Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❊st✐♠❛r P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❈❧✉st❡r
❍❛❞♦♦♣
❏♦sé ❇❡♥❡❞✐t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❇r✐t♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❡té✐❛ P❛trí❝✐❛ ❋❛✈❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦
Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❊st✐♠❛r P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❈❧✉st❡r
❍❛❞♦♦♣
❏♦sé ❇❡♥❡❞✐t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❇r✐t♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❡té✐❛ P❛trí❝✐❛ ❋❛✈❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❈❧✐❝✐❛ ❙t❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ▼❛r✐st❡❧❛ ❚❡rt♦ ❞❡ ❍♦❧❛♥❞❛
■▼❊✴❯❊❘❏ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ à t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡ tr❛③❡r❡♠ ♣❛③ ♥♦ tr❛♥s❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à Pr♦❢❛ ❉r❛ ❆❧❡té✐❛ P❛trí❝✐❛ ❋❛✈❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s út❡✐s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❤á❜✐❧✱ s❡♠ ❣❡r❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ♥♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs ♣❛r❛ ❛r✲ ♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠✳ ❊st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ é ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧ ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s♦❜r❡ ❇✐❣ ❉❛t❛✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ t♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❥✉st❡s ❞❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ às ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛❧♦❝❛r ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉st❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❧❡✈❡③❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❇✐❣ ❉❛t❛✱ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦r ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❚■✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦s ❤♦sts ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❈❧✉st❡rs✱ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ❇✐❣ ❉❛t❛✱ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❡ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ ✈❛r✐❡t② ❛♥❞ ✈❡❧♦❝✐t② ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♥❣ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ t✐♠❡❧② ♠❛♥♥❡r✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❛❝ts ♦♥ ♦t❤❡r ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✱ ♣r♦♠♦t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❢♦r st♦r❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ s❝❛❧❛❜❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ✇♦r❦❧♦❛❞s ♦♥ ❇✐❣ ❉❛t❛✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❞✈❡♥t ♦❢ ❝❧♦✉❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ❝❧✉st❡r ✇✐t❤ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ♠✐♥✉t❡s✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❤❛s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t♦ ❛❝❝♦♠♣❧✐s❤ t❤❡✐r ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❤❛s s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ♥❡❡❞s t✇❡❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡tt✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ✇♦r❦❧♦❛❞s✱ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡ ❛ ❝❧✉st❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❦♥♦✇♥ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❛t s❡❡❦s t♦ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✇♦r❦❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ t✐♠❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧ ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜❛s❡❞ r✉❧❡s ❢♦r ❛❞❥✉st✐♥❣ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ s❡tt✐♥❣s ❢♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ✇♦r❦❧♦❛❞ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t② ❛♥❞ ❧✐❣❤t♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❜❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ❤♦✇ ❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t♦r t♦ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❇✐❣ ❉❛t❛✱ ❛♥❞ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ❡✈❡♥ ❜② ✉s❡rs ✇✐t❤ ❧✐tt❧❡ ■❚ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇♦r❦s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ♦❢ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ❞❡s✐r❡❞ r✉♥t✐♠❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✇♦r❦❧♦❛❞ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❈❧✉st❡rs✱ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✱ ❇✐❣ ❉❛t❛✱ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❛♥❞ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❊q✉❛çõ❡s ①✐✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①✈✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ✻
✷✳✶ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✸✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✸✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✶✸
✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✷ ❍❉❋❙ ✭❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❋✐❧❡ ❙②st❡♠✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✷✳✶ ◆❛♠❡◆♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✷✳✷ ❉❛t❛◆♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✷✳✸ ❇❧♦❝♦s ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✷✳✹ ◆❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✸ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✸✳✶ ❏♦❜❚r❛❝❦❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❛s❦❚r❛❝❦❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✹ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✹✳✶ ▼❛♣❚❛s❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✹✳✷ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❚❛s❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✷✾
✹✳✶ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❡♠ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✷ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✸ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦✐♥❣ ❞♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈✉st♦ ❞❡ ❏♦❜ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✲ ❍❈❊m ✸✽
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✷ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❍❈❊m ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✸ ❍❈❊m ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✸✳✶ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✸✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✹ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❚❛s❦s ✭▼❛♣✴❘❡❞✉❝❡✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✹✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ▼❛♣❚❛s❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✹✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❚❛s❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✻✺
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✻✳✷ ●❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✻✳✸ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✻✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❖❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✻✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❖❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❧✉st❡r Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✼
✼✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✼✳✷ ■♠♣❛❝t♦s ♥❛ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✼✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✽✶
❆ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❘❡❣r❛s ✽✽
❇ ❏♦❜s ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❍❈❊m ✽✾
❇✳✶ ❏♦❜ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
❇✳✶✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛♣♣❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
❇✳✶✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❘❡❞✉❝❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ P❛❞rã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
❇✳✷ ❏♦❜ ❙♦rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
❇✳✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛♣♣❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❙♦rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
❇✳✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❘❡❞✉❝❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❙♦rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
❇✳✸ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
❇✳✸✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛♣♣❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
❇✳✸✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❘❡❞✉❝❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
❇✳✸✳✸ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❯t✐❧s ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ❞♦s ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ◆✉✈❡♠✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✻✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❍❉❋❙✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❨♦②♦❝❧♦✉❞s ❬✽✺❪✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✷ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ◆❛♠❡◆♦❞❡s✴◆❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡s✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❬✶✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✸ ◆❛♠❡s♣❛❝❡ ❞♦ ❍❉❋❙✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙r✐♥✐✈❛s ❬✼✺❪✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✹ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❣ ❞❛t❛✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❩✐❦♦♣♦✉❧♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✽✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✺ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❏♦❜ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❲❤✐t❡❬✼✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸✳✻ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❛♣❚❛s❦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▼❛r❦❡② ❬✺✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✼ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❚❛s❦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▼❛r❦❡② ❬✺✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✺✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❍❈❊m✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✷ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✸ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✹ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❛♣❚❛s❦✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮❬✼✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✺ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❚❛s❦✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙♦♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮❬✼✹❪✳ ✳ ✻✵
✻✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡st❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✻✳✷ ❈❧✉st❡r ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❉❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✻✳✹ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❉❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✻✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ① ❍❈❊m✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✻✳✻ ❈❧✉st❡r Pr♦❞✉❝❛♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✻✳✼ ❚r❡❝❤♦ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❧✉st❡r Pr♦❞✉çã♦✳ ✼✹
✻✳✽ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❈❧✉st❡r Pr♦❞✉çã♦✳ ✼✹
✻✳✾ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ① ❍❈❊m✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✹ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❛♣❚❛s❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✺ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❚❛s❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✺✳✻ ❖✉tr♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❛ ❙❡r❡♠ ❖t✐♠✐③❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✺✳✼ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✽ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ♠✶✳❧❛r❣❡ ❞♦ ❆❲❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✻✳✷ P❡r✜❧ ❈❧✉st❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
❆✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ❚❛r❡❢❛ ❖t✐♠✐③❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚❛s❦s ✭▼❛♣✴❘❡❞✉❝❡✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✺✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❙❛♠♣❧✐♥❣ ❬✼✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✷ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r P ❡ ◗✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮❬✺✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
❇✳✶ ❏♦❜ P❛❞rã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
❇✳✷ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛♣♣❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ P❛❞rã♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
❇✳✸ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❘❡❞✉❝❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ P❛❞rã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
❇✳✹ ❏♦❜ ❙♦rt✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
❇✳✺ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛♣♣❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❙♦rt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
❇✳✻ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❘❡❞✉❝❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❙♦rt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
❇✳✼ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹
❇✳✽ ❈❧❛ss❡ ▼❛♣♣❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
❇✳✾ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❘❡❞✉❝❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
❇✳✶✵ ❈❧❛ss❡ ❘❡❞✉❝❡r ❞♦ ❏♦❜ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❊q✉❛çõ❡s
✺✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦❉✐s♣♦♥✐✈❡❧▼❛♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦❉✐s♣♦♥✐✈❡❧❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺✳✸ ▼❛♣❙✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺✳✹ ❘❡❞✉❝❡❙✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✺ ◆✉♠❙❧❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✻ ❘❛♠❙❧❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✼ ❈♣✉❙❧❛✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✽ ❉✐s❝♦▲♦❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✾ ❉✐s❝♦❍❉❋❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✶✵ ❘❛♠▼❛st❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✶✶ ❙♦♠❛❘❆▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✶✷ ❙♦♠❛❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✶✸ ❙♦♠❛❍❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✶✹ TM ap ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✶✺ Tm1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✶✻ Tm2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✶✼ Tm3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✶✽ Tm4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✶✾ Tm5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✷✵ Tm6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✷✶ Tm7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✷✷ Tm8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✷✸ r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✷✹ Tm9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷✺ Tm10 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷✻ TM apT ime ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷✼ TReduce ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✷✽ Tr1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✷✾ Tr2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✸✵ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t▲❡♥❣t❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✸✶ Tr3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✸✷ Tr4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✸✸ Tr5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✸✹ Tr6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✸✺ Tr7 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✸✻ Tr8 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✸✼ Tr9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✸✽ Tr10 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✸✾ TReduceT ime ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆♠❛③♦♥ ❊▼❘ ❆♠❛③♦♥ ❊❧❛st✐❝ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡✳ ✺✱✸✾✱ ✻✺✕✻✼✱✼✵✱ ✼✶✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✺✱✼✽
❆❲❙ ❆♠❛③♦♥ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ①✐✐✱ ✺✱✸✾✱ ✻✺✱ ✻✻✱✻✽✱ ✼✵✱ ✼✷✱ ✼✺✱✼✽
❈P❯ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss ❯♥✐t✳ ✸✱✸✵✱✸✶✱ ✸✺✱✹✵✕✹✹✱ ✹✼✱✹✽✱✺✵✱✺✶✱✺✸✕✺✻✱✺✽✱✺✾✱ ✻✶✱✻✹✱✻✺✱
✻✾✱✼✶✱ ✼✷✱ ✼✹✱✼✼✱ ✼✽
❊▼❘ ❆♠❛③♦♥ ❊❧❛st✐❝ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡✳ ✸✸
❍❈❊m ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✳ ✐①✱✺✱ ✸✽✱ ✹✵✱ ✹✶✱ ✹✹✱ ✹✼✱ ✻✹✕✻✻✱ ✼✵✕✼✷✱✼✹✱
✼✺✱✽✼
❍❉ ❍❛r❞ ❉✐s❝✳ ✸✱ ✸✶✱✹✵✱ ✹✶✱ ✹✼✱✺✵✱ ✺✹✕✺✻✱ ✺✾✱✻✺✱ ✼✶✱ ✼✷✱✼✼
❍❉❋❙ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❋✐❧❡s②st❡♠✳ ✶✺
■❛❛❙ ■♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡✲❛s✲❛✲s❡r✈✐❝❡✳ ✷✱✶✶✱ ✹✵
■❇▼ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ✷✱✸✺
❏❈❉❋ ❏♦❜✲❈❡♥tr✐❝ ❉❛t❛ ❋❧♦✇✳ ✸✹
▼■P❙ ▼✐❧❧✐♦♥ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s P❡r ❙❡❝♦♥❞✳ ✷
▼❘❇❙ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ❇❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❙✉✐t❡✳ ✸✺
❖▲❚P ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ✶✱ ✷✱✶✻
P❛❛❙ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠ ❛s ❛ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✳ ✶✶
❘❆▼ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ▼❡♠♦r②✳ ✸✱ ✸✶✱ ✸✷✱✸✺✱ ✹✵✱ ✹✶✱ ✹✼✕✺✶✱ ✺✸✕✺✺✱✻✺✱ ✼✶✱ ✼✷✱ ✼✼
❘❈❈ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✐t②✳ ✹✷
❙❛❛❙ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛s ❛ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✳ ✶✶
❙❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✻✺
❚■ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ✈✐✱ ✷✱ ✹✱ ✸✽✱ ✼✺
❱▼ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s✳ ✸✵✱ ✸✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡✱ ❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜✐❣ ❞❛t❛ ❬✽✾❪✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ às ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡ à ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❞❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳
◆♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s s❡♠✐❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ r✐t♠♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐✲ t✐✈♦✱ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♣♦r r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❡ ♣♦r ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❡ss❛ ❛✈❛❧❛♥❝❤❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s út❡✐s✱ ♥♦ ♠❡♥♦r ✐♥✲ t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❬✷✽❪✳
P❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s út❡✐s ❞❡ss❡s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❤á❜✐❧ ❡ s❡♠ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ♦♥✲❧✐♥❡ ❖▲❚P ✭❖♥❧✐♥❡ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✮ ❬✼✸❪✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛t❝❤✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ s❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛t❝❤ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❣❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❤♦rár✐♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ❬✸✻❪✳
P❛r❛ ❊❜❜❡rs ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮❬✶✶❪✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ✐♥✈❡st❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♠ ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✴s❛í❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐r s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ✉s✉á✲ r✐♦s ❬✶✶❪✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✭❖▲❚P✮✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ é ❞❡ ✾✾✱✾✾✾✪✳ ◆❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ❜❛t❝❤ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦✳
❆ ■❇▼ ✭■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s✮ ❬✺✹❪✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ▼■P❙ ✭▼✐❧❧✐♦♥ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥s P❡r ❙❡❝♦♥❞✮ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡✱ ❡ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♠❡❞✐r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❛s ♣❛❣❛♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠❡♥s❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡▼■P❙ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❜❛t❝❤ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♥♦s ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s ❝♦♥s♦♠❡ ♣r❡❝✐♦s♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ▼■P❙✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❣❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✭❖▲❚P✮✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♠ ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡s♠♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ♠✐❣r❛r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❬✾❪✱ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s é ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ rá♣✐❞❛✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ❬✺✼❪✳
➱ ♥♦tór✐♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ❖ ♥✐❝❤♦ ❞❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s✱ ♠❛s✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡ss❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡❚■✭❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❈❛s♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛❝♦♥t❡✲ ❝❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❡ss❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦♣t❛r ♣♦r ❝♦♥tr❛t❛r ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠ ✭■❛❛❙ ✲ ■♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡✲❛s✲❛✲s❡r✈✐❝❡✮ ❬✺✼❪✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳
P❛r❛ ❍❡r♦t♦❞♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸✷❪✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♥❡ss❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠✐♥✉t♦s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♣❛❣❛r ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s s❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❚■ ❢❛ç❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ s❡♠ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❡①♣♦st♦s✱ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ é ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ s♦✲ ❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❝❧✉st❡rs✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s❝❛❧á✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❬✶✹❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦♣❡♥✲s♦✉r❝❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ s❡♠ ❝✉st♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❬✷✷❪✱ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♦♣❡♥✲s♦✉r❝❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ✶✾✾✾✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ s❡ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♥s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✱ ♠✐❣r❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❥á ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝✉st♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♦✉ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ♥♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛s ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❍❡r♦t♦❞♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸✷❪✱ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❢❛③❡♠ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛tr❛❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❞❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ é ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧ s❛❜❡r q✉❛❧ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥ós ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ✭❈P❯✱ ❘❆▼✱ ❍❉✮✱ ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❝♦♥tr❛t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ss❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱ ❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ♦✉ ❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ✜❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❛❝✐♠❛ é ♣r❡✈❡r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✲ ❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❝✉st♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❜❛❧♦❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♠ s✉♣❡r❛❧♦❝❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ❡ ✜❝❛♠ ♦❝✐♦s♦s✳
◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ é ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱ ♠é❞✐❛s ❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♥✉✈❡♥s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛♥❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r✱ ❡ss❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s s❡rã♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ✭❈P❯✱ ❘❆▼✱ ❍❉✮ ❞♦s ♥ós ❞❡ss❡ ❝❧✉st❡r✳
❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡st❡ é ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐③❡r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✉♠ ❥♦❜ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
✶✳✶ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
❆ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s út❡✐s ❡ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❤á❜✐❧ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❙ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❚■✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ♥♦✈❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❞❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s♣❡s❛s ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❚■✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❛♠ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❚■✳
◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❬✸✵✱ ✸✷✱ ✹✾✱ ✺✵✱ ✺✷✱ ✼✹✱ ✼✾✱ ✽✽❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ s❡❥❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❢❛③❡r ❛❥✉st❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛r ♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❡ss❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ sã♦ tr✐✈✐❛✐s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡✲ ♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❡ ❤á ♦✉tr❛s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠ ♣r❡✈❡r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❤á ♣♦✉❝♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ é ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❞❡✜✲ ♥✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛t❝❤ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❣✐❣❛❜②t❡s ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s t❡r❛❜②t❡s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ é ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❞❡❚■✱ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❡♠✲ ♣❡st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛✐s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠✐❣r❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛t❝❤ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ t❛♠❛✲ ♥❤♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✉♠ ❥♦❜ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛✲s❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐✲ ♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ ❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ ❬✾❪✱ ❡♠ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❊ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❬✾❪ ❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞✐s❝♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ♦✉ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬✼✾❪✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ❝✉st♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✉♠ ❥♦❜ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
❙ã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦❀ • ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r
t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦❀
• ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❛s❦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❜
❍❛❞♦♦♣ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡❀
• Pr♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❧❡✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❥♦❜s ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡❀
• ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❥♦❜ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉t✐❧✐✲
③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✶ ❚❇✳
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❛✐s ✺ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐✲ ❜✉í❞❛✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❛♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞✐str✐✲ ❜✉í❞♦s ❞♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ❡ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❍❛❞♦♦♣ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❈❧✉st❡r ❍❛❞♦♦♣✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❍❈❊m ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦❆♠❛③♦♥ ❊▼❘ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❆❲❙✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❝✐t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳ ❖ ❆♥❡①♦❆ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ✉♠❛ t❛s❦ ✭♠❛♣✴r❡❞✉❝❡✮✳ ❖ ❆♥❡①♦ ❇ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❜ ▼❛♣❘❡❞✉❝❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞❛
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❣r✐❞✱ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♠✱ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s
❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡stá ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ❍á ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐✲ ❞♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡✱ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ s❛ú❞❡✱ ❛ ♥✐❝❤♦s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✈✐s❧✉♠❜r❛r ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡ ♠✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t ❞❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❬✹✼❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦✐s❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛✲ çõ❡s ❣❡r❛♠ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❡ s❡♠ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛✲ ③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ❡✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❯♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✏❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛✑✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sã♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡s ♠❡♥♦r❡s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳
