ANTIMICROBIAL CONSTITUENTS FROM PLANTS

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

www.irjponline.com

ISSN 2230

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8407

Review Article

ANTIMICROBIAL CONSTITUENTS FROM PLANTS

G.Murgananthan*, Sathya Chethan Pabbithi

Department of Pharmacognosy, PES College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-560050 India

Article Received on: 06/11/11 Revised on: 18/12/11 Approved for publication: 09/01/12

*

ABSTRACT

Research on medicinal plants showed promising constituents for effective treatment and management of various illnesses. Microbes are commonly found everywhere which causes many diseases to the man kind. Antibiotics available in the markets are often reported of microbial resistance. Scientist realized that the effective life span of any Antibiotic is limited hence new sources from plants need be investigated. A multitude of plant compounds as always promised as a Antimicrobial agents. In this article authors made an attempt to review the constituents which showed potential Antimicrobial activity.

Key Words: Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Antimalarial, Constituents.

INTRODUCTION

Many infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic

microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and

multicellular

parasites.

These

diseases

are

often

communicable or transmissible diseases, because they can be

transmitted from one person to another. Infectious diseases

account for about half of the deaths in tropical countries.

Bacterial diseases are a type of infectious diseases caused by

pathogenic bacteria which results when the harmful bacteria

get into a body, multiply and lash the body

’

s defensive

mechanism.

Pathogenic bacteria can enter in the body through various

routes like inhalation through nose and lungs, via food or

through sexual contact. Once bacteria enter the body, the

immune system of the body recognizes the bacteria as foreign

intruder and tries to kill or stop them from multiplying.

However, even a healthy immune system is not always able

to stop the bacteria from reproducing and spreading. As a

result bacteria succeed in the body and emit toxins which

damage cells and tissues that consequently results in the

symptoms of bacterial disease. Commonly occurring

pathogenic bacteria are

Neisseria meningitidis

, which can

cause meningitis,

Streptococcus pneumoniae

, which can

cause pneumonia,

Helicobacter pylori,

which can cause

gastric ulcers,

Escherichia coli

which can cause food

poisoning,

Salmonella typhi

, which can cause typhoid, and

Staphylococcus aureus,

which can cause skin and other

infections.

In the recent years, research on medicinal plants has attracted

a lot of attentions globally. Large body of evidence has

accumulated to demonstrate the promising potential of

Medicinal

Plants used in various traditional, complementary and

alternate systems of treatment of human diseases. Plants are

rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites such as

tannins terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, etc, which have

been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties.

.

ANTIMICROBIAL CONSTITUENTS FROM PLANTS

Plant Name Plant Part / Extraction Bioactive compounds Biological Activites Ref. Capillipedium parviflorum Infloursence/ Essential Oil 4-undecanone, 4-Undeconol Antimicrobial 5

Achillea Wilhelmsii Whole plant Saponins Antimicrobial 6 Butea monosperma Seeds/hydroalcohol Triterpene Antimicrobial 7 Piper krukoffii Leaves & Twigs / Methanol lignans (-)-kusunokin Larvicidal & Antifungal 8 Origanum vulgare Flower,Leaf & Stem / Essential oil 1,8-Cineole,α-pinene Antibacterial 9 Dipsacus sylvestris Roots / Etanol,

Ethylactate,Dichloromethane

Chlorogenic acid Antimicrobial 10

Heracleum thomsonii aerial parts Neryl acetate Antimicrobial 11 Salvia verbenaca Fresh leaves & Aerial Parts Carbonilic compounds Antimicrobial 12 Krameria lappacea Roots Proanthocyanidins, lignan

derivatives

Antimicrobial 13

Hippophae species Petrolium ether,chloroform,Methanol

phenolic compounds, flavonoids

Antibacterial 14

Acorus calamus Hexane Methyl Isoeugenol Antimicrobial 15 Euryops arabicus Hepper & Wood Caryophyllene oxide,

T-Cadinol

Antimicrobial 16

Zea mays Aeraial part sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins Antifungal 17 Cymbopogon citratus Leaves Geranial,Neral & Myrcene Antimicrobial 18 Hydrastis Canadensis Whole plant Sideroxylin Antimicrobial 19 Lobelia chinensis Methanol Lobechine, scoparone Anti-Virus 20 Crocus sativus Whole plant lauric acid, hexadecanoic acid Antifungal 21 Feroniella lucida Roots furanocoumarin A Antimalarial &

Antituberculosis

22

Ficus mucuso fruits Isoflavone dimer derivatives, mucusisoflavones A-C (1-3)

Artocarpus communis Methanol peruvianursenyl acetate C (1),

α-amyrenol or viminalol (2)

Antibacterial 24

Ferula hermonis Rhizomes & Roots α-pinene Antifungal 25 Larrea nitida Whole plant

3'methyl-nordihydroguaiaretic acid

Antifungal 26

Poliomintha longiflora Whole plant Carvacrol & β -Caryophyllene Oxide

Antimicrobial 27

Bridelia micrantha Barks / Acetone 1.3-bis (3-phenoxyphenoxy) Antimycobacterium 28 Illicium henryi Whole plant

threo-4,9,9'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-8-O-4'-neolignan 7-O-α-rhamnopyranoside

Anti-HBV 29

Alpinia pahangensis Leaf & Rhizome / Essential oil γ-selinene Antimicrobial 30 Aframomum sceptrum Rhizomes β-pinene Antimicrobial 31 Lippia species Leaves / Methanol Flavonoids & Terpenoids Antimicrobial 32 Aloe harlana Latex Anthrone & Chromone Antimicrobial 33 Stachys spruneri Aerial part Isobienol Antimicrobial 34 Gypsophila bicolor Flower,Leaf & Stem Bicyclogermacrene,

gama-dodecadienolactone

Antimicrobial 35

Gnaphlium affine Aerial part/ Essential oil eugenol , linalool Antimicrobial 36 Feronia elephantum Leaves beta-pinene, Z-anethole,

methyl chavicol

Antimicrobial 37

Thymus aucasicus, T.kotschyanus

Essential oil 1,8-cineol, thymol, beta-fenchyl alcohol

Antibacterial 38

Kalimeris indica Aerial parts glycerolmonopalmitate, esculetin, medicagenic acid.

Antimicrobial 39

Symplocos paniculata Ethanolic β-D-glucopyranoside Antimicrobial 40 Metasequoia glyptostroboides Ethylactate Taxodone Antibacterial 41 Fennel cultivars Fruits Estragole, Fenchone Antimicrobial 42 Leptospermum Species Aerial parts α-pinene, β-pinene Antimicrobial 43 Anthospermum emirnense Essential oil β-elemene, trans-β

-caryophyllene

Antimicrobial 44

Peperomia obtusifolia Leaves & stems corchoionoside C Antifungal 45 Eucalyptus staigerana Bark 1'-acetoxy-chavicol acetate

(1'ACA)

Antimicrobial 46

Acorus calamus Leaf / Methanol new compounds Antimalarial 47 Rosmarinus officinalis Essential oil beta-myrcene Antibacterial 48 Satureja Montana Essential oil Carvacrol Antimicrobial 49 Centaurea pannonica Aerial parts / Essential oils Spathulenol Antimicrobial 50 Degenia velebitica glucosidic bound leaf Phytol Antimicrobial 51 Allium sphaerocephalon inflorescences shyobunol Antimicrobial 52 Ocimum sanctum Leaves / Aqueous & Hydroalcohol Linalool Antifungal 53 Cleome spinosa Aerial parts sclareol Antimicrobial 54 Pulsatilla albana Flowering parts /Essential oils Menthone Antimicrobial 55 Origanum hypericifolium Aerial part Essential oil Antimicrobial 56 Vitis vinifera Fruits Phytoalexins Antimicrobial 57 Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark (E)-cinnamaldehyde Antimicrobial 58 Klainedoxa gabonensis Stem bark / Methanol betulinic acid Antimicrobial 59 Bupleurum longiradiatum Roots / Essentil oil thymol, butylidene phthalide,

5-indolol, heptanal.

Antibacterial 60

Rosmarinus officinalis Whole Plant / Essential Oils 1.8-Cineole ,camphor Antimicrobial 61 Eucalyptus globulus Fruits / Essential oil Terpenoids aromadendrene &

1,8-cineole

Antimicrobial 62

Eucalyptus globulus Leaves / Essential oils 1,8-Cineole & 1,4-Cineole Herbicidal 63 Tetradenia riparia Fresh leaves / Essential oils Calyculone & Abietadiene Antimicrobial 64 Hypericum perforatum Perennial herb / Alcoholic Naphthodianthrones &

prenylated phloroglucinols

Antiviral & Antimicrobial 65

Fungal strain from Pyrethrum cinerariifolium

Flower Wortamanin Antimicrobial 66

Fatoua pilosa whole plants Scopoletin & isobavachalcone

Antimycobacterial 67

Sedum pallidum Essential oil caryophyllene oxid & hexahydrofarnesyl acetone

Antimicrobial 68

Lantana camara Essential oil β-caryophyllene,Zingberene Antibacterial 69 Verbascum antiochium Methanol Antiochium Antimicrobial 70

Melampyrum arvense Aerial part Melampyroside, Mussaenoside & β-sitisterol

Aantiprotozoval 71

Rosmarinus officinalis Essential oil β-Myrcene & 1,8-cineole Antibacterial 72 Melodorum fruticosum Flowers / Essential oils Phenyl butanone & linalool Antifungal 73 Falcaria vulgaris Flower,Leaf & Stem / Essential oil α-Terpinyl acetate Antibacterial 74

Santiria trimera LeaF / Essential oil α-humulene & β -caryophyllene

Antimicrobial 75

Canthium horridum Stem / Essential oil (+)-syringaresinol & scoparone

Antimicrobial 76

Senecio argunensis Aerial Parts isodauc-7(14)-en-6α & 10β -diol

Mentha arvensis & M. piperita

Leaves/ Essential oils Menthol, Menthone & Piperitenone oxide

Antimicrobial 78

Tagetes minuta & Amaranthus spinosus

Aerial Parts / Aqueous & Organic Extract

Essential oil Antifungal 79

Falcaria vulgaris Flower,Leaf & Stem α-Pinene & β-Caryophyllene Antibacterial 80 Zingiber Officinale Rhizomes Shogalol & Gingerol Larvicidal 81 Ocimum basilicum Flowers / Essential oils linalool, 1,8-cineole &

Eugenol.

Antimicrobial 82

Morinda Royoc Roots/ Dichloromethane Anthraquinones Antimicrobial 83 Clausena harmandiana Root coumarin & α- ferulate Antiplasmodial 84

Nauclea pobeguinii Stembark / Aqueous & 80% EtOH 3-ketoquinovic acid, 3-O-beta-fucosylquinovic acid

Antiplasmodial 85

Curcuma ochrorhiza & Curcuma heyneana

Rhizome / Hexane Zerumbon & furanodienone Antimicrobial 86

Flacourtia indica Aerial Parts pyrocatechol, homaloside D & poliothrysoside

Antimalarial 87

Nepeta persica Flower,leaf,stem & root/ Essential oil

α-pinene & β-pinene Antibacterial 88

Origanum dictamnus Aerialparts Rosmarinic acid & Rosmarinic acid methyl ester

Antimicrobial 89

Citrus macroptera & Citrus hystrix

Leaves/ Essential oils α-pinene & sabinene Antimicrobial 90

Dipsacus species Aerial pzrts Triterpenoids, iridoids, phenolics

Antimicrobial 91

Hofmeisteria schaffneri Flowering & Non flowering/ Aqueous & Organic

Essential oil Antimicrobial 92

Origanum saccatum Alcohol P-cymene, Thymol & Carvacrol

Antibacterial 93

Magnolia officinalis Flowers Essential oil Antimicrobial 94

CONCLUSION

Many medicinal plants have been found effective in the cure

of bacterial diseases. Due to increasing antibiotic resistance

in microorganisms and side effects of synthetic antibiotics

medicinal plants are now gaining popularity in the treatment

of bacterial infections. Medicinal plants are considered as

clinically effective and safer alternatives to the antibiotics.

Extensive research in the area of isolation and

characterization of the active principles of these plants are

required so that better, safer and cost effective drugs for

treating bacterial infections can be developed. Few of these

constituents can be formulated which may be effective

against various conditions of microbial infections.

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