all integrated in the same geographical context.

The study of ancient maritime installations must also take into account the economic meshing of territories. Underwater archaeology and its relationship with archaeological evidences on land, such as imported ceramic materials for instance, have provided our study with natural connecting links where ancient harbour activities existed.

ROMAINS ET MUSULMANS DANS LA ZONE ATLANTIQUE DU PORTUGAL

Alessia

COCVQ, Sónia DQODKEQ

Romains ; Musulmans ; activités maritimes ; navigation maritime ; complexes portuaires ; archéologie sous-marine ; Océan Atlantique ; géomorphologie.

RÉSUMÉ :

Les côtes atlantiques du sud du Portugal, commodément situées près de l’endroit où se rencontrent la Méditerranée et le monde atlantique, ont été fréquentées et habitées de façon continue par des peuples de la Méditerranée – des sociétés à la vocation maritime telles que les Romains et les Musulmans qui ont transformé l’espace maritime atlantique.

L’expansion de la plupart des principales villes maritimes portugaises s’est déroulée en même temps que le développement des activités dont la consolidation remonte à la période romaine. De plus, tout au long de l’époque musulmane, les fqppfigu"eqpÝtogpv" "nc"hqku"nc"rtqnkhfitcvkqp"fw"eqoogteg"octkvkog"gv"ng"ejqkz"fgu"guvwcktgu"rqwt"nÓkpuvcnncvkqp"fgu" structures portuaires. L’actuel paysage maritime portugais est donc formé de complexes portuaires composés par un ensemble de ports, tous intégrés dans le même contexte géographique.

L’étude des anciennes installations maritimes doit aussi prendre en compte l’articulation économique des territoires. L’archéologie sous-marine et sa relation avec des vestiges archéologiques sur terre, comme des objets céramiques d’importation, par exemple, ont fourni à notre étude des liens naturels avec les sites où existaient les activités portuaires anciennes.