❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❇❘❆❙❮▲■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
❉❊P❆❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆
❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❯▼ ●❆❚❊❲❆❨ ❇❆❈◆❊❚✴❍❚❚P
❊ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ P❘❖❏❊❚❖ P❆❘❆ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙
❉❖▼Ó❚■❈❖❙ ■◆❚❊●❘❆❉❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❚❱ ❉■●■❚❆▲
▼❆●◆❖ ❇❆❚■❙❚❆ ❈❖❘❘✃❆
❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❖❘✿ ❈❆❘▲❖❙ ❍❯▼❇❊❘❚❖ ▲▲❆◆❖❙ ◗❯■◆❚❊❘❖ ❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ▼❊❈❆❚❘Ô◆■❈❖❙
P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖✿ ❊◆▼✳❉▼✲ ✵✹✸❆✴✶✶
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❇❘❆❙❮▲■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
❉❊P❆❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆
❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❯▼ ●❆❚❊❲❆❨ ❇❆❈◆❊❚✴❍❚❚P
❊ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ P❘❖❏❊❚❖ P❆❘❆ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙
❉❖▼Ó❚■❈❖❙ ■◆❚❊●❘❆❉❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❚❱ ❉■●■❚❆▲
▼❆●◆❖ ❇❆❚■❙❚❆ ❈❖❘❘✃❆
❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖ ❙❯❇▼❊❚■❉❆ ❆❖ ❉❊P❆❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆ ❉❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆ ❉❆ ❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❇❘❆❙❮▲■❆✱ ❈❖▼❖ P❆❘❚❊ ❉❖❙ ❘❊◗❯■❙■❚❖❙ ◆❊❈❊❙❙➪❘■❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❆ ❖❇❚❊◆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ●❘❆❯ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❊ ❊▼ ❙■❙✲ ❚❊▼❆❙ ▼❊❈❆❚❘Ô◆■❈❖❙✳
❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆ P❖❘✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❍✉♠❜❡rt♦ ▲❧❛♥♦s ◗✉✐♥t❡r♦✱ ❉r✳ ✭❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ✲ ❯♥❇✮ ✲ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮
Pr♦❢✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ P❡③③✉♦❧ ❏❛❝♦❜✐✱ ❉r✳ ✭❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉✲ t❛çã♦ ✲ ❯♥❇✮ ✲ ✭❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r ■♥t❡r♥♦✮
Pr♦❢✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❞❡ ▲✐r❛ ●♦♥❞✐♠✱ ❉r✳ ✭❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ✲ ❯♥❇✮ ✲ ✭❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❊①t❡r♥♦✮
❇❘❆❙❮▲■❆✴❉❋✱ ✸✵ ❉❊ ❙❊❚❊▼❇❘❖ ❉❊ ✷✵✶✶✳
❋■❈❍❆ ❈❆❚❆▲❖●❘➪❋■❈❆ ❈❖❘❘❊❆✱ ▼❆●◆❖ ❇❆❚■❙❚❆
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉♦♠ót✐❝♦s ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❚❱✲❉✐❣✐t❛❧
❬❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧❪ ✷✵✶✶✳
①✈✐✐✱ ✶✸✺♣✳✱ ✷✾✼ ♠♠ ✭❊◆▼✴❋❚✴❯♥❇✱ ▼❡str❡✱ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼❡❝❛trô♥✐❝♦s ✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✳ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✶✳ ❆✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❉♦♠ót✐❝❛ ✷✳ ❇❆❈♥❡t
✸✳ ●❛t❡✇❛② ✹✳ ❙❡t✲t♦♣ ❜♦①
■✳ ❊◆▼✴❋❚✴❯♥❇ ■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦ ▼❡str❡
❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆
❈❖❘❘❊❆✱ ▼❆●◆❖ ❇❆❚■❙❚❆ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈◆❡t✴❍❚❚P ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉♦♠ót✐❝♦s ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❚❱ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼❡❝❛trô♥✐❝♦s✱ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❊◆▼✳❉▼✲ ✵✹✸❆✴✶✶✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✱ ✶✸✺♣✳
❈❊❙❙➹❖ ❉❊ ❉■❘❊■❚❖❙
◆❖▼❊ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✿ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❈♦rrê❛✳
❚❮❚❯▲❖ ❉❆ ❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖✿ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈◆❡t✴❍❚❚P ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉♦♠ót✐❝♦s ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❚❱ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✳
●❘❆❯ ✴ ❆◆❖✿ ▼❡str❡ ✴ ✷✵✶✶
➱ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐s✲ s❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡st❛r ♦✉ ✈❡♥❞❡r t❛✐s ❝ó♣✐❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r r❡s❡r✈❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✳
▼❛❣♥♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❈♦rrê❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛ ✶✺✹ ▲♦t❡ ✷✽
✼✷✳✽✼✶✲✵✼✹ ❈é✉ ❆③✉❧ ✲ ❱❛❧♣❛r❛✐s♦ ✲ ●❖ ✲ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
❉❊❉■❈❆❚Ó❘■❆
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s t♦rt✉♦s♦s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♠✳ ❆ ✈♦❝ê✱ q✉❡ ❡stá ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ✈❛❧✐♦s♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡st❛ ♦❜r❛ é ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛✳
❆ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♠❛♠ ❡ ❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♠❡ ❛♠❛r❛♠✳
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♥❡♠ ♣♦r ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❝♦♠ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❛ ❉❡✉s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s✱ ♠❡ ❣✉✐❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞✉r♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ q✉❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛s s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ❜❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣♦❜r❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❛r ❛ s❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s✱ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❙❛❧✈✐♥❛ ❇❛t✐st❛ ●❧ór✐❛✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✉ ❛s ❧✐çõ❡s ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♠ s❛❜❡r✱ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ q✉❡ é ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❛♠♦r✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠❡✉ ✜♥❛❞♦ ♣❛✐✱ ▼❛✐❧t♦♥ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❈♦rrê❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞♦♠✐♥❣♦ ❛ ❞♦♠✐♥❣♦✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r s❡♠ t❡r q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉st❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❏❡s✉s ❙♦✉s❛ ❈♦rrê❛ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❊❞✉❛r❞❛ ❙♦✉s❛ ❈♦rrê❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❢♦rt♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♥❛s ♠✉✐t❛s ♥♦✐t❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ❈❛r❧♦s ❍✉♠❜❡rt♦ ▲❧❛♥♦s ◗✉✐♥t❡r♦ q✉❡✱ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ t✉❞♦✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ s✉♣♦rt❡✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▼❡s✲ tr❡ ❏♦♥❡s ❨✉❞✐ ▼♦r✐ ❆❧✈❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡str❛♥❞♦ ❇❡r♥❛r❞♦ ❱❡r❣♥❡ ❉✐❛s✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▼❡str❡ ❊✈❛♥❞r♦ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛♥❞♦ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ▼✉ñ♦③✱ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡✲ s❡s♣❡r♦✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s q✉❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛✱ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♠❡✉✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r❡✐ ❡♥❝❤❡r ✉♠ ♣♦t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ á❣✉❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❝❡❛♥♦✳
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❯▼ ●❆❚❊❲❆❨ ❇❆❈◆❊❚✴❍❚❚P ❊ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ P❘❖❏❊❚❖ P❆❘❆ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ❉❖▼Ó❚■❈❖❙ ■◆❚❊●❘❆✲ ❉❖❙ ❈❖▼ ❚❱ ❉■●■❚❆▲
❆✉t♦r✿ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❈♦rrê❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❈❛r❧♦s ❍✉♠❜❡rt♦ ▲❧❛♥♦s ◗✉✐♥t❡r♦
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼❡❝❛trô♥✐❝♦s ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞♦♠ót✐❝❛ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ sã♦ ❞♦✐s tó♣✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❊st❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ é ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❛q✉✐s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ✜s❝❛✐s ❞♦s ❣♦✈❡r✲ ♥♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦s t❡st❡s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❛s✿ ✭❛✮ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ P❈✱ ✭❜✮ ✉♠ ❙❇❈ ✭❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❇♦❛r❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✉♠ ❆❘▼ ❡ ✭❝✮ ✉♠ ❙❚❇ ✭❙❡t✲ ❚♦♣ ❇♦①✮ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❙❍✹✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛♠❡❜✉✛❡r✳ ❊st❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❯❙❇ ❇❆❈♥❡t ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❆❱❘✱ s❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❇❆❈♥❡t ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❇❆❈♥❡t ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧â♠♣❛❞❛s ❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❣❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❧✐❣❛✴❞❡s❧✐❣❛✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
❉❊❱❊▲❖P▼❊◆❚ ❖❋ ❆ ❇❆❈◆❊❚✴❍❚❚P ●❆❚❊❲❆❨ ❆◆❉ ❆ ❉❊❙■●◆ ❊◆❱■❘❖◆▼❊◆❚ ❋❖❘ ❍❖▼❊ ❆❯❚❖▼❆❚■❖◆ ❙❨❙❚❊▼❙ ■◆❚❊●❘❆✲ ❚❊❉ ❲■❚❍ ❉■●■❚❆▲ ❚❱
❆✉t❤♦r✿ ▼❛❣♥♦ ❇❛t✐st❛ ❈♦rrê❛
❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ ❈❛r❧♦s ❍✉♠❜❡rt♦ ▲❧❛♥♦s ◗✉✐♥t❡r♦
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼❡❝❛trô♥✐❝♦s ❇r❛s✐❧✐❛✱ ❙❡♣t❡♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✷✵✶✶
❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❤♦♠❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐♦♥✬s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❚❱ r❡✲ ❝❡✐✈❡rs ❛r❡ t✇♦ t❤r❡❛❞s ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❣r❡❛t s♦❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡st✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐s ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥✬s ❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣♦✇❡r ❛♥❞ t❛① ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡s ❜② t❤❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✱ s♦ t❤❛t t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞s ❢♦r ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❚❱ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r✱ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛r❡ ❞❡❡♣❧② ❝♦✈❡r❡❞✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ ♣❛♣❡rs ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❞♦♥❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❣❡❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♠❛r❦❡t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✲ ♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❡st✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❇❆❈♥❡t ❣❛t❡✇❛②✴❍❚❚P✱ ❢❛❝✐♥❣ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❡st✐♥❣ ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②✿ ✭❛✮ t❤❡ P❈ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✱ ✭❜✮ ❛♥ ❙❇❈ ✭❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❇♦❛r❞ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✮ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❆❘▼ ❈P❯ ❛♥❞ ✭❝✮ ❛♥ ❙❚❇ ✭❙❡t✲❚♦♣ ❇♦①✮ ✐♥ ❙❍✹ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳ ■t ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❡st✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡s✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❜r♦✇s❡r✱ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r✉♥ ♦♥ ❛♥② ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ❢r❛♠❡❜✉✛❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ❜r♦✇s❡r ❛❝ts ❛s ❛ ❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❣❛t❡✇❛②✳ ❆❧s♦ ❛ ❇❆❈♥❡t✬s ❯❙❇ ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ✇❛s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❆❱❘ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❇❆❈♥❡t ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ❦✐♥❞s✱ ❜❡✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❇❆❈♥❡t ❞❡✈✐❝❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❧♦❛❞✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② ❛♥ ♦♥✴♦✛ s✇✐t❝❤✳
❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶
✶✳✶ ❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ●❊❘❆■❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✷ ❉❊❙❈❘■➬➹❖ ❉❖ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✸ ❖❇❏❊❚■❱❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ●❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✸✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✹ ❏❯❙❚■❋■❈❆❚■❱❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✺ ❈❖◆❚❘■❇❯■➬Õ❊❙ ❉❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✻ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆ ❉❊ P❊❙◗❯■❙❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✼ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❆❉❖❙ ❆▲❈❆◆➬❆❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✼✳✶ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✼✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✼✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✽ ❖❘●❆◆■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷ ❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ❚❊❈◆❖▲Ó●■❈❖❙ ✶✷
✷✳✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷ ❆❯❚❖▼❆➬➹❖ ❘❊❙■❉❊◆❈■❆▲ ❊ P❘❊❉■❆▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆✉t♦♠❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ P❘❖❚❖❈❖▲❖❙ ❉❊ ❆❯❚❖▼❆➬➹❖ ❘❊❙■❉✃◆❈■❆▲ ❊ P❘❊❉■❆▲ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✸✳✶ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣r❡❞✐❛❧ ❛❜❡rt♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✸✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s Pr♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣r❡❞✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✹ ▼❊■❖❙ ❋❮❙■❈❖❙ ❊ ❊◆▲❆❈❊ ❉❊ ❉❆❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❙✹✽✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▼❙✴❚P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❊t❤❡r♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❩✐❣❜❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✺ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ➚ ❚❱ ❉■●■❚❆▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✺✳✷ P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✺✳✸ ▼❡✐♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✳✺✳✹ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✺✳✺ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✳✻ ❆ ❆❯❚❖▼❆➬➹❖ ❘❊❙■❉❊◆❈■❆▲ ❊ ❆ ❚❱ ❉■●■❚❆▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✷✳✼ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❍❆❘❉❲❆❘❊❙ ❯❚■▲■❩❆❉❖❙ ◆❊❙❚❆ ❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆✲
➬➹❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✼✳✶ ❙♦❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✼✳✷ ❙❇❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✼✳✸ P▲❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✷✳✼✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✼✳✺ ❖ ❝♦r❡ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❙❚✹✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✷✳✽ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊❙ ❯❚■▲■❩❆❉❖❙ ◆❊❙❚❆ ❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ✻✺ ✷✳✽✳✶ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❙❚▲✐♥✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✽✳✷ ❆ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ●❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✷✳✽✳✸ ❖ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✷✳✽✳✹ ❖ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❲✐r❡s❤❛r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✷✳✽✳✺ ❆ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✇❡❜ ❙❡r✈❧❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✷✳✽✳✻ ❖ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✷✳✽✳✼ ❖ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ▼❱❈ ❙tr✉ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✷✳✾ ❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ❇➪❙■❈❖❙ ❙❖❇❘❊ P❘❖❏❊❚❖❙ ❉❊ ◆❆❱❊●❆❉❖❘❊❙ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✷✳✾✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✷✳✾✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✷✳✾✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✷✳✶✵ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙➹❖ ❉❖ ❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✸ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ✼✽
✸✳✶ ❊❙❚❯❉❖ ❉❊ ❙❖▲❯➬Õ❊❙ ❈❖◆❙❖▲■❉❆❉❆❙ ◆❖ ▼❊❘❈❆❉❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✷ P❘❖❏❊❚❖ ❉❖ ◆❆❱❊●❆❉❖❘ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✈✐s✉❛✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡❧❛ ❞♦ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✸✳✷✳✹ P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✸✳✷✳✺ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✸✳✷✳✻ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✸✳✸ ❆❙P❊❈❚❖❙ ❉❊ ■▼P▲❊▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ●❆❚❊❲❆❨ ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P ✾✷ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✸✳✸✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✸✳✹ ❉❊❙❈❘■➬➹❖ ❉❖❙ ●❆❚❊❲❆❨❙ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✸✳✹✳✶ ✶✵✵❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✸✳✹✳✷ ✶✵❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✸✳✺ ❙❖▲❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖▼❯◆■❈❆➬➹❖ ❩■●❇❊❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✸✳✻ ❉❊❙❈❘■➬➹❖ ❉❖❙ ❉■❙P❖❙■❚■❱❖❙ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✸✳✼ ■◆❚❊●❘❆➬➹❖ ❍❆❘❉❲❆❘❊✲❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✸✳✼✳✶ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❙❚❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✸✳✼✳✷ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❙❚❇ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲
✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❯❙❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✸✳✼✳✸ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❙❚❇ ❡ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡
❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✹ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❆❉❖❙ ✶✶✼
✹✳✶ ❖ ◗❯❊ ❋❖■ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■❉❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦✶✶✼ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❙❚❇ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✶✳✸ ◆❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✳✶✳✹ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✹✳✶✳✺ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❇❆❈♥❡t ✭❇❆❈♥❡t ❞❡✈✐❝❡✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❡s
❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✹✳✷ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❖❙ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❆❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
✺ ❈❖◆❈▲❯❙➹❖ ✶✷✼
✺✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼
❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✶✷✾
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡♠♦t♦ ❋✐s❤❡r ❛ ✜♦✳ ❆❝❡r✈♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❚❑✷✵✵✵ ❡ ❖❞✐ss❡②✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❚❱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳
❆❝❡r✈♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ▼✉♥❞♦s ❞❛ ❉♦♠♦t✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❚❱ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦ ❛✉✲
t♦♠❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❙❚❇ ❡ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P ✳ ✺ ✶✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✶ ◗✉❛❞r✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✭❲❊■❙❊❘✱ ✶✾✾✶✮ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
✉❜íq✉❛ ❡ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷ ◆❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ✭✐❞♦s❛s✮ ✭❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭▲■❚❩❀ ●❘❖❙❙✱ ✷✵✵✼✮
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ◆♦✈❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❜✐✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛
❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s✳ ✭❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭▲■❚❩❀
●❘❖❙❙✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✷✳✺ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♠✐❝r♦❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ P❆❯▲ ✭❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭▲■❚❩❀ ●❘❖❙❙✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✲♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷✳✻ P♦♥t♦s ❢♦rt❡s ❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❆♠■ ✲ ❱✐sã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✽ ❊■❆✲✼✵✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s✳❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❑❆❙❚◆❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ✭▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✮ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✾ ❝❤✐♣ ◆❡✉r♦♥ ✺✵✵✵✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡❝❤❡❧♦♥✳❝♦♠✴♣r♦❞✉❝ts✴♥❡✉r♦♥✴ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✵ ❝❤✐♣ ◆❡✉r♦♥ ✺✵✵✵✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭▲❖❨❚❊❈✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❈❆◆ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❖❙■ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❈❖❘❘■●❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♣✐❧❤❛s ❇❆❈♥❡t ❡ ❖❙■✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❆❙❍❘❆❊✶✸✺✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✱ ♠♦✲
❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❇❆❈♥❡t ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡
♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✶✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✭❞❡✈✐❝❡✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✶✺ ✭❛✮▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡ ✭❜✮♣♦r ❈❖❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✷✳✶✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❇❆❈♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✶✼ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❇❆❈♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✶✽ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❡♠ ✭❛✮ ✉♠ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ❇❆❈♥❡t ❡ ✭❜✮ ✉♠ ❣❛t❡✇❛②
❇❆❈♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✶✾ ▼❡t❛s②s ❙②st❡♠ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭▼❊❚❆❙❨❙✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✷✵ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❇t✐❝✐♥♦✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❇❚■❈■◆❖✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✲ ❈❛tá❧♦❣♦ ✷✵✶✵✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✷✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❛ ❲P✴❙■❆P ❢♦♥t❡✿ ✭P■❘❊❙❀ ●❖◆➬❆▲❱❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱
♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✷✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❲P✴❙■❆P ❢♦♥t❡✿ ✭P■❘❊❙❀ ●❖◆✲
➬❆▲❱❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✷✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❖❙■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✷✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ▼❙✴❚P ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼❙❚P✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ✭▲■❯❀
❘❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ✲ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✷✳✷✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❊t❤❡r♥❡t ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿✭❚❆◆❊◆❇❆❯▼✱ ✷✵✵✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✷✳✷✻ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦r ❞❡ ❚❱ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ✷✵✳ ❆✉t♦r✿ ❆❦♦✲ ♠♦r✶✱ ❍❡♥r✐♦❦✱ ●✐♦▼❛❝✳ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✷✼ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✷✽ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❑♦♥♥❡① ❲❡❜❙❡r✈✐❝❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡
✭❯▼❇❊❘●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✷✳✷✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❑♦♥♥❡① ❲❡❜✲ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ✭❯▼❇❊❘●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✷✳✸✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡♠♦t♦ ❞❡ ❚❱❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✷✳✸✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✷✳✸✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❉❊▲▼❆❘✱ ✷✵✵✹✮
✭▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✷✳✸✸ ❙❇❈ ❞❛ ❱❡st❛ ❚❡❝❤✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ✭❉❊▲▼❆❘✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✷✳✸✹ ❚❙✲✼✸✵✵ ✭❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣② ❙②st❡♠ ❙❇❈✮✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ✭❇❚▲✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✷✳✸✺ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❧❛❞❞❡r✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❉❊▲▼❆❘✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✷✳✸✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛✲
❞♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✳✸✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ▼✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❉❊▲▼❆❘✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✺✾
✷✳✸✽ ❘❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❆❘▼✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❆❘▼✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✷✳✸✾ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❙❚✹✵✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❯▼✵✸✸✾✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✷✳✹✵ ❑✐t ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❜✹✹✷✲r❡✈❇✲❆P ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐✲
❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❙❚✼✶✵✵✳ ❋♦♥t❡ ✭❙❚▲■◆❯❳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✷✳✹✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✷✳✹✷ ▲♦❣♦t✐♣♦ ❞♦ ❙❚▲✐♥✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✷✳✹✸ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ■❉❊ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ▲❆❚❊❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✷✳✹✹ ❚❡❧❛ ❞♦ ❲✐r❡s❤❛r❦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦
❇❆❈♥❡t ❲❤♦ ■s ♥♦s ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦s ❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✶✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✷✳✹✺ ❚❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❞♦ ❲✐r❡s❤❛r❦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛
✜❧tr❛r ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❇❆❈♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✷✳✹✻ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙tr✉ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✷✳✹✼ ❈❡❧✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❨♦✉✲
t✉❜❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✷✳✹✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ♥♦
❨♦✉t✉❜❡ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ♥♦ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ❡♠ ✷ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✸✳✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❚❱ ✽✷ ✸✳✷ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ◆❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ í❝♦♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✸ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ í❝♦♥❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❇❆❈♥❡t❉✐❣✐t❛✲
❧❖✉t♣✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✸✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡s ❡ t❡❧❡✈✐s♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❘●❇✸✷ ♣❛r❛ ❘●❇✺✻✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✸✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❖♣❡r❛ ▼✐♥✐ ❡ ❖♣❡r❛ ▼♦❜✐❧❡✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❖P❊❘❆✲
▼■◆■✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✲♣á❣✐♥❛ s♣❡❝s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✸✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♣✐❧❤❛s ❇❆❈♥❡t ❡ ❚❈P✴■P ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❖❙■✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿✭❆❙❍❘❆❊✶✸✺✱
✶✾✾✺✮✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✸✳✽ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✸✳✾ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✶✵✵❦ ♣és✳ ✭❛✮ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❍❚❚P✲❙❡r✈❡r✱ ✭❜✮
♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❇❆❈♥❡t✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❡r✱ ✭❝✮ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❲❡❜✲❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❡ ✭❞✮ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❯t✐❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✸✳✶✵ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✶✵✵✵✵ ♣és✳ ❛✮ ❍❚❚P ❙❡r✈❡r✱ ❜✮ ❇❆❈♥❡t
❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r✱ ❝✮ ❲❡❜ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✸✳✶✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✶✵❦ ♣és ♠♦♥♦tr❡❛❞✳ ❛✮ ❍❚❚P ❙❡r✈❡r✱ ❜✮
❇❆❈♥❡t ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r✱ ❝✮ ❲❡❜ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✸✳✶✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✶✵✵✵ ♣és✳ ❛✮ ❍❚❚P ❙❡r✈❡r✱ ❜✮ ❇❆❈♥❡t ❈♦♥✲
tr♦❧❧❡r✱ ❝✮ ❲❡❜ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✸✳✶✸ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✇❡❜ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✶✵✵ ♣és✳ ❛✮ ✉▲❡t✱ ❜✮ ✉❙✲
tr✉ts✱ ❝✮ ✉❱❡❧♦❝✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✸✳✶✹ ▲✐❣❛çã♦ ❙❚❇ ❩✐❣❜❡❡ ✈✐❛ ❯❙❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✸✳✶✺ ❊sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s♦❧❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✸✳✶✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✲s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦
✸✳✶✼ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❍❚❚P ✲ ❇❆❈♥❡t✴■P ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❙❇❈ ❚❙✼✸✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✸✳✶✽ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❯❙❇ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✶✶✺ ✸✳✶✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✲s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦
❙❚❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✹✳✶ Pr✐♥ts❝r❡❡♥ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛✲
♠❛çã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✹✳✷ ❋♦t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞♦ ❙❚❇ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦rt❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❞❡✲
t❛❧❤❡✱ ❛ s♦❧❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡♠♦t♦ ❙❍❆❘P ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ●✶✸✷✹❙❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❝♦♠❛♥✲
❞♦s ❛♦ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✳✹ ❚❡❧❛ ❞♦ ◆❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ❳ ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❙❚❇ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠
✉♠❛ ❚❱ ▲❈❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✹✳✺ ❲✐r❡s❤❛r❦ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛♥❞♦ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❇❆❈♥❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✹✳✻ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P ♥♦ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ❋✐r❡❢♦①✶✷✷ ✹✳✼ ❋♦t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✹✳✽ ●❛t❡✇❛② ❇❆❈♥❡t✴❍❚❚P ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❙❚❇ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✹✳✾ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✭❞❡✈✐❝❡✮ ❇❆❈♥❡t ▼❙❚P ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❣❛r ❡ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛r ❧â♠♣❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦s
✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❇♦tã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✷ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦ ❜♦tã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❜♦tã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❘●❇✸✷ ♣❛r❛ ❘●❇✺✻✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ PP▼ ❇✐♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✼ ❋✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ♣✐①❡❧ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✽ ❋✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✾ ❋✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✶✵ ✉❱❡❧♦❝✐t②❊♥❣✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✶✶ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✭♣r♦❝❡ss❛❊♥tr❛❞❛❋♦r♠❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✶✷ ♣❛rs❡❱❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✶✸ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡✇❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✶✹ ❍❛♥❞❧❡❍❚❚P❘❡q✉❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✶✺ P❛rs❡r ❞❡ ❝❛❜❡ç❛❧❤♦ ❍❚❚P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✶✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✉▲❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✶✼ ✉▲❡t ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❳▼▲ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❙❮▼❇❖▲❖❙✱ ◆❖▼❊◆❈▲❆❚❯❘❆ ❊ ❆❇❘❊❱■❆➬Õ❊❙
❆❉❈✿ ❆♥❛❧♦❣✲t♦✲❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✴❆♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❆▲❯✿ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❯♥✐t✳ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳
❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❯♥✐t ✭❆▲❯✮✿ P❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❈P❯ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛s ❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛s
❆♥❛❧♦❣✲t♦✲❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ✭❆❉❈✮✿ ❉✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❈■ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ❡♠ t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ❜✐t✿ ❆ ♠❡♥♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ t♦♠❛r ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✵ ♦✉ ✶✳ ❜②t❡✿ ❯♠❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ✽✲❜✐ts✳
❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✉♥✐t ✭❈P❯✮✿ ❆ ♣❛rt❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❆ ❈P❯ r❡❛❧✐③❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳
❝r♦ss♦✈❡r ❝❛❜❧❡✿ ❱✐❞❡ ♥✉❧❧ ♠♦❞❡♠✳ ❈P❯✿ ❱✐❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✉♥✐t✳ ❉❆❈✿ ❱✐❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✲t♦✲❛♥❛❧♦❣ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r✳
❞✐❣✐t❛❧✲t♦✲❛♥❛❧♦❣ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ✭❉❆❈✮✿ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ q✉❡ tr❛❞✉③ s✐♥❛✐s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛♥❛✲ ❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳
❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✿ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳
❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r✿ ❯♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❡stá ♣❡r♠❛✲ ♥❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r✳
❣❛t❡✇❛②✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦✳ ●❈❈✿ ✈✐❞❡ ●◆❯ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳
●◆❯ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥✿ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈✳
✐♥♣✉t✴♦✉t♣✉t ✭■✴❖✮✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉✲
t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛
■✴❖ ❱✐❞❡ ✐♥♣✉t✴♦✉t♣✉t✳
✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s❡r✐❛❧✿ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛ ✶ ❜✐t ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③✱ ♥✉♠ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ú♥✐❝♦✳
✐♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ s❡t✿ ●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❡♠ ♣❛r✲ t✐❝✉❧❛r é ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦ ❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r✳
▲❆◆✿ ❱✐❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛r❡❛ ♥❡t✇♦r❦✳
❧♦❝❛❧ ❛r❡❛ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✭▲❆◆✮✿ ❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐q✉❡♠ ✉♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛✲ çã♦✳
♠❡♠ór✐❛✿ P❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❆ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ é ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❜②t❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❜②t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦✳
♠❡♠♦r②✲♠❛♣♣❡❞ ✐♥♣✉t✴♦✉t♣✉t✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞❡ ■✴❖ sã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛s t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳
♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r✿ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉í ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ■✴❖✳ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✿ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r ❛❧❣✉♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❈■s ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
♥✉❧❧ ♠♦❞❡♠✿ ❈❛❜♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞✉❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ✉♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ s❡r✐❛❧✳ P❈ ❱✐❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r✳
♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✭P❈✮✿ ❯♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥t✐❞♦✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❇▼✳ P▲❈✿ ❱✐❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r✳
♣♦rt❛✿ P❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ■✴❖ sã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣♦rt❛ t❡♠ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦✳
♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ✭P▲❈✮✿ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r r♦❜✉st♦✱ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✳
❘❙✲✷✸✷✿ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜♦❛r❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✭❙❇❈✮✿ ❯♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦♣♦r❝❡ss❛❞♦r ♠♦♥t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❛rtã♦ P❈■✳
❙❡t✲❚♦♣ ❇♦①✿ ❘❡❝❡♣t♦r ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❙❚❇✿ ✈✐❞❡ ❙❡t✲❚♦♣ ❇♦①
❯❆❘❚✿ ❱✐❞❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s r❡❝❡✐✈❡r tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡r✳
✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s r❡❝❡✐✈❡r tr❛♥s♠✐tt❡r ✭❯❆❘❚✮✿ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❈■ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡♠ s❡r✐❛❧✱ ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳
✇♦r❞✿ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛✳ ●❡r❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✭✇♦r❞s✮ sã♦ ❞❡ ✹✱✽✱ ✶✻✱ ✸✷ ❡ ✻✹ ❜✐ts✳
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❆ t❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ é ✉♠ ❡❧❡tr♦❞♦♠ést✐❝♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛s❛s✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡stá ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❚❱ ❛❜❡rt❛✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻ ♦ ♠❛r❝♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛s tr❛♥s♠✐ssõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❡st❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✉♥✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❢❡❞❡r❛❧ ❡stá ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳
❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❚❱ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês ❝♦♠♦ s❡t✲t♦♣ ❜♦① ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❙❚❇✳ ❊st❡s ❙❚❇s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❍❊❆❚❍✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❙❚▼■❈❘❖❊▲❊❈❚❘❖◆■❈❙✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❙❚▲■◆❯❳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀
●■◆●❆✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✹✵✵▼❍③ ✭❍❊❆❚❍✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❚❛❧
❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✜❝❛ ❡♠ ❜♦❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♦❝✐♦s♦✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦♠♣❛❝t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❞❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠ ✉s♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♥♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ✏♦❝✐♦s♦✑ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞♦♠ót✐❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s r❡q✉❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❛té ✉♠❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡stét✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜♦♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛ ♦❜s❡r✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s q✉❡s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❛t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r❡ç♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ à ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞♦♠ót✐❝❛✱ ✈ár✐♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❆ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥s✐✲ ❞❡rá✈❡❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✢✐❣✐r ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♥❢❡❝❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rá s❡r ❛❞♦t❛❞❛✳
P❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❝❛s♦ s❡ ♦♣t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡
✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✭❇❚■❈■◆❖✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❡ ✭▼❊❚❆❙❨❙✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ t❛♥t♦ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥✲
t♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡st❛rã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s às ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛çã♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❝❛s♦ s❡ ♦♣t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ t❡r✲s❡✲á ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲ s✉♠♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦✳ ◆✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❛♦ s❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❇❆❈♥❡t ✭❆❙❍❘❆❊✶✸✺✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✱ s❡ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛
♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❡❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦✳ ❆♦ s❡ ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦✴❝✉st♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♣r♦❞✉✲ t♦s ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ❞❛❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ t✐♠❡ t♦ ♠❛r❦❡t ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛❜❡rt♦✳
❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛ t❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ ✈ê♠ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦s ❡s♣♦rá❞✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❛s ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çõ❡s ❤✐stó✲ r✐❝❛s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ t❡♠ ❛✉t♦♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❚❱✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡♠♦t♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡♠♦t♦ ❛ ✏✜♦✑ ✭✈✐❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✮ ❡ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ r❡♠♦t♦ ❋✐s❤❡r ❛ ✜♦✳ ❆❝❡r✈♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✳
❖✉tr♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♦s ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❚❱ sã♦ ♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❚❱ ✭❈❋❚❱✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ❞❡ ✜❧♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❛ ❝❛❜♦ ❡ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦
