Technology and Policy
Manuel Heitor
Center for Innova1on, Technology and Policy Research, IN+/IST Portugal
SPIDER WEB, UFRJ: 4 to 15 March 2013
“Yo no vine a hacer un discurso. …”
Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Zipaquirá, 1944
Nude Descending a Stair, 1912 Marcel Duchamp
Technology and Policy:
new horizons for science, technology and innova8on
Manuel Heitor
• The global world in the second decade of the 21
stCentury: a very different S&T framework
• The radical nature of the changing global framework:
– Confronted with global consumer and ci1zen aspira1ons as a result of borderless communica1on (social media);
– New macro-‐economics (as alterna1ve to the Washington consensus following the Asian financial crisis): no public debt financing for growth in emerging developing countries:
“There is a price to pay for economic independence and growth stability”;
– Shid in the loca1on of growth dynamics towards the South with increasing growth divergence likely to be exacerbated by ageing in the North
(global “shid in wealth” in OECD terms).
• The crisis debate and what it means for research policies:
– The funding of research and innova1on – the “rate” of technical change – an old European (Lisbon) concern which needs urgently to be reassessed within the crisis framework;
– The importance of the “direc1on” of technical change: environmental sustainability, societal and new social innova1on areas;
• Implica1ons for science and higher educa1on in Brazil and other emerging regions and countries.
Topics for discussion…
Towards new paradigms in Innova8on and Technical Change ?
Mestiço - 1934
Candido Portinari, 1903-1962
Por muitos anos es1vemos na condição dos índios xavantes, que, ao aprenderem a u1lizar machados de aço, não mais puderam prescindir deles e se viram atados a seus fornecedores. Estamos novamente caindo no risco de subordinação, representada pela depência de normas e do saber técnico.
Darcy Ribeiro Revista Senhor, Janeiro 1962
Technology and Policy
Engaging [people and ins8tu8ons] in technical change?
Manuel Heitor
Center for Innova1on, Technology and Policy Research, IN+/IST Portugal
…a system approach: two examples
SPIDER WEB, UFRJ: 4 to 15 March 2013http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=186028
More than 300,000 patients are waiting
for a transplant…
How to deal with this
issue?
Restore blood vessel function: towards tissue engineering
http://www.healblog.net/health-news/drug-treatment-is-safer-than-bypass-surgery-research-finds/, http://www.surmodics.com/clinical-cardiovascular.html, http://www.technologyreview.com/Biotech/18971/, http://medgadget.com/2010/08/orbusneichs_coronary_stent_shows_complete_neointimal.html
Bare-metal with coating
Angioplasty
Bypass Bare-metal stent Drug-eluting
stent
Procedures Medical devices
Biodegradable drug-eluting
Stent with cell therapy
Biological stents
Combination products
Engineered blood vessels
Tissue Engineering Combination
with cell therapy g p s y
For less severe stenosis
Minimally invasive Complications:
dilation results in elastic recoil
Coating improves deliverability Complications:
in-stent restenosis
For multi-vessel, multi-lesion, small vessels, long lesions No in-stent restenosis Complications:
neointima thickness For high severe
stenosis
Good short and long-term results Highly Invasive
For single vessel and single lesion Deliverable and eliminate elastic recoil Complications:
in-stent restenosis
Expected to fully regenerate the injured vessel from the inside
For severe cases Substitute the entire vessel with bypass surgery
No in-stent restenosis
No long-term drug or polymer
Complications:
neointima thickness
Avoid in-stent restenosis and neointima thickness
What’s the future of Bio-Engineering? Will we’ve manufacturing facilities like this one?
“Oil & Gas” – Os novos desafios do Atlân1co
Source: Petrobras
“Oil & Gas” – “Subsea to Beach”
Riserless Drilling
Laser Drilling Nanopar8cles
Nanomaterials Subsea
Processing
Subsea
Power Distribu8on Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Future “FPSO”
New genera8on of Process Equipment
Source: Petrobras
Ao ingressar na era tecnológica, a ciência e a técnica passaram a cons1tuir para nós, também, ingredientes fundamentais dos processos produ1vos, e o seu domínio, um impera1vo da autonomia nacional. Se fracassarmos neste desafio, justamente no momento em que nos tornamos independentes sob tantos stulos, nos veremos novamente subordinados. Já não dependeremos da importação de automóveis, geladeiras e televisores, mas da técnica que os produziu e os aperfeiçoa incessantemente.
Darcy Ribeiro Revista Senhor, Janeiro 1962
The 1990s: limited convergence
(14 countries)
A converging world in the 21 st Century
(83 countries)
G-‐5 share of popula8on and GDP
Percentage share of world population
Year China India Brazil South Africa Mexico Total
1820 36.6 19.9 0.4 0.1 0.6 57.6
1870 28.1 17.0 0.8 0.2 0.7 46.8
1913 24.4 14.2 1.3 0.3 0.8 41.0
1950 21.7 14.8 2.1 0.5 1.1 40.2
1973 22.5 14.8 2.6 0.6 1.5 42.0
2001 20.7 16.5 2.9 0.7 1.7 42.5
2006 20.2 16.9 2.9 0.7 1.7 42.3
Percentage share of world income
Year China India Brazil South Africa Mexico Total
1820 32.9 16.0 0.4 0.1 0.7 50.1
1870 17.1 12.1 0.6 0.2 0.6 30.6
1913 8.8 7.5 0.7 0.4 0.9 18.3
1950 4.5 4.2 1.7 0.6 1.3 12.3
1973 4.6 3.1 2.5 0.6 1.7 12.5
2001 12.3 5.4 2.7 0.5 1.9 22.8
2006 16.8 6.1 2.4 0.5 1.8 27.4
Source: Deepak Nayyar (2008) based on data from Maddison (2003); Maddison(forthcoming)
STEELS CAST IRON
IRON COOPER
ALLOY STEELS
GLASSY METALS AL-LITHIUM ALLOYS DUAL PHASE STEELS MICROALLOYED STEELS BRONZE
SKIN FIBRE GUMS
RUBBER
LIGHT ALLOYS
SUPER ALLOYS
TITANIUM ZINCONIUM ETC
NEW SUPER ALLOYS DEVELOPMENT SLOW MOSTLY QUALITY CONTROL AND PROCESSING
CONDUCTING POLYMERS HIGH TEMPERATURE
POLYMERS HIGH MODULUS
POLYMERS BAKELITE
NYLON WOOD
PAPER
STONE FLINT
POTTERT GLASS
CEMENT
REFRACTORIES
PORTLAND
CEMENT FUSED
SILICA CERMETS
EPOXIES POLYESTERS
COMPOSITES POLYMERS
METALS
CERAMICS
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
CERAMICS METALS
ALLOYS GOLD
CERAMIC COMPOSITES COMPOSITES
METAL-MATRIX
SURFACE ENGINEERING
SUPERCONDUCTORS TOUGH ENGINEERING
CERAMICS KEVLAR BRICKS (with STRAW)
IVORY
10000 BC 5000 BC 0 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
The accelera1ng rate of technical change: materials
Source: Ashby (1998); Ashby et al. (2011)
The accelera1ng rate of technical change: energy
• New reactors
• Nuclear fusion
• New energy biomass
• Photovoltaic materials
• Fuel cells
• Superconductor s
• Supervision of energy processes
• Robo1cs
• Security systems
• Baveries
• Pacemakers
• Ar1ficial Heart
• Recombin. DNA
• New drugs
• Enzyma1c Synthesis
• Membranes
• Biocompa1ble materials
• Instrumental analysis of dna sequences
• Power lasers
• Bio-‐leaching
• Biological ore processing
• New alloys
• Ceramics and composits
• Computer based design of new materials
• Photovoltaic applica1ons
• Biosensors
• Biochips
• Semiconductors
• Superconduct.
• Telema1cs
• Automa1on
• Computers
energy biotech
materials ICTs
Emerging interactions...
Source: BIPE
from
to
ICTs
materials
biotech
energy
Evolving Processes of Technical Change
PRODUCTS PRODUCT
more technologies to produce each product
more products produced from a given technology
Sources: von Tunzelmann (1999); Couto et al (2012)
TECHNOLOGIES
PROCESSES
TECHNOLOGY
PROCESSES
• WHAT will these new technologies be like?
• On WHICH research we should invest in?
• WHAT engineering courses should we teach in our schools and universi1es?
These are relevant issues, but the wrong ques1ons …
Which ques1ons?
How people, ins8tu8ons and incen8ves can be effec1vely
oriented, transmived and
assimilated to allow socie1es to move towards a socially
responsable, sustainable and entrepreneurial world?
We can look, instead, at the process...
TECHNOLOGY
MARKET
Existing New
Existing
New Increasing
uncertainty
evolutionary leverage base radical discontinuity
Source: Branscomb,Morse & Roberts (2001): www.atp.nist.gov/eao/gcr_787.pdf
Paverns of technical change
Nathan Rosenberg (2001):
“uncertainty in the realms of both science and technology ... have enormously important
consequences and a main concern is how
organisa1ons and incen1ves migth be modified to accommodate these uncertain1es.”
Source: OECD(2001), “Social Sciences and InnovaJon”
Chris Freeman (2001):
“There is an irreducible uncertainty about future poli1cal, economic and market
developments ....,technological innova1ons may
actually increase it, since they add to the dimensions of general business uncertainty, the dimension of
technological uncertainty. ”
Source: SPRU (2001)
...uncertainty : which impact?
In a context of increased uncertainty and accelerated rate of technological change, for which knowledge and innova1on
are cri1cal factors for social and economical development, the role of the science and adavnced educa1on may be
enhanced, but requires to be adapted!
The scope:..
.the globalized “ learning society ” !
Knowledge Ins1tu1ons Learning Organisa1ons Intellectual Property Learning Networks
Source: Conceição, Lundvall and Heitor (2002)
Neoclassical (standard) economics
Appreciative (evolutionary, Institutional,...)
economics
Linear Perspective on Innovation
Interactive Perspective on Innovation
From the Econo m y Tow ards Technol ogy From Technol ogy Tow ards the Econno m y
Standard scientific, Technological and
Engineering Disciplines
?
Neoclassical (standard) economics
Appreciative (evolutionary, Institutional,...)
economics
Linear Perspective on Innovation
Interactive Perspective on Innovation
From the Econo m y Tow ards Technol ogy From Technol ogy Tow ards the Econno m y
Standard scientific, Technological and
Engineering Disciplines
?
The Approach…
depar1ng from an understanding of specific
technologies, and drawing from the conceptual
framework of the interac1ve models of innova1on
Engineering Sciences
Economics &
Management Systems methods
Social Studies
Technology Policy
Product Development Process
Optimization
Socio & technical integration
Building Blocks
Objectives
…a holis1c approach to
science, technology and policy
Lectures:
1. Developing human capital and research capacity:
…which science policies?
2. Government-‐industry-‐higher educa1on rela1onships in a new era of interna1onal affairs:
…Interna1onalizing higher educa1on?
3. A system approach towards knowledge networks and enhanced societal trust:
…Which ter1ary educa1on ins1tu1ons and campuses?
4. Industrializa1on, geography and policy:
…New horizons for science, technology and innova1on policies?
5. Forward looking in 1mes of accelerated technical change:
…Which implica1ons for Risk Governance, Knowledge Networks and
Learning?
Which science, technology and innova1on policies?
…exploitaJon versus exploraJon?
Can universi1es and R&D ins1tu1ons foster new factors for development and
growth at local and global scales?
K D
S&T
System (box 1)
Economic and Social System (box 2)
Inputs (of box 1)
Inputs
(of box 2)
Conceptualiza1on of the Rela1onship between the S&T
System and the Economic and Social System
The exponential growth of S&T indicators at the international level
Decades 50s and 60s 70s 80s 90s
Main indicators used Re&D Re&D Re&D Re&D
Patents Patents Patents
Technological balance Technological balance Technological balance
of payments of payments of payments
High-tech products High-tech products
and sectors and sectors
Bibliometrics Bibliometrics Human resources Human resources
Innovation surveys Innovation surveys
Innovations mentioned in technical literature
Surveys of production technologies
Government support to industrial technology Intangible investment Indicators of information and communication technologies
Input-Output matrixes * Productivity *
Venture capital *
Mergers and acquisitions *
* Indicators mutuated from economic analysis.
Period 1960's-1970's 1980's-early 1990's
1990's - next millennium
Model Linear model Chain-linked model
Systems approaches
Conception Simple Complex Extremely complex
Number of indicators
Few
(R&D, patents, TBP)
Many
(R&D, patents, bibliometrics, innovation, high tech products, human
resources)
Too many
(combinations of existing and possibly new indicators, quantitative/
qualitative)
1 10 100 1,000
1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Publica8ons listed at the Science Cita8on Index per million inhabitants
Portugal Brazil
Mozambique Guinea Bissau Angola
Cape Verde Sao Tome Timor Leste
Number of scien8fic ar8cles listed at Science Cita8on Index per million people:
The case of Portuguese speaking countries
Towards a taxonomy of knowledge produc1on…
sources: Gibson et al (1994) Nowotny et al. (2001)
…and new paradigms in interna1onal academic coopera1on and industry-‐science rela1ons seem to emerge, including:
• diversified forms of capacity building;
• the coaching and steering of collabora1ve research with industry;
• promo1ng local produc1ve arrangements, with SMEs & Start-‐ups.
from “na1onal systems of innova1on”,…
…to “global knowledge networks”,
towards inclusive growth and including local producJve arrangements for global markets!
the process mavers!…
The Dance, Henri Matisse, 1910
the process mavers!…
OECD: Growth of R&D Personnel
(OECD; Average annual growth rate)
Latin America: Policy instruments for S, T &I
Note: a-‐ produc1on of knowledge; b-‐ infrastructures; c-‐ educa1on and training; d-‐ social appropria1on; e-‐ strategic technological areas; f-‐ innova1ons; g-‐ NTBFs; h-‐ system; i-‐ informa1on services; Source: Grandi &
Lemarchand, in UNESCO 2011
OECD: Regional disparities
R&D personnel per 1 000 employees R&D Intensity
Source: OECD Regions at a Glance, 2009
technical change :
…complexity and chaos?
…but, always, an endogenous process!
An example: Northeastern Brazil…
Francisco Graciano, 1965 Juazeiro do Norte, CE
O que caracteriza o desenvolvimento é o projecto social subjacente. ...
Ora, …não se dá espontaneamente. É fruto da realização de um projecto, expressão de uma vontade política.
Celso Furtado
….and, in addition, how to integrate a cultural narrative,
in a context of modernity and innovation?
Local Productive Arrangements, BNDES, 2010
Para que o processo de industrialização seja não apenas um
“motor” de crescimento, mas também de homogeneização social, é necessário que essa industrialização se vincule amplamente ao mercado regional. …
….apoiando-se na expansão da demanda interna.
Celso Furtado
Discurso de abertura do 1º encontro sobre alternativas econômico-sociais para o desenvolvimento do Nordeste, João Pessoa,1984
GROWTH ?
LEARNING
RESEARCH Romer (1990) and Grossman and Helpman (1991)
Arrow (1962) Romer (1986)
BY-DOING Lucas (1988)
EDUCATION
endogenous growth:
…what do you know from the theories of economy growth?
• The learning ability is the cri1cal aspect for economic growth, and is associated to the skill of assimila1ng and transforming the current knowledge.
• “Learning refers to building new competencies and establishing new skills and not just to get access to informa1on”, Lundvall (1997).
LEARNING PROCESSES
LEARNING METHODS AND PROCESSES…
informal formal
• accumula8on of experience
• more skills
• know-‐how
learning-by-doing learning-by-living -by-interacting
learning-‐by-‐
learning
learning-by- researching
• social and professional contacts
• integra8on in personal and professional networks
-‐ acquisi8on of previously
codified knowledge
-‐ explora8on and discovery, trying to create new knowledge
The basic premises:
Knowledge produc8on is increasingly diffused, interna1onal and socially distributed.
Knowledge diffusion is increasingly dependent on people and shaped by social and cultural paverns.
The central locus of innova8on has increasingly become distributed and dependent upon linkages between many different
stakeholders, ins1tu1ons and sources of knowledge.
Given the increased complexity of knowledge produc1on and diffusion, it is to be expected that public policies and private strategies would become more complex as well.
1.01 1.04 0.98 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.09 1.11 1.18 2.72
2.62 2.61 2.55 2.59 2.64 2.70
2.84 2.90
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
GERD as Percentage of GDP
Brasil USA Media OCDE Media EU27
Compara1ve assessments: 1
GERD/GDP
Compara1ve assessments: 1
Researchers per thousand workforce (FTE)
0.91 0.93 0.99 1.08 1.14 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.25
9.09 9.17
9.67
9.30 9.13 9.26 9.14 9.14 9.14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Researchers per thounsand workforce (FTE)
Brasil USA Media OCDE Media EU-‐27
• The “Endless Fron1er” beyond the
“linear interpreta1on of innova1on”
• Technogobalism, technonaJonalism and
“na1onal systems of innova1on”
challenging the commonplaces...
...towards a new narra1ve
What can we learn from North America?
public / private expenditure on R&D - 1
0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 175,000 200,000
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source (NSF)
US R&D Expenditure by source of funds (million constant 2000 $)
Federal Industry
What can we learn from North America?
public / private expenditure on R&D - 2
0 400,000 800,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 2,000,000 2,400,000 2,800,000 3,200,000 3,600,000 4,000,000
1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Source: NSF
US R&D cumulative Expenditures by source of funds: Public and Private (million constant 2000 $, since 1953)
Federal Industry
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50 6,00 6,50 7,00
Academic R&D (Ratio of Public to Private Expenditure by source of funds)
Total R&D (Ratio of Public to Private Expenditure by source of funds)
Current $
1953
1962
1979
1997 2006
2004
LAUNCHING
1st SPECIALIZATION
PUBLIC-PRIVATE ENGAGEMENT
2nd SPECIALIZATION
What can we learn from North America?
public / private expenditure
Portugal vs EU: GERD as a percentage of GDP
Note: p – provisional data; Source: GPEARI / MCTES / OCDE 2010
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009p
GERD / GDP
Portugal European Union (27 countries) European Union (15 countries)
EU 27 EU 15
1.0% of GDP 1.8% of GDP
PORTUGAL
0.28
0.81
1.21
1.55
1.71
0.80
0.13
0.60
0.18
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2008 2009p
% GDP
Portugal: GERD as a percentage of GDP,
by sector of performance
Notas: p – provisional data; Source: GPEARI / MCTES.
Total
Higher Educa1on
Business enterprises
1.7% of GDP
1.0% of GDP
Private Non-‐profit Government
• The “Endless Fron1er” beyond the
“linear interpreta1on of innova1on”
• Technogobalism, technonaJonalism and
“na1onal systems of innova1on”
challenging the commonplaces...
...towards a new narra1ve
Technoglobalism…1
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
FDI (million USD)
FDI from the US
total manufacturing
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
FDI (million USD)
FDI in the US from OECD countries
total manufacturing
Technoglobalism…3
Trends in the share of R&D expenditure under foreign control
business sector
Share of R&D under foreign control by industrial sector
(Total OECD, 2003)
Students enrolled outside their home country:
long term growth
Revisi8ng S, T and innova8on policies?
challenging the commonplaces...
... the complex nature of global knowledge netwoks, beyond “na1onal systems of innova1on”
The Ra1onale -‐ 1: which basics?
8me!…
… and space!
With people, ins8tu8ons and incen8ves !
The Ra1onale -‐ 2: …but what is changing?
The nature of knowledge production and usage is changing: innovation is more open, more global and involves a growing range of players .
Networking and coopera1on are becoming more important for successful innova1on: users and suppliers play a
growing role (e.g., Eric Von Hippel, 2005).
This also affects the financing of S&T and technical change:
a greater range of instruments and policies are emerging,
markets and intermediaries are evolving rapidly.
The structure of the talk
1. PEOPLE: improved funding and equity for enlarged par8cipa8on rates and learning;
2. KNOWLEDGE & IDEAS: strengthening
knowledge explora8on and exploita8on through inclusive knowledge networks;
3. LINKAGES & BOUNDARIES: strengthening
linkages at local and global levels, together with ins8tu8onal integrity.
…a policy mix facilita1ng systems linkages to strengthen societal trust for growth
1. PEOPLE
New PhDs by 10.000 labor force
Fontes: NSF/NIH/USED/USDA/NEH/NASA, 2008 Survey of Earned Doctorates; Eurostat; GPEARI/MCTES
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Reconhecimentos/equivalências/Registos Realizados em Universidades Portuguesas Total
Portugal: New PhDs (1970-‐2009)
Portugal: total PhDs (1970-‐2009)
No. doctorates who obtained their degree in Portuguese Universi8es: 1970 -‐ 2008 14 147
Doctorates working in R&D ac1vi1es in Portugal (2009) 12 277
Doctorates working in non-‐related R&D ac1vi1es in Portugal , or in other situa1ons 988
Doctorates working abroad (2009) 521
Doctorates with non-‐iden1fied professional situa1on 361
No. doctorates who obtained their degree abroad and registered their degree in Portugal:
1970-‐2008 4 206
Portuguese na1onality 3491 Foreign na1onality 313
Doctorates working in R&D ac1vi1es in Portugal (2009) 3210
Doctorates working in non-‐related R&D ac1vi1es in Portugal , or in other situa1ons 555
Doctorates working abroad (2009) 148
Doctorates with non-‐iden1fied professional situa1on 293
No. doctorates who obtained their degree abroad and working in Portugal (2009) 1 836 Doctorates with foreign na1onality working in R&D ac1vi1es in Portugal (2009) 1523
Doctorates with foreign na1onality working in non-‐related R&D ac1vi1es in Portugal (2009) 313
No. doctorates who obtained or registered their degree in Portugal and are working abroad 669
Profi1ng from the “ Diasporas ” abroad…
Switzerland:
• Swissnex - Switzerland’s Knowledge Network
• GIAN - The Geneva International Academic Network Germany:
• GAIN – German Academic International Network Canada:
• ISTP Canada – Intl. S & T Partnerships Canada Inc.
Portugal:
• PAPS; ParsUK (Doctoral and post-doctoral networks)
…building “Knowledge Networks” between research students
and scientists abroad and national R&D institutions and industry
Ratio of total students enrolled at Tertiary Education by 20-29 year-old population (2004)
0,45
0,41
0,25
0,06
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5
Finland Ne
w Zealand US (2006)
US Sw
eden Norw
ay Ru
ssia
Russia (2006) Greece
Au stralia
Iceland Denmark
Po land UK
UK (2006) Be
lgium Ca
nada Israel
Ire land
Sp ain Netherlands
Italy Hungary
France Po
rtugal Japan Japan (2006)
EU -25
Germ any
Germ any (200
6) Ch
ile Au
stria Sw
itzerland Cz
ech Republic Slovak Republic
Turkey Me
xico Bra
zil Ko
rea
China (2006) Ch
ina India India (2006) Source: OECD and Eurostat (w/ approximations of population)
But, …also consider the basic issue:
Large differences in societal engament in HE!
Proposition 1
Students maver!...and we need to enlarge access to HE
• Which economics for tertiary education?
How to raise private funding?
…and how to guarantee a better share of public and private funding?
Which share of institutional and competitive funding sources?
• Free education to all students, by guaranteeing graduates to share the costs? (Nick Barr, LSE)
…but, which share of grants/loans?...
• Diversify, diversify, diversify…
(access - new publics; institutions; incentives…)
• The “hidden” barriers : basic & secondary education…
…the need to “open” students paths and choices!
• NEW ACCESS REGIME FOR ADULTS
-‐ about 12.000 new adults entered Ter1ary Educa1on since 2007-‐2008
-‐ 10.850 in 2006-‐2007
(while, just 900 in 2005-‐2006)
• NEW LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR SHORT VOCATIONAL CYCLES -‐ (CETs) -‐ More than 4.800 admived students since 2007
-‐ Around 150 CETs in Ter1ary Educa1on Ins1tu1ons
• NEW STUDENT LOANS SYSTEM
-‐ 3.500 loans contracted per year, since November 2007
Example of policies: Opening-‐up Ter1ary Educa1on in Portugal
• THE BOLOGNA PROCESS: dynamic and on-going…
- 87% of initial educational programs in 2007-2008; 100% in 2009!
…and beyond:
But the issue is also: …How people learn?
Case Study: carbon-‐reduced supply chain and lightweight materials in autoparts
TARGETS:
- Vehicle weight reduction: 10%
- Logistics cost reduction: 20%
- Reduction of energy in manufacturing: 20%
- CO2 reduction along the supply chain: 30%
Source: MPP, www.mitportugal.orgProposition 2
“how people learn?” mavers and require diversified ins1tu1ons and learning systems
• But we also need to reduce drop-out (failure) rates in tertiary education…
…and to involve students in research activities since their early stages at our institutions.
• education at all levels must consider that learning a new practice requires moving through discovery, invention, and production not once, but many times, in different contexts and different
combinations.
2. KNOWLEDGE & IDEAS
Publica1ons growth rate by million inhabitants
European Union countries, 2004-‐2009
Source: Thomson ISI Reuters; GPEARI / MCTES-‐
139%
121%
88% 85%
70%
63%
56%
51% 51%
45% 44% 42%
39% 34% 32% 32%
28% 27% 27% 26% 25%
18% 16% 15%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
160%
Lituânia Chipre Portugal Malta Eslovénia República Checa Estónia Grécia Polónia Letónia Espanha Eslováquia Irlanda Holanda Itália Bélgica Hungria Alemanha Áustria França Dinamarca Finlândia Reino Unido Suécia
Total number of publica8ons by million inhabitants
1831 1777 1578 1537 1528 1311 1306 1248 1154 931 869 852 832 758 729 703 694 683 580 465 450 428 421 203 139
1,588 1,427 1,338 1,145 1,099 1,133 987 734 906 730 690 566 580 573 281 373 426 437 263 364 188 301 279 110 96
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Suécia Dinamarca Finlândia Holanda Irlanda Reino Unido Bélgica Eslovénia Áustria Alemanha França Grécia Espanha Itália Luxemburgo Portugal República Checa Estónia Chipre Hungria Lituânia Eslováquia Polónia Malta Letónia
2009 2004
Source: Thomson ISI Reuters.
If ability, and not the circumstances of family fortune, determines who shall receive higher educa1on, then we shall be assured of constantly
improving quality at every level of scien8fic ac8vity.
Vannevar Bush to President Harry Truman
July 5, 1945
Example of policy instruments: Research Assessments in Portugal
Research Assess.
Example of policy instruments: ins8tu8onal development
Period Main institutional breakthrough
80s – 90s
Non for profit institutions, fostered through academic research(a leading example is INESC, as created in 1980)
1995 – 2005
Associate Laboratories, to foster research excellence through networks of academic research centres
(as created since 1999, with a few initial developments in biomedical and physical science, but reaching 25 Laboratories by 2007)
2006 –…
University Foundations (Independent Legal Status)
(includes three leading examples in 2008, including University of Porto, University of Aveiro and ISCTE business school)
International partnerships, as thematic research and advanced training networks
(includes partnerships with MIT, CMU, Harvard and UT Austin in emerging themes, including ICTs, energy, bioengineering, design, clinical research)
