❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ◆❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❝♦♠
▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠
❆❣❡♥t❡s
❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❙③✐♠❛♥s❦✐
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉✐♦❣♦ ❘✳ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ P❡③③✉♦❧ ❏❛❝♦❜✐
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ P❡③③✉♦❧ ❏❛❝♦❜✐ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ●❡♥❛í♥❛ ◆✉♥❡s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇ Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ❋❧á✈✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❙❛♥t♦r♦ ✖ ❯◆■❘■❖ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ✖ ❯❋❊❙
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
❙③✐♠❛♥s❦✐✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦✳
▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ◆❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❝♦♠ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦✲ ❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ✴ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❙③✐♠❛♥s❦✐✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✸✳
✷✵✻ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❚❡s❡ ✭❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✸✳
✶✳ ❆❣❡♥t✲❖❜❥❡❝t ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱
✷✳ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥✲▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✸✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹✳✹
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ◆❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❝♦♠
▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠
❆❣❡♥t❡s
❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❙③✐♠❛♥s❦✐
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ P❡③③✉♦❧ ❏❛❝♦❜✐ Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ●❡♥❛í♥❛ ◆✉♥❡s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s
❈■❈✴❯♥❇ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ❋❧á✈✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❙❛♥t♦r♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
❯◆■❘■❖ ❯❋❊❙
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ P❡③③✉♦❧ ❏❛❝♦❜✐ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❉❛♥✉s❛ P❡❣♦r❛r♦ ❙③✐♠❛♥s❦✐✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛✲ ♥❤✐❛✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ t✐✈❡♠♦s ót✐♠❛s ❤✐stór✐❛s ❡ ✈♦❝ê s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳ ❊✉ t❡ ❛♠♦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❈é❧✐❛ ●❤❡❞✐♥✐ ❘❛❧❤❛ ♣♦r ♠❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❙♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❋♦✐ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❜♦❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r❛♠ ♥❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉✐♦❣♦ ❘✳ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛✱ t♦t❛❧ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❡①❡r❝❡✉ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❆❧❝✐♥❞♦ ❡ ◆❡✉s❛ ❙③✐♠❛♥s❦✐ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❡♥❝♦r❛❥❛r❡♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ q✉❡ t❡♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜✐ ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❡s♣❡r♦ ✉♠ ❞✐❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣❛r❛ ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ s♦❧✐❞❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡st❛ ❡♠♣r❡✐t❛❞❛✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♠ ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦s ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦s s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r s❡✉s ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♥❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s✳ ❊st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡♥♦✲ ♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥✲▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❆❣❡♥t✲❖❜❥❡❝t ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✭❆❖❘✮ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s três ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♦s ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❆❖❘ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ Pr♦▼✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♠étr✐✲ ❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rár✲ q✉✐❝♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❆❣❡♥t✲❖❜❥❡❝t ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥✲▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ▼♦✲ ❞❡❧♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈
❆❜str❛❝t
Pr♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r② ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥ ❡✈❡♥t ❧♦❣s✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ t❤❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ♣r♦❣r❡ss ✐♥ t❤✐s ✜❡❧❞✱ t❤❡ ♠✐♥❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ♦❢t❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❢♦r♠✱ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❧② t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❛♥❛❧②sts t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡✐r ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❧♦✇✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ❧♦❣s✳ ■♥ ❢❛❝t✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ❣❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❧♦✇✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❡✈❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❜② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ s♦ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧ r❡❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧♦✇✲ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❡✈❡♥ts t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥✲▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ❧♦❣s ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❝❧♦s❡st t♦ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❛❧✐t②✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛❣❡♥ts ❛r❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❜✉s✐♥❡ss s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡❞ t❤❡ ❆❣❡♥t✲❖❜❥❡❝t ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ✭❆❖❘✮ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❡r❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥✱ t♦❣❡t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✭❆❖❘✮ t♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡✈❡♥t ❧♦❣s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞② ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ r❡❛❧✲❧✐❢❡ ❡✈❡♥t ❧♦❣✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ Pr♦▼ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❆❧s♦✱ ♠❡tr✐❝s ✇❡r❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ t♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡❧② ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ✜❧❧ t❤❡ ❣❛♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❧❡✈❡❧s ❡①✐st❡♥ts ✐♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❆❣❡♥t✲❖❜❥❡❝t ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥✲▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❍✐❡r❛r✲ ❝❤✐❝❛❧ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ▼♦❞❡❧
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✺ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✻ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✼ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✶
✷✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ◆❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆❖❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✸✳✶ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸✳✷ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸✳✸ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸✳✹ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸✳✺ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥✲▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✸✳✻ ❈❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹ ▼étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✹✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✺ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✺✶
✸✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✷ ❊stá❣✐♦ ✶✿ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❆❖❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✷✳✷ ▲♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆❖❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✸ ❊stá❣✐♦ ✷✿ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✸✳✸✳✶ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✸✳✹ ❉❡s❝♦❜r✐♥❞♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✳✹ ❊stá❣✐♦ ✸✿ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✹ ❊st✉❞♦s ❊①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦s ✽✻
✹✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✶✳✷ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ Pr♦▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✹✳✸ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✹✳✸✳✷ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✹✳✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❖ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✹✳✺✳✸ ▼✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✹✳✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✶✶✾
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✷✷
❆ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✶✸✺
❇ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❋♦♥t❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✶✸✻ ❇✳✶ ▼✐♥✐♥❣✳♣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ❇✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧✳♣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ❇✳✸ ▼❡tr✐❝s✳♣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻
❈ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆❖❘ ✶✺✻
❈✳✶ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✻ ❈✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✾ ❈✳✸ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♦♥t♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❆❖❘✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❲❛❣♥❡r ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✸ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❆❖❘✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❲❛❣♥❡r ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✹ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ✷✵✶✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷ ❖ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❆❖❘ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✸ ❯♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✹ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✺ ❋♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✻ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✼ ❊st✐♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠✐❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛❝r♦✲s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✽ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛❝r♦✲s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r t❛♥t♦s′ ❡ s′′ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✸✳✶✵ P❛❞rõ❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✸✳✶✶ P❛❞rõ❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✼✻ ✸✳✶✷ P❛❞rõ❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✶✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝♦s ♣♦r ♥ó ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✶✹ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✶✺ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✸✳✶✻ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✶✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❇P▼◆ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✸ ▼✐❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✹ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✻ ▼✐❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✼ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r❛♠
❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✭r❡♠❡t❡♥t❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✹✳✽ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✭❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ♠✐♥❡r ♥♦ Pr♦▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ♠✐♥❡r ♥♦ Pr♦▼ ✾✽ ✹✳✶✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇P▼◆ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✹✳✶✸ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s tr♦❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✹✳✶✹ ▼❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✹✳✶✺ ▼✐❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✹✳✶✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇P▼◆ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✹✳✶✼ ❚r♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✹✳✶✽ ▼❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✹✳✶✾ ▼✐❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✹✳✷✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦s s❡♠ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✷✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✷✷ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇P▼◆ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✶✶✹ ✹✳✷✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s
✭✈❡rsã♦ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✹✳✷✹ ▼✐❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✹✳✷✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ s❡♠ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✹✳✷✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶✳✶ ▲♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✹ ✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❲❛❣♥❡r ❛♥❞
❉✐❛❝♦♥❡s❝✉ ✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸ ▲♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✹ ▼❡tr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥♦s q✉❛tr♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✶ ❝♦♠ N = 100
s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ K = 10 ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥♦s três ❧♦♦♣s ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✷ ❝♦♠N = 100 s❡q✉ê♥✲
❝✐❛s ❡ K = 10 ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✸✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✶ ❊①tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✶✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ✭✈❡rsã♦ ✷✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✹ ▲♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✶✵✶ ✹✳✺ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✻ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✹✳✼ ❯♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❱♦❧✈♦ ❚■ ❇é❧❣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✹✳✽ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❇❙ ❆❣❡♥t✲❜❛s❡❞ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❆❉ ❯▼▲ ✷✳✵ ❆❝t✐✈✐t② ❉✐❛❣r❛♠ ❆❖❘ ❆❣❡♥t✲❖❜❥❡❝t✲❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❆❖❘▼▲ ❆❖❘ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❆❖❘❙▲ ❆❖❘ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❇P❉▼ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❛✲ ♠♦❞❡❧
❇P■ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ❇P▼ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❇P▼■ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ■♥✐t✐✲
❛t✐✈❡
❇P▼◆ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥✲ ❣✉❛❣❡
❇P❘ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ❘❡❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❈❘▼ ❈✉st♦♠❡r ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❊▼ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥✲▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
❊P❈ ❊✈❡♥t✲❞r✐✈❡♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ❈❤❛✐♥
❊❘P ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣
❋❙▼ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❙t❛t❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡
●◗▼ ●♦❛❧ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ▼❡tr✐❝
❍▼▼ ❍✐❞❞❡♥ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ▼♦❞❡❧
▼❳▼▲ ▼✐♥✐♥❣ ❳▼▲
P❆■❙ Pr♦❝❡ss✲❆✇❛r❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s
❙■ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❙▼❆ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡
❚■ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❯▼▲ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❲❋▼ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
❳❊❙ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❊✈❡♥t ❙tr❡❛♠
❳▼▲ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❨❆❲▲ ❨❡t ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✱ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❖ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ é ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ♥♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ✭●❡♦r✲ ❣❛❦♦♣♦✉❧♦s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✺✱ ▲❛❣✉♥❛ ❛♥❞ ▼❛r❦❧✉♥❞ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❲❡s❦❡ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r r❡s♣♦st❛ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❛♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❡✜❝❛③ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❙■✮ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♠❛✐s ✈❛❧♦r é ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛♣é✐s ❡ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ✏♦❜❥❡t♦s✑ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❙■✳
❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❧✱ tr❛❞✉③✐r r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ é ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ sã♦ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡ ♦s ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡✲ ♠❛s ❛♦ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✳
❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❢♦✐ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡❀ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ✭❨♦✉r❞♦♥ ✶✾✽✾✮✱ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❚■✮ ✭▲✉❢t♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾✮ ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❑✐♥❞❧❡r ✷✵✵✾✮✳
◆❡st❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦✱ ❛ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✭❇P▼■✮ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss Pr♦❝❡ss ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ◆♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✭❇P▼◆✮ ✭❖▼● ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❇P▼◆ é ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ❛♥❛❧✐s✲ t❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❝r✐❛♠ ♦s r❛s❝✉♥❤♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ ✐rá ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s q✉❡ ✐rã♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❡st❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❲❡s❦❡ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳
❇P▼◆ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❚❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❲♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ ●✐❜❜♦♥s ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❇P▼◆ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❍á ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ t❡♥t❛♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❆s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ✶✾✾✽✮ ✭❡✳❣✳ ❊✈❡♥t✲❞r✐✈❡♥ Pr♦❝❡ss ❈❤❛✐♥s ✭❊P❈✬s✮ ✭❙❝❤❡❡r ✷✵✵✵✮ ❡ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ◆❡ts ✭❱❡r❜❡❡❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾✮✮✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡✐s ✭✐✳❡✳ ✏❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦s✑ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✮✳
✶✳✷ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
❙❡ t❡♥t❛r♠♦s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛ót✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥❢✉s❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡st✐✈❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ✭❡✳❣✳ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ três ❡t❛♣❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✮✱ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❡❝✉rs♦s ✭s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦✉ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✮ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ✉♥s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✈❛♠♦s ♥♦s r❡❢❡r✐r ❛ ❡st❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ✭❲♦♦❧❞r✐❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❏❡♥♥✐♥❣s ✶✾✾✺✮✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♥s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✭▲❛s❤❦❛r✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❯▼▲✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❳✱ ❨ ❡ ❩✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❳ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ▼✶
♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡❨✱ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❨ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ▼✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡❩❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❩ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ▼✸ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❨✳
❆ss✉♠✐♠♦s q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♦♣❡r❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❣✐str❛r s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ sã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ sã♦ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ é r❡❣✐str❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♥❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❊st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ tr❛❝❡✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳
Atividade A
X Y Z
M1
M2
M3
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s
❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥✲ té♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✿ ❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ✭❝❛s❡✐❞✮ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦❀ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦❀ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t♦✉ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡❀ ❡ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❡ ❤♦r❛ ✭t✐♠❡st❛♠♣✮ q✉❡ ♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❡①❡✲ ❝✉t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♥tr❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s sã♦ ❛s tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦ t❡♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✿
❼ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ✕ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦❀ ❼ r❡♠❡t❡♥t❡ ✕ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ q✉❡♠ ❡♥✈✐♦✉ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠❀ ❼ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ✕ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛❀ ❼ ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦ ✕ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ q✉❡♠ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠❀
❼ ❞❛t❛ ❡ ❤♦r❛ ✕ r❡❣✐str❛ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❡ ❛ ❤♦r❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❢♦✐ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ três ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✲ ✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡ s✉❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆✳ ■st♦ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❤á ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳
❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✭✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❡r❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s s♦❜ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✱
✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ r❡♠❡t❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦ ❞❛t❛ ❡ ❤♦r❛
✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳
✶ ❳ ▼✶ ❨ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✹✲✶✼ ✶✹✿✺✸
✶ ❨ ▼✷ ❩ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✹✲✶✼ ✶✽✿✶✷
✶ ❩ ▼✸ ❨ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✹✲✶✽ ✶✵✿✷✺
✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳
✷ ❳ ▼✶ ❨ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✹✲✶✽ ✶✼✿✶✵
✷ ❨ ▼✷ ❩ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✹✲✶✾ ✵✾✿✸✼
✷ ❩ ▼✸ ❨ ✷✵✶✸✲✵✹✲✶✾ ✶✸✿✷✶
✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ▲♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❝♦♠♦ ✏❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦✑✱ ✏♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✑ ❡ ✏♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✑✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛ss✉♠❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶ ❝❛❞❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝❧❛r♦✳
✶✳✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✭♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛❝r♦✮ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✭♥í✈❡❧ ♠✐❝r♦✮ ❞♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛s✿ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ♦✉ ♥❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❧♦❣s ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠✐❝r♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛❝r♦ é ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❡ é ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐ss♦ q✉❡ q✉❡r❡♠♦s ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r✳ ❉❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠✐❝r♦ ❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛❝r♦✱ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r✿ ✭✶✮ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠✐❝r♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s❀ ❡ ✭✷✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠✐❝r♦ s❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❛ ♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛❝r♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ♦ ♠❛❝r♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ♦ ♠✐❝r♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s✳
❆s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡st❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❛❧t♦✲♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛s ❙❡çõ❡s ✷✳✸ ❡ ✷✳✺✳ ❚❛❧ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣❡st♦r ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛✳ ❙❛❧✐❡♥t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦✲♥í✈❡❧ ✭♠❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦✮ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣♦✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s✴♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✸✳✹✳
❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ ♦s ♠✐❝r♦✲ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡r❡♠♦s ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ é ✏❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦✑ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦
❞❡ q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✳ ▼❛s ✐ss♦ é ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡❄ ❈♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ é ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❞♦✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s ❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ✉♠ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❡ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦❄
❆ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✐♠✲ ♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦✐s s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❢❛❧t❛♥❞♦✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡rá ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❡ss♦❛ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ♦✉tr❛ q✉❡stã♦ q✉❡ é ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✐t❡r❛✲ t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❡ ✐❧✉str❛♠♦s ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✳❣✳ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦✱ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳
❖ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ r❡❣✐str❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡s♣❛❣✉❡t❡ ✭s♣❛❣❤❡tt✐ ♠♦❞❡❧s✮ ✭●ü♥t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❆❛❧st ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊st❡s sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♥❛❧✐st❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✳ ❚❛✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✉r❣❡♠ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥❡st❛ t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s✿
❼ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ às ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s❀
❼ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦❣ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ✏✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✑✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛s♦ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❛✉s❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛❞❛s❀
❼ ❊♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❛❝r♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦❀
❼ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ s❡❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦❀
❼ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳
✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❆ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦s♣❡❝t❛r ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❡ ♦ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥❡❣♦❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❙■✳ ❋❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐♦s ❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s✳
