Telugu dictionary[1] pdf

Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~

W~w¡+¨∞ - `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞

ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞

Kı‰õÄi O®=∂O®=Ù

ã¨Ç¨Ü«µHí∞Å∞

XO°∞Qõ∞ Éèß㨯O∑

kfifÜ«µ =∞∞„^°} Ǩi+¨¯O°Î

|∂^°O®A O®^è•Hí$+¨‚

ã¨~áå^°Hí =∞~_«e

H≥.NxÇÍã¨O≥_ç¤

(Híhfi#O∑)

l.Ü«µãπ.=O°^®KÍi

ã≤.O®Ñ¶¨∞"åKÍi

S.Ç‹~Hí„>Ï=Ù

PO∑.q.O®=∂O®=Ù

P~„^谄Ǩ^Õâò „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞

5-9-166, KÍÃÑÖòO’_ü, <®~Ǩe¡ ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü - 500 001

2004

Patrika Padakosam

English - Telugu

Editor : Chekuri Rama Rao

Assistance : Orugu Bhaskar

Editorial Board : K.Srinivasa Reddy, convenor G.S.Varadachari C.Raghavachari I.Venkata Rao R.V.Rama Rao Ó ÓÓ

ÓÓ : Press Academy of Andhra Pradesh

First Publication : February, 1998

Revised edition : November, 2004

Revised by : Budaraju Radha Krishna

Cover Design : Mohan

Type Setting : Nallomotu Raghu Ramaiah (040-2416 0318)

Printed at : Akruthi Offset Printers Chikkadpally, Hyderabad (040-2766 4525)

For Copies:

● Press Academy of Andhra Pradesh 5-9-166, Chapel Road, Nampally Hyderabad - 500 001

✆ 23298672; 23298673

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Price: Rs. 150

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Å∞Qõ∞ k#Ǩ„uHíÅÖ’ ǨxKı¿ã [O°fleã¨∞ìÅHí∞ O’AÇÍs ǨxÖ’ LǨܡ∂QõǨ_Ë =∞~z Ǩ^°H’â◊~ XHí>˜ KıuH˜ J~^°∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’ L~_ÍÅ#flk áå„uHıÜ«µ∞Å~^°i zO°HßÅÇÍ~Kè«. WÖÏ~>˜ Ǩ^°H’âÍÅ Hí∂O°∞ÊHí∞ =ºHí∞ΊǨO°~Qå, ã¨~ã¨÷ŠǨO°~Qå J<ËHíÇ‹∞·# „Ǩܫµ`ÍflÅ∞ [iQåܵ. WǨÊ>˜Hı HÁxfl Ǩ^°H’âÍÅ∞ „ǨK«∞i`Œ=∞Ü«∂ºÜµ Hí∂_Í.

Jܵ`Ë ã¨=∞„Qõ Ǩ^°H’â◊~ XHí ^®xx O°¥á⁄~k~K«=Åã≤# P=â◊ºHí`Œ L~^°x, HßÖÏ#∞Qõ∞}Ç‹∞·# =∂O°∞ÊÅHí∞ J#∞Qõ∞}~Qå Éèß+¨, Ǩ„uHß O°K«#ÅÖ’ O®=Åã≤# =∂O°∞ÊÅ#∞ ^°$+≤ìÖ’ L~K«∞Hí∞x ZǨÊ>˜HíǨC_«∞ Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’ =∂O°∞Ê KıO°∞ÊÅ∞ [O°Qõ=Åã≤ L~^°x „Ǩ=∞∞Y áå„uHıÜ«µ∞Å∞ ǨÅ∞=ÙO°∞ PHß~H˜∆~KÍO°∞. P PHß~Hí∆Hí∞ J#∞Qõ∞}~Qå<Ë P~„^谄Ǩ^Õâò „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’âÍxfl O°¥á⁄~k~Kı Hí$+≤x KıǨ@ì_«~.

Zxq∞^Õà◊§ „H˜`Œ~ JHß_«g∞ UO°Ê_ç# `˘e<®à◊§Ö’<Ë, `˘e K‹·O°‡<ü H≥.NxÇÍãπ O≥_ç¤Qåi ѨÓxHí Çı∞O°Hí∞ „Ǩ=∞∞Y Éèßë® âÍGA˝Å∞ KıHí∂i O®=∂O®=Ù Qåi ã¨~áå^°Hí`Œfi~Ö’ Ǩ^°H’â◊~ O°¥Ñ¨Ùk^°∞ÌHí∞~k. PÜ«∂ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ k#Ǩ„uHíÅ ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞, J#∞Éèí=A˝Å∞, Éèß+¨A˝Å∞ Jܵ# HÁ~^°O°∞ ã‘xÜ«µO∑ [O°fleã¨∞ìÅ ã¨Ç¨ÏHßO°~`À 500 ¿ÑrÅHí∞ ÃÑ·|_ç# |$ǨÏ`ŒÎO° „Qõ~^ä°~Qå D Ǩ^°H’â◊~ Ç‹Å∞=_ç~k. D Hí$+≤x Ç‹∞∞`ŒÎ~g∞^° áå„uHıÜ«µ∞Å∞, Ǩ~_ç`Œ∞Å∞ Jaè#~k~KÍO°∞, P#~k~KÍO°∞. J#uHßÅ~Ö’<Ë Ç‹∞∞^°>˜ „Ç≤~>ò HßÇ‘Å∞ JܵáÈÜ«∂ܵ. Ǩ^°H’â◊~ s„Ç≤~>ò J=ã¨O®xfl HÁ<®flà◊∞§Qå [O°fleã¨∞ìÅ∞ J_»áå^°_«áå JHß_«g∞ ^°$+≤ìH˜ `ˇã¨∞Î<®flO°∞. JHß_«g∞ Hí∂_», [O°fleã¨∞ìÅ =$uÎǨO°Ç‹∞·# <ˇ·Ñ¨Ù}®ºxfl ÃÑ~K«_«Çı∞ ǨO°=∂=kèQå ÃÑ@∞ìHí∞#fl~^°∞#, Ǩ^°H’âÍxfl s„Ç≤~>ò KıÜ«µ_«~ `Œ# ^è°O°‡~Qå Éèßq~z~k. s„Ç≤~>ò Hí$+≤H˜ ã¨<®flǨÏ~Qå `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ k#Ǩ„uHíÅ ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å ã¨=∂Çıâ◊~ XHí ^®xx UO®Ê@∞Kıã≤ ÇÍi ã¨ÅǨ ã¨Ç¨ÏHßO®Å#∞ H’i~k. J_çy#^Õ `Œ_«=ÙQå ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞ Ǩ^°H’â◊~ `˘e„Ǩux ã¨g∞H˜∆~z =∞i~`Œ LǨܡ∂QõHíO°~Qå L~_«_ÍxH˜ KıÜ«µ=Åã≤# =∂O°∞Ê KıO°∞ÊÅ#∞ 㨥z~ K«_«~ [iy~k. qÅ∞Ç‹·# ã¨=∞Ü«∂xfl W~^°∞H’ã¨~ Ç‹zÛ~z, =∞e„Ǩu Ç‹Å∞=_«_«~Ö’ `À_«Ê_ç# „Ǩ=∞∞Y Ǩ„uHß ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å~^°iH© ¿ÑO°∞ ¿ÑO°∞<® JHß_«g∞ Hí$`Œ[˝`ŒÅ∞.

ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞ Kıã≤# 㨥K«#Å#∞ ^°$+≤ìÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ìHí∞x =∞e„Ǩux ã≤^°ú~Kı¿ã ÉÏ^è°º`Œ#∞ 'D<®_«∞— [O°fle[~ 㨥¯Å∞ „Ç≤xûáêÖòQå ǨxKıã≤ J#∞Éèí=~ Qõ_ç~z# „Ǩ=∞∞Y Éèßë® âÍGA˝Å∞ |¥^°O®A O®^èßHí$+¨‚ QåiH˜ JǨÊy~K«_«~ [iy~k. PO’Qõº~ J~`Œ~`Œ=∂„`ŒÇı∞ Jܵ<®, |¥^°O®A QåO°∞ FÇ≤HíQå, ÇıQõ~Qå Ǩ^°H’â◊~ ã¨~㨯O°} HßO°º„Hí=∂xfl ѨÓiÎKıâÍO°∞. D Hí$+≤Ö’ PÜ«µ#Hí∞ 'O°K«# [O°fle[~ Híà®âÍÅ— „Ç≤xûáêÖò QÀq~^°O®A K«„Hí^è°O∑ ã¨Ç¨Ü«µ Ǩ_ͤO°∞. ÇÍiO°∞=ÙiH© JHß_«g∞ `ŒO°Ñ¶¨Ù# ǨÏ$^°Ü«µÑ¨ÓO°fiHí ^è°#ºÇÍ^®Å∞.

Ǩ^°H’âÍxfl ã¨~㨯i~z =∞e„Ǩux ã≤^°ú~ KıÜ«µ_ÍxH˜ „Ǩ^èß#~Qå O≥~_«∞ =∞¥_«∞ ÅH∆ߺÅ#∞ Z~K«∞H’=_«~ [iy~k. Ç‹∞∞^°>˜k - [#O°Öò _çHí∆#sH˜ aè#fl~Qå XHí „Ç¨`˺Hí Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~Qå =∞ÅK«_ÍxH˜ „Ǩܫµufl~K«_«~. J=ã¨O°~ÖËx Ǩ^®Å∞ ÖË^® Ju™®^èßO°}

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WO`«Hõ<åfl =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ#q – „Ѩ^è•<å~ÀáêÅ =~°‚„Hõ=∞ ^ÀëêÅ∞† JO^Œ∞=Å¡ HÀâ◊OÖ’x JHÍ~åk „Hõ=∞O ^≥|ƒu#flk. „Ѩ^è•<å~ÀáêÅ H˜O^Œ WzÛ# Láê~ÀáêʼnõÄ "åºÑ≤Oz# D ^À+¨O=Å¡ =~°‚„Hõ=∂#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ "å\˜H˜ J@∂ W@∂ ™ê÷#K«Å#O HõeÊOK«=Åã≤ =zÛOk. qâı+¨º qâı+¨} ÉèË^ŒO QÆ∞iÎOK«x ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅ Hõ<åfl, „H˜Ü«∂Ѩ^•Å‰õΩ ÉèÏ"å~°÷HÍÅ`À, ÉèÏ= <å=∂ʼnõΩ „H˜Ü«∂ ~°∂áêÅ`À J~°÷ q=~°} KÕÜ«∞@O Z<Àfl™ê~°∞¡ ã¨=iOK«=Åã≤ =zÛ# qâıëêÅ∞. â◊H˜Î=OK«# ÖˉõΩO_® <å‰õΩ#fl ÉèÏëê*Ï˝<å#∞Éèí"åÅ#∞ ѨÙ~°ã¨¯iOK«∞H˘x KÕ`«<≥·#O`«QÍ ã¨O㨯~°} KÕÜ«∞QÆeQÍ#∞. Ѩ„uHÍ ã¨Oáê^Œ‰õΩÅ ã¨∂K«#Å∂, ã¨=~°}Å∂ <å ã¨O㨯~°} Ѩ^ŒúuH˜ J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ ÖËx ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_® <Õ#∞ ZÖÏO\˜ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∂ KÕ~°∞ÊÅ∂ KÕÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. ˆH=ÅO Ô~O_»∞ <≥ÅÖ’¡ ~ÀA‰õΩ ã¨QÆ@∞# 8 ¿ÑrÅ#∞ ã¨=iOK«=Åã≤ ~å=@O ##∞fl Z‰õΩ¯= ÉÏkèOzOk. J~Ú<å <åH© J=HÍâ◊O HõeÊOz# „ÃÑãπ JHÍ_»g∞ "åiH˜, K≥·~°‡<£ N "≥OHõ„\Ï=Ù QÍiH© Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ K≥ѨÊHõ `«Ñ¨Ê^Œ∞. D HÍ~°ºx~°fiǨÏ}Ö’ <å‰õΩ ™êÜ«∞=∞OkOK«\ÏxH˜ „ÃÑãπ JHÍ_»g∞ "å~°∞ ã¨=∞‰õÄiÛ# _®Hõì~ü QÀqO^Œ~åA K«„Hõ^èŒ~ü QÍiH˜ <å Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞.

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Ç‹∞∞`ŒÎ~ D Hí$+≤ HßO°}~Qå Ǩ^°H’â◊~ Ǩi=∂}~ `Œyæ~k. P Çı∞O°Hí∞ „Ǩ=∂}~, „Ǩܡ∂[#~ ÃÑiQåÜ«µx, áå„uHıÜ«µ∞Å∞, Éèß+¨A˝Å∞ Éèßq¿ãÎ, JHß_«g∞ ã¨~HíÅÊ~ <ˇO°Çıi#>ıì! D™®i Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’ HÁxfl [#O°Öò <®Öˇ_ç˚ J~âÍÅ#∞ Hí∂_Í *’_ç~K«_«~ „Ǩ`˺Hí`Œ. áå„u HıÜ«µ∞ÅHí∞ J#∞k#~ J=ã¨O°=∞Ü˵º =∞∫eHí ã¨=∂KÍO®xfl D Ǩ^°H’âÍxH˜ J#∞|~^è°~Qå KıO°Û_«~ [iy~k. D KıO°∞ÊÅ∞ Ǩ^°H’âÍxH˜ =∞i~`Œ LǨܫµ∞HíÎ`Œ#∞, ã¨=∞„Qõ`Œ#∞ `ËQõÅ=x Pâ◊.

Ǩ^°H’âÍxfl ã¨~㨯i~K«_«~, ѨÙ#O°∞‡„k~K«_«~ XHí<®>˜`À PyáÈÜ˵ HßO°º„Hí=∞~ Hß^°∞. J=ã¨O®xfl |>˜ì ZǨÊ>˜HíǨC_«∞ nxx ѨÙ#O°∞‡„k~K«=Åã≤# P=â◊ºHí`Œ L~_«<Ë L~@∞~k. JnHßHí, âÍG ™®~HıuHí O°~QåÅÖ’, PÖ’K«#ÅÖ’, x`Œºrq`Œ~Ö’ =ã¨∞Î#fl ÃÑ#∞=∂O°∞ÊÅHí∞ J#∞Qõ∞}~Qå Éèß+¨ ã¨Üµ`Œ~ =$kú K‹~^°∞`Œ¥<Ë L~@∞~k. D =∂O°∞ÊÅHí∞ J#∞Qõ∞}OQå Ǩ„uHíÅ¥ =∂O°∞ÊÅHí∞ Ö’#=Ù`Œ¥ L~>Ïܵ. g>˜H˜ J#∞Qõ∞}~Qå [O°fleã¨∞ìÅ∞ JÑπ_Ë>ò J=_«~, ÇÍiH˜ Kı^À_«∞ ÇÍ^À_«∞Qå JHß_«g∞ xÅ|_«=Åã≤ O®=_«~ JxÇÍO°ºÇ‹∞·# J=㨠O®Å∞. J~^°∞=Å¡ xO°~`ŒO° HßO°º„Hí=∞~Qå D Ǩ^°H’â◊~ O°¥Ç¨HíÅÊ# ™®Qõ=Åã≤ L~k. O®É’Ü˵ O’AÅÖ’ Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~ =∞i~`Œ ã¨=∞„Qõ`Œ#∞, P^è°∞xHí`Œ#∞ ã¨~`Œi~K«∞Hí∞x áå„uHıÜ«µ∞ÅHí∞ HíO°nÇ≤HíQå xÅ∞=QõÅ^°x Ptã¨∞Î<®fl#∞.

Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~ `˘e„Ǩu<Ë Hß^°∞, =∞e„Ǩux „ǨK«∞i~K«_«~Ö’ ã¨Üµ`Œ~ „¿ÑO°}Qå xez# H≥.NxÇÍãπ O≥_ç¤QåiH˜, „Ǩ`˺Hí „â◊^°ú K«¥Ç≤# Z~.q.PO∑.âÍ¢ã≤Î, H≥.O®=∞K«~„^°=∞¥iÎ, @~HíâÍÅ Jâ’H±, D_«∞ÊQõ~>˜ <®QÕâ◊fiO°O®=Ù, q.NxÇÍã¨O®=ÙÅHí∞ „Ǩ`˺Hí Hí$`Œ[˝`ŒÅ∞. ZǨÊ>˜=Öˇ JHß_«g∞ ã≤|ƒ~k D ѨÙã¨ÎHí „Ç¨K«∞O°}Ö’ Hí∂_Í „â◊q∞~KÍO°∞. ÇÍiH˜ Jaè #~^°#Å∞.

W#Qõ~>˜ Ç‹~Hí„>Ï=Ù

K‹·O°‡<ü

ÅHõ∆º™®^è°# kâ◊Ö’

Ǩ

„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅHí∞ xO°~`ŒO° =$uÎ <ˇ·Ñ¨Ù}º~ J=ã¨O°~. D ÅHí∆ º ™®^è°#H’ã¨~ „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ UO®Ê@∞ J=ã¨O°=∞x P~„^谄Ǩ^Õâò =i¯~Q∑ [O°fleã¨∞ìÅ Ü«µ¥xÜ«µ<ü Jaè „áåÜ«µ Ǩ_ç~k. Hí_«z# HÁ~`Œ HßÅ~Qå Kıã¨∞Î#fl D ܡ∂K«# ^®^®Ñ¨Ù O≥~_«∞ ã¨~=`Œû O®Å „H˜~^°@ P~„^谄Ǩ^Õâò „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ UO®Ê@∞Hí∞ ^ÀǨÏ^°Ç¨_ç~k.

D O≥~_«∞ ã¨~=`ŒûO®Å HßÅ~Ö’ „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅ∞ „Ǩ^èß#~Qå =∞# O®R~Ö’ JkèHí ã¨~YºÖ’ L#fl „Qåg∞} qÖËHíO°∞Å =$uÎ <ˇ·Ñ¨Ù}®ºxfl ÃÑ~K«_ÍxH˜ XHí L^°º=∞㨥ÊùiÎ`À Hí$+≤ Kıã≤~k. „Qåg∞} qÖËHíO°∞Å∞ Ǩ„uHß „ǨǨ~K«~Ö’ H©ÅHí áå„`Œ#∞ xO°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î<®flO°x =∞#~^°iH© `ˇÅ∞ã¨∞. ÇÍO°∞ `Œ=∞ =$uÎ <ˇ·Ñ¨Ù}º~ ÃÑ~K«∞H’=Å ã≤# J=ã¨O°~ L~k. W~^°∞H’ã¨~ „ÃÑãπJHß_«g∞ =∞∞~^°∞Qå =∞¥_«∞ HßO°º„Hí=∂Å#∞ KıǨ>˜ì~k. Ç‹∞∞^°>˜k tHí∆}† O≥~_«=k ѨÙã¨ÎHí „Ç¨K«∞O°}† =∞¥_«=k Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊ O°¥Ç¨HíÅÊ# - „ǨK«∞O°}.

tHí∆} HßO°º„Hí=∞~Ö’ O≥~_«∞ ÇıÅHí∞ ÃÑ·Qå „Qåg∞} qÖËHíO°∞Å∞ áåÖÁæ<®flO°∞. O®R~Ö’x Jxfl lÖÏ¡Ö’¡#∞ tHí∆} `ŒO°Qõ`Œ∞Å∞ [iQåܵ. „Ǩã≤^°ú ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞ ã‘xÜ«µO∑ Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅ∞ qq^è° O°~QåÖ’¡ x뮂`Œ∞Öˇ·# xѨÙ}∞Å∞ D `ŒO°Qõ`Œ∞Ö’¡ É’kè~z `Œ=∞ J#∞ÉèíÇÍxfl J~k~KÍO°∞. É’^è°#`Àáå@∞ [O°fle*ÏxH˜ ã¨~|~kè~z J=ã¨O°Ç‹∞·# É’^è°# ™®=∞„y - J~>ı, JK«∞ÛáåOîßÅ∞ - O°¥á⁄~k~KÍÅx JHß_«g∞ Éèßq~z~k. Ǩ„uHß O°K«#Hí∞ ã¨~|~kè~z# qq^è° J~âÍÅ g∞^° xѨÙ}∞Å∞ „ÇÍã≤# áåOîßÅ#∞ z#fl ѨÙã¨ÎHßÅ∞Qå „Ç¨K«∞i~z~k.

`ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’ =∞~z xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ∞ ÖËx Ö’@∞ KÍÖÏ L~k. Wk Ǩ~_ç`Œ∞ÖË J~wHí i~z# ÇÍã¨Î=~. W~w¡+¨∞ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù Hí∂_Í ã¨=∞„QõÇ‹∞·~k Un ÖË^°~>ÏO°∞. XHí>˜ O≥~_«∞ Ǩ„uHíÅ∞, Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅHí∞ LǨܫµ∞HíÎÇ‹∞·# Ǩ^°H’âÍÅ#∞ `ŒÜ«∂O°∞ KıâÍܵ. Jܵ`Ë âÍG ™®~HıuHí Jaè=$kú *Ï~|=~`Œ∞x J~QõÅ`À Jaè=$kú K‹~^°∞ `Œ∞#fl ^°â◊Ö’ HÁ`ŒÎ ™®~HıuHí Ǩ^°*ÏÅ~ =zÛ Ç¨_«∞`À~k. D Ǩ^°*ÏÖÏxfl `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ áåOî°Hí∞ÅHí∞ JO°÷=∞Ü˵º suÖ’ LǨܡ∂y~K«_«~ Hí+¨ì™®^谺Nj∞·# Ǩx. ã‘xÜ«µO∑ Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅ∞ WÖÏ~>˜ Ǩ^°*ÏÖÏxfl ã¨$+≤ì~K«HíáÈÖË^°∞. Hßx P Ǩ^°*ÏÖÏxfl XHí¯KÀ@ KıiÛ Éèßq`ŒO®Å ÇÍiH˜ J~^°*Ë¿ã Ǩx=∂„`Œ~ [O°QõÖË^°∞. D Ö’@∞#∞ HÁ~`Œ =O°H≥·<® ѨÓ_«Û_ÍxH˜ „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ H’â◊xO®‡}~ J#fl |$ǨÏ`ŒÎO° ÉÏ^è°º`Œ#∞ KıǨ>˜ì~k.

U Éèß+¨Ö’ Jܵ<® J#∞x`Œº~ Z<ˇfl<Àfl HÁ`ŒÎ Ǩ^®Å∞ KıO°∞`Œ¥ L~>Ïܵ. D ^°$+≤ì`À K«¥ã≤#ǨC_«∞ U xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù Jܵ<® ã¨O°fiã¨=∞„Qõ~QÍ L~_«_ÍxH˜ P™®¯O°~ ÖË^°∞. JÖÏQõx Kı`Œ∞Å∞ =∞∞_«∞K«∞Hí∞x Hí∂O’ÛÖË~. J~^°∞Hı Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅHí∞ LǨ ܡ∂QõǨ_Ë Ç¨^°H’âÍxfl `ŒÜ«∂O°∞ KıÜ«∞_®xH˜ ™®Ç¨Ïã≤~KÍ~. WÖÏ~>˜ Ǩx KıǨ>˜ì#ǨC_«∞ `Œy# ã¨=∞Ü«µ~ J=ã¨O°~ J=Ù`Œ∞~k. Hßx Wk J#~`Œ~Qå HÁ#™®Qõ_ÍxH˜ gÖË¡^°∞.

P~„^谄Ǩ^Õâò „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ „ǨK«∞O°}Å∞

1. qÖËHíi ܡ∂Qõº`ŒÅ∞ - ã¨`Œºx+¨ª

2. qÖËHíi - =ºH˜Î`ŒfiqHßã¨~

3. „Qåg∞} qÖËHíO°∞Å∞ - ÇÍO®Î=#O°∞Å∞

4. qÖËHíi - K«>ÏìÅ∞

5. [O°fleã¨∞ìÅ <ˇ·uHí „Ç¨=O°Î# - xÜ«µ=∂=o

6. „ǨÉèí∞`Œfi~ - Ǩ„uHíÅ∞

7. ZÅ„HßìxH± g∞_çÜ«∂

8. Ǩ„uHß Éèß+¨

9. `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ Ǩ„uHß Éèß+¨ - 㨥K«#Å∞

10. Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~

11. U=∞~@∞<®flO°∞ Z_ç@O°∞¡?

12. P~„^è°Ç¨„uHí K«i„`Œ

13. P~„^è°*Ïu JHí∆O° ã¨~Ǩ^°- `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ Ǩ„uHíÅ∞

14. g∞_çÜ«∂ _≥·O≥Híìs

J~^°∞=Å¡ gÖˇ·#~`Œ `ŒHí∞¯= ã¨=∞Ü«µ~Ö’, J~>ı XHí ã¨~=`ŒûO° HßÅ~Ö’ D Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~ Ç‹Å∞=i~KÍÅx xO°‚ܵ~KÍ~. HßÅ~`À ǨO°∞Q≥uÎ`Ë `ŒÇ¨Ê Ѷ¨e`Œ~ L~_«^°#fl Éèß=#`À J#∞Hí∞#fl „ǨHßO°~ H’â◊xO®‡}~ ѨÓiÎKıâÍ~. W~^°∞Ö’ L~_Íeû# Ǩ^°*ÏÅ~ ã¨=∞„Qõ~Qå L~_«HíáÈ=K«∞Û. HÁxfl Ö’áåÅ∞ Hí∂_Í L~_«=K«∞Û. Hßx PO°~ aè~K«Hí∞~_«_»~ Hí<®fl, Kı`Œ<ˇ·# „Ǩܫµ`Œfl~ Kı¿ãÎ =∞~z^°#fl L^ÕÌâ◊~`À J#∞Hí∞#fl =º=kèÖ’ D Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~ O°¥á⁄~k~KÍ~.

D Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~ xO®‡}®xH˜ ã¨~áå^°Hí ÉÏ^è°º`ŒÅ∞ KıǨ@ì_ÍxH˜ „Ǩã≤^°ú Éèßë®âÍGÇı`ŒÎ, ™®Ç≤ÏfÇı`ŒÎ PKÍO°º KıHí∂i O®=∂O®=Ù J~wHíi~K«_«~ ã¨~`À+¨HíO°Ç‹∞·# q+¨Ü«µ~. Ju `ŒHí∞¯= ã¨=∞Ü«µ~Ö’ Ǩ^°H’â◊ xO®‡}~Ö’ L#fl Ǩiq∞`Œ∞Å Qõ∞i~z Kı. O®. QåO°∞ Qõ∞O°∞Î Kı㨥Î<Ë L<®flO°∞. Jܵ<® xs‚`ŒHßÅ~Ö’ Ǩ„uHßǨ^°H’â◊~ Ç‹Å∞= i~KÍÅ#fl L^ÕÌâ◊~`À ÇÍix `˘~^°O° ÃÑ@ìHí `ŒÇ¨ÊÖË^°∞. D |$ǨÏ`ŒÎO° HßO°º „Hí=∂xfl J#∞Hí∞#fl ã¨=∞Ü«µ~Ö’ ѨÓiÎ KıÜ«µ_ÍxH˜ J~wHíi~z ã¨Ç¨ÏHíi~z#~^°∞Hí∞ KıHí∂i O®=∂O®=ÙHí∞ Hí$`Œ[˝`ŒÅ∞ `ˇeÜ«µ*Ëã¨∞Hí∞~@∞<®fl~.

ã‘xÜ«µO∑ áå„uHıÜ«µ∞Å∞, qâÍÖÏ~„^è° ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞ ã≤.O®Ñ¶¨∞ÇÍKÍi, `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ qâ◊fiq^®ºÅÜ«µ~ [O°fle[~ qÉèßQõ~ JkèǨu l.Ü«∞ãπ.=O°^®KÍi, P~„^è°*’ºu ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞ S.Ç‹~Hí„>Ï=Ù, P~„^è°Éèí¥q∞ O≥ã≤_≥~>ò Z_ç@O∑ PO∑.q.O®=∂O®=Ù D Ǩ^°H’â◊~ ã¨~áå^°Hí =O°æ ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ∞Qå =º=ǨÏi~KÍO°∞. `Œ=∞ O’AÇÍs =$uÎÖ’ fiHí ÖËHí∞~_Í L~@¥ Hí∂_Í, Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~ xO®‡}®xH˜ `Œy# ã¨ÅǨÅ∞ WKÍÛO°∞.

D Ǩ^°H’â◊~ xO®‡}~Ö’ Ǩ^°ã¨~„QõǨÏ}Ö’ Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅ<Ë ÉèßQõ™®fi=∞∞ Å#∞ Kı¿ãÎ =∞i~`Œ „Ǩܡ∂[#HíO°~Qå L~@∞~^°#fl Pâ◊`À J#∞Éèí=A˝Öˇ·# Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅ ã¨Ç¨Ü«µ~ Ji÷~KÍ~. H≥.NxÇÍãπ (L^°Ü«µ~), a.Zãπ.O®=∞K«~„^°O®=Ù (P~„^è°Éèí¥q∞), ã≤.ÃÇÏK£.q.q.ã¨`Œº<®O®Ü«µ} (P~„^è°*’ºu), >˜.â◊~HíO° <®O®Ü«µ} (P~„^谄ǨÉèí). Z<ü.*’º`Íûfl^Õq (PHßâ◊ÇÍ}˜), Z<ü.ÉÏc˚O®A (P~„^谄ǨÉèí), >˜.Ç≤.qOî°Öò, (P~„^谄ǨÉèí =∂r), Ü«µ~.Ç≤.™®O°kè (qâÍÖÏ~„^è°). Ç≤.Z.q.=Å¡ÉèßKÍO°∞ºÅ∞ (P~„^谄ǨÉèí ÇÍO°Ç¨„uHí) - Ǩ^° ã¨~„QõǨÏ}Ö’ ã¨Ç¨ÏHíi~KÍO°∞. gOÕHßHí z=i ^°â◊Ö’ _ç.#O°ã≤~Qõ O®=Ù, H≥.*’ºu, H≥.ã‘`ŒÅ∞ Hí∂_Í Ç¨^°ã¨~„QõǨÏ} KıâÍO°∞. Ǩ^°¿ãHíO°}Ö’#¥ ÇÍ>˜x ã¨iK«¥_«_«~Ö’#¥ a.Zãπ.O®=∞K«~„^°O®=Ù, >˜.Ç≤.qOî°Öò K«¥Ç≤# „â◊^°ú, WzÛ# `À_ÍÊ@∞#∞ „Ǩ`˺Hí~Qå Qõ∞O°∞Î KıÜ«µ_«~ =∂ qkè.

ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü Hı~„^° qâ◊fiq^®ºÅÜ«µ sÃãiÛ ™®¯ÅO∑ XO°∞Qõ∞ Éèß㨯O∑ JHí_«q∞H± Jã≤Ããì~>òQå Ǩ^°H’â◊xO®‡}~ XHí HÁeH˜¯ O®=_ÍxH˜ JǨϟO®„`Œ∞Å∞ Kıã≤# Hí$+≤ J##º ™®=∂#ºÇ‹∞·~k. PÜ«µ#Hí∞ „Ǩ`˺Hí~Qå Hí$`Œ[˝`ŒÅ∞ K‹Ç¨CHí∞~@∞<®fl~.

D xѶ¨∞~@∞ xO®‡}®xH˜ „áå*ˇHí∞ì xÇıkHí#∞ `ŒÜ«∂O°∞KıÜ«µ_«~ ^°QõæO°#∞~z ѨÓO°ÎÜ˵º =O°Hí∞ Jxfl ^°â◊Ö’¡#¥ ã¨~áå^°Hí =O°æ ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ∞ PO∑.q.O®=∂O®=Ù Hí#|iz#

8 9

Jq∞`ŒÇ‹∞·# „â◊^®úã¨Hí∞ÎÖË HÁO°=_ç#@¡Üµ`Ë D ã¨~HíÅÊ~ W~`Œ `ŒfiO°Qå <ˇO°ÇıOÕk Hß^°∞. D<®_«∞ =º=ǨO°H’â◊~ xO®‡}~Ö’ PÜ«µ#Hí∞#fl J#∞Éèí=~ Hí∂_Í W~^°∞Hí∞ Z~`À LǨHíi~z~k. PÜ«µ# `À_ÍÊ@∞Hí∞ qâı+¨ Jaè#~^°#Å∞ `ˇeÜ«µ*ËÜ«µ_«~ =∂ ÉÏ^è°º `ŒQå Éèßqã¨∞Î<®fl~. Ǩ^°H’âÍxfl ã¨iK«¥_«_«~Ö’ J~Éı^°¯O∑ ™®O°fi„uHí qâ◊fiq^®ºÅÜ«µ~ =∂r „á⁄ÃѶã¨O∑, „Ǩã≤^°ú Hí^äß O°K«Üµ`Œ Hı`Œ∞ qâ◊fi<®^ä°O≥_ç¤ `À_ÍÊ@∞#∞ Hí$`Œ[˝`Í Ñ¨ÓO°fiHí~Qå Qõ∞O°∞Î Kıã¨∞Hí∞~@∞<®fl~.

xѶ¨∞~@∞ xO®‡}~Ö’ ÃÑ·# `À_«Ê_ç# q∞„`Œ∞ÖË HßHí∞~_Í =∞O≥~^°O’ [O°fleã¨∞ì q∞„`Œ∞Å∞ Hí∂_Í ã¨Ç¨ÏHíi~KÍO°∞. ÇÍi ¿ã=Å#∞ JHß_«g∞ ZǨÊ>˜H© =∞izáÈÖË^°∞. xѶ¨∞~@∞ xO®‡}~ ™®y# D U_Ík HßÅ~Ö’ „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ HßO®ºÅÜ«µ ã≤|ƒ~k xifiO®=∞ Hí$+≤ KıâÍO°∞. HßO°º^°i≈ Z.ã¨`ͺO®=Ù, JHß_«g∞ W`ŒO° ã≤|ƒ~k Jaè#~^° hÜ«µ∞Å∞. Ǩ^°*ÏÖÏxfl Hí~ѨӺ@sHíi~K«_«~Ö’ Ü«µ∞=q∞„`Œ∞Å∞ ã≤.ÃÇÏK£.O®=∂O®=Ù, l.„ǨâÍ~`ü Hí∞=∂O∑ JÅ∞ÃÑO°QõHí∞~_Í Ç¨xKıâÍO°∞.

P~„^谄Ǩ^Õâò O®R =∞∞Yº=∞~„u N Z<ü.K«~„^°ÉÏ|∞ <®Ü«µ∞_«∞ „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ J=`ŒO°}Hí∞ HßO°Hí∞Å∞. „Ǩ„Ǩ^ä°=∞ JHß_«g∞ J^è°ºHí∆∞Å∞Qå ##∞fl xÜ«µq∞~KÍO°∞. D O≥~_Ëà◊§Ö’ „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ xO°fiÇ≤Ï~z#, xO°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î#fl qq^è° HßO°º„Hí=∂ÅHí∞ PÜ«µ# =ºH˜ÎQõ`Œ~Qå, „ǨÉèí∞`ŒfiǨO°~Qå WzÛ# <ˇ·uHí, Pi÷Híã¨Ç¨ÏHßO°~ =∞O°∞=ÖËxk. „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ `Œ# ÅH∆ߺŠ™®Ñ¶¨ÖϺxH˜ Kıã¨∞Î#fl Hí$+≤x ZǨÊ>˜HíǨC_«∞ PÜ«µ# „áÈ`ŒûÇ≤Ï㨥Î<Ë L<®flO°∞. ã¨~|~kè`Œ „ǨÉèí∞`Œfi JkèHßO°∞Å∞ Hí∂_Í J=ã¨O°Ç‹∞·# ã¨Ç¨Ü«∂xfl =∂Hí∞ J~k~KÍO°∞. ÇÍO°~^°iH© Hí$`Œ[˝`ŒÅ∞.

„ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ ™®÷Ǩ#H’ã¨~ „ǨÉèí∞`Œfi~ UO®Ê@∞Kıã≤# „Ǩ`˺Hí Híq∞>©Ö’ ã¨Éèí∞º_«∞Qå L#flǨÊ>˜ #∞~Kı Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅH’ã¨~ XHí „Ç¨`˺Hí xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù#∞ O°¥á⁄~k~KÍÅ<Ë L^ÕÌâ◊~ <®Hí∞ L~_Ëk. Jk WǨÊ>˜H˜ ™®^谺Nj∞·~k. J~^°∞Hí∞ =ºH˜ÎQõ`Œ~Qå <®Hí∞ KÍÖÏ ã¨~`À+¨~Qå L~k. qq^è° âÍ„™®ÎÅHí∞ ã¨~|~kè~z# ™®~HıuHí Ǩ^°*ÏÖÏxfl KıO°Û_ÍxH˜ qq^è° áåiÉèß+≤Hí Ǩ^°H’âÍÅ#∞ P^èßO°~Qå fã¨∞Hí∞<®fl~. D Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’ 25 ÇıÅ ÃÑ·zÅ∞Hí∞ Ǩ^®Å∞<®flܵ. W~Hß KıO®Ûeû#q J<ËHí~ L~_˘K«∞Û. nx „Ǩܡ∂[<®xfl xO°‚ܵ~K«=Åã≤~k Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÖË. D Ǩ^°H’â◊~ xO®‡}~Ö’ L#fl Ǩiq∞`Œ∞Å#∞, =º=kèx ã¨Ç¨Ï$^°Ü«µ~`À JO°÷~ Kıã¨∞Hí∞x `Œy# ã¨ÅǨÅ∞ W¿ãÎ =∞e =∞∞„^°}Ö’ nxfl =∞i~`Œ xO°∞Ì+¨ì~Qå, ã¨=∞„Qõ~Qå O°¥á⁄~k~K«_ÍxH˜ gÅ∞~@∞~k.

Jaè=~^°#Å`À

ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^°∞

ã¨~áå^°H©Ü«µ~

Éèß

ë®aè=$kúH˜ xѶ¨∞~@∞ xO®‡}~ XHí ™®^è°#~. `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’ O°HíO°HßÅ xѶ¨∞~@∞

=ÙÅ∞ O®=Åã≤# J=ã¨O°~ KÍÖÏ L~k. P kâ◊Qå XHí z#fl „Ǩܫµ`Œfl~ D

Ǩ„uHß Ç¨^°H’â◊~. Wk W~w¡+¨∞ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ kfiÉèßë® xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù. W~`ŒHí∞ =∞∞~^°∞

W~w¡+¨∞ – `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ∞ KÍÖÏ L<®flܵ. ÇÍ>˜Ö’ ZHí∞¯=ÉèßQõ~ Qõ`Œ

â◊`Í|Ì~Ö’ `ŒÜ«∂O≥·#q. D â◊`Í|Ì~Ö’ =zÛ# xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ∞ ZHí∞¯=ÉèßQõ~ UÇ’

xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅHí∞ J#∞ÇÍ^®Å∞ =∂„`ŒÇı∞. =∞iHÁxfl xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ∞ HÁ`ŒÎQå

`ŒÜ«∂O°∞Kıã≤# =∂@ x[Çı∞Qåx ÇÍ>˜ Ǩikè KÍÖÏ ã¨~Hí∞z`Œ~.

`ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’ Ǩ„uHßO°K«# qã¨Îi~z~k. O°HíO°HßÅ k# ÇÍO° ǨHí∆ =∂ã¨Ç¨„uHíÅ∞

W>©=e O≥~_«∞ ^°âÍÉÏÌÖ’¡ ZHí∞¯Ç‹·<®Üµ. D Ǩ„uHíÅÖ’ O°HíO°HßÅ ji¬HíÅ∞ Hí∂_Í

qã¨Îi~KÍܵ. D Ǩ„uHíÖ’¡ HÁ`ŒÎQå Kıi ǨxKı¿ãÇÍO°∞ `Œ=∞Hí∞ W~`ŒHí∞ =∞∞~^°∞

`ˇeÜ«µx J<ËHí q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ Qõ∞i~z ÇÍO°ÎÅ∞, ÇͺYºÅ∞, ji¬HíÅ∞ xO°fiÇ≤Ï~KÍeû

L~@∞~k. WǨC_«∞ Ǩ„uHß O°K«Üµ`ŒÅHí∞ L^ÀºQõ J=HßâÍÅ∞ ÃÑO°Qõ_«~`À áå@∞

ÉÏ^è°º`ŒÅ∞ Hí∂_Í ÃÑiQåܵ. U q^®º=~`Œ∞_çH≥·<® D HßÅ~Ö’ U XHí¯ âÍG~

Ö’#¥ Ö’`ˇ·# „ǨÇıâ◊~ ã¨~áåܵ~K«@~ Hí+¨ì~. Hßx [O°fleã¨∞ìÅHí∞ Jxfl

âÍ„™®ÎÅ#∞ Qõ∞i~z J~`À W~`À `ˇeã≤ L~_Íeû# J=ã¨O®xfl P^è°∞xHí q*Ï˝#~

HíeÊ~z~k. [~°fleã¨∞ìÅ∞ `Œ=∞ L^ÀºQõ ^è°O°‡~Qå J<ËHí ÇÍO®Î~âÍÅ#∞, q*Ï˝#

q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ Ǩ„uHíÖ’¡ J#∞ÇÍ^°~ KıÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨O°~ L~@∞~k. D

J#∞ÇÍ^®xH˜ ÅHí∆ º Éèß+¨Ö’ `Œy# Ǩ^®Å∞ HßÇÍe. P Ǩ^®Å∞ =ºHíÎ~ Kı¿ã

Éèß=#Å¥ JO°÷~ HßÇÍe. D O≥~_«∞ ÅH∆ߺÅ#∞ ™®kè~K«_ÍxH˜ ã¨=∂# Ǩ^°

xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù ã¨iáÈ^°∞. Ju q=O°}®`Œ‡Hí xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ∞ JÅqHßHí∞~_Í áÈ`Íܵ.

Jq XHÁ¯Hí¯ âÍ„™®ÎxH˜ q_ç q_çQå ™®^è°º~ J=Ù`Íܵ. XHı xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’ WKıÛ

q=O°}Å∞ q+¨Ü«µ~ 㨥÷Å~Qå `ˇe¿ã~`Œ ã¨=∞„Qõ~Qå#¥ L~_Íe, Hí∞¡Ç¨Î~Qå#∞

L~_Íe. D O≥~_«∞ ÅH∆ߺÅH’ã¨~ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ [O°fleã¨∞ìÅHí∞ =∞∞Yº~Qå =$uÎÖ’

„ǨÇıt~Kı HÁ`ŒÎ ÇÍiH˜ XHí xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù `ŒÜ«∂O°∞ KıÜ«µ_ÍxH˜ „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞

ѨÓ#∞Hí∞#flk. D ÅHí∆ º ™®^è°# J`Œº~`Œ H˜¡+¨ìÇ‹∞·#k. ^®xH˜ qã¨Î $`Œ „áåuǨkHí

J=ã¨O°~. J<ËHí ^ÕâÍÖ’¡ „áå=∂}˜Hí xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ K«i„`Œ#∞ Ǩije¿ãÎ U

xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ó XHí ^°âÍ|Ì~ ֒ѨÙQå |Ü«µ@Hí∞ =zÛ# ^®YÖÏÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. Éèßë®*Ï˝#~

L#fl Ǩ~_ç`Œ∞Å∞ J<ËHí∞Å∞ XHí KÀ@ Hí∂O°∞Ûx `Œ=∞ ѨÓiÎHßÖÏxfl qxܡ∂yã¨∂Î

ã¨∞nO°…HßÅ~ qq^è° =∞¥ÖÏÅ #∞~z Ǩ^®Å#∞, „Ǩܡ∂QåÅ#∞ ã¨~„QõÇ≤Ï~z ÇÍ>˜x

`ˇ·áåO°∞Çıã≤ ѨÙ#óѨÙ#ó Ǩije~z xQõ∞æ^ÕeÛ „Ǩ=∂}©Híi~K«=Åã≤ L~@∞~k.

L#fl =º=kèÖ’, J~>ı XHí¯ U_Ík֒ѨÙ<Ë, L#fl =#O°∞Å`À J<ËHí∞Å ã¨Ç¨ÏHßO°~`À

[O°fleã¨∞ìÅ ™œHíO°º~ H’ã¨~ J=ã¨O°Ç‹∞·# D xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù#∞ O°¥á⁄~k~K«QõeQå~.

xѶ¨∞~@∞ „Ǩ=∂}®Å ^°$ë®ìº K«¥¿ãÎ KÍÖÏ Ö’áåÖË HíxÇ≤™®Îܵ. xѶ¨∞~@∞

„Ǩܡ∂[<®Å ^°$ë®ìº K«¥¿ãÎ W~`ŒHí∞ =∞∞~^°∞ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅÖ’ ÖËx J<ËHí ™œHí

O®ºÅ∞ D H’â◊~Ö’ HíxÇ≤™®Îܵ. „áå=∂}˜Hí`Œ#∞ ™®kè~K«ÖËx =∂ Jâ◊HíÎ`Œ#∞

=∞xfl~K« QÀO°∞`Œ∞<®fl~. ™®kè~z# „Ǩܡ∂[Hí`Œ#∞ qxܡ∂y~K«QÀO°∞`Œ∞<®fl~.

`ÍuÎ fiHí~Qå JxÇ≤~KÍÅx Hß^°∞Hßx „ǨǨ~K«~Ö’ ã¨=∞„Qõ`Œ J<Ëk ÃÑ@∞ìH’

^°Åz# ÅHí∆ ºÇı∞Qåx ™®kè~K«^°y# J~â◊~ Hß^°x „Ǩ`˺Hí~Qå K‹Ç¨ÊHí¯O°ÖË^°∞.

xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ q+¨Ü«µ~Ö’ Wk ǨO°=∞ã¨`Œº~. D xѶ¨∞~@∞=Ù q+¨Ü«µ~Ö’ Wk

=∞s x[~.

D Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’ k#Ǩ„uHí „Ç¨^èß# ÇÍO°ÎÖ’¡ HíxÇ≤~Kı ™®^èßO°} Ǩ^®Å∞

W~w¡+¨∞ k# Ǩ„uHíÅ #∞~z qiqQå ¿ãHíi~KÍ~. Pi÷Hí O®[H©Ü«∂k ™®~Ѷ≤∞Hí

âÍ„™®ÎŠǨ^°*ÏÅ~, W`ŒO° Éè“uHí r=âÍ„™®ÎŠǨ^°*ÏÅ~, Ǩ„uHíÅ#∞~_ç ¿ãHíi~z

#q HßHí W`ŒO° „Ǩ`˺Hí xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ #∞~_ç Hí∂_Í „QõÇ≤Ï~KÍ~. L#fl HÁkÌ

=º=kèÖ’ „Ǩ`˺Hí âÍG Ǩ^®ÅH’ã¨~ Ǩ„uHíÅ g∞^° =∂„`ŒÇı∞ P^èßO°Ç¨_ç`Ë Z<Àfl

=∞∞YºÇ‹∞·# Ǩ^®Å#∞ =keÇı¿ã „Ǩ=∂^°~ L~k. W`ŒO° âÍG „Qõ~^äßÅ #∞~z

„QõÇ≤Ï~z# Ǩ^®Å∞ ™®^èßO°} Ǩ„uHß Çͺ™®Ö’¡ O®^°y# ÇÍ>˜<Ë „QõÇ≤Ï~KÍ~. D

=∂ xO°‚Ü«µ~ J~`Œ ã¨iQåæ áå@~K«|_ç~^°x K‹Ç¨ÊÖË~. =∂ Ǩ^° ã¨~„QåǨÏHí∞Å∞

J`Œ∞º`ÍûǨÏ~`À ¿ãHíi~z# QõǨÏ#Ç‹∞·# âÍG Ǩ^®Å#∞ ™®^谺Nj∞·#~`Œ=O°Hí∞

`˘Åy~KÍ~. W~Hß q∞yeáÈܵ#q L~>ı L~_«=K«∞Û.

XHí W~w¡+¨∞ =∂@ É’kè~Kı JO°÷ ã¨O°fi™®fixfl KÍÖÏKÀ@¡ XHı `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞=∂@`À

K‹Ç¨Ê@~ Hí+¨ì=∞ܵ~k. ã¨fiÅÊ JO°÷Éèı^®Å`À L#fl J<ËHí ã¨=∂#Ǩ^®Å#∞

`ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’ WzÛ# ã¨~^°O®ƒùÅ∞ KÍÖÏ L<®flܵ. Wq L^ÕÌt~z# =∂@#∞ ѨÓiÎQå

JO°÷~ Kıã¨∞H’=_ÍxH˜ =∂„`ŒÇı∞ HßHí J#∞ÇÍ^° ã¨~^°O®ƒùxH˜ J#∞Ç‹·# =∂@#∞

Z~K«∞H’=_ÍxH˜ Hí∂_Í `À_«Ê_«`Íܵ. KÍÖÏKÀ@¡ =∞∞YºÇ‹∞·# âÍGǨ^®ÅHí∞

Hí∞¡Ç¨Î~Qå q=O°}Å∞ WKÍÛ~. D q=O°}Å∞ KÍÖÏ=O°Hí∞ P Ǩ^°~Qåx Ǩ^°|~^è°~

Qåx L^ÕÌt~z# ÉèßÇÍxfl 㨥÷Å~Qå JO°÷~ Kıã¨∞H’=_ÍxH˜ ǨxHÁ™®Îܵ. W~Hß

Ö’`Œ∞Qå JO°÷~ Kıã¨∞H’ÇÍÅ~>ı PÜ«∂ „Ǩ`˺Hí âÍGxѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅ#∞ ã¨~„Ǩ

k~KÍeû =ã¨∞Î~k. HÁxfl Ǩ^®Å∞ 㨥÷Å ^°$+≤ì`À K«¥¿ãÎ JO°÷Ç‹∞·#>ıì HíxÇ≤™®Îܵ

Hßx P =∂@ÅHí∞#fl Ǩiq∞`Œ∞Å∞, q=O°}Å∞ K«¥_«@~ =Å¡ =∞i~`Œ qâ◊^°

=∞=Ù`ÍÜ«µ#fl L^ÕÌâ◊~`À `ˇeã≤#>ıì HíxÇ≤~z# =∂@ÅHí∞ Hí∂_Í JO°÷<ˇ·t`Œº~

H’ã¨~ q=O°}Å∞ KıO®Û~.

D Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’ HíxÇ≤~Kı W~w¡+¨∞ =∂@Åxfl~>˜H© `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’ ã¨=∂<®O°÷Hí

â◊ÉÏÌÅ∞ `ŒÜ«∂O°∞HßÖË^°∞. `ŒÜ«∂O°Üµ#q ^˘iH˜`Ë WKÍÛ~. Ǩ^°ã¨~„QåǨÏHí∞Å∞

`ŒÜ«∂O°∞Kıã≤#q ܡ∂Qõº=∞#∞Hí∞#fl ÇÍ>˜x H’â◊~Ö’ KıO®Û~. ã¨~^°O®ƒùxfl J#∞ã¨

i~z ã¨~áå^°Hí∞Å∞, HÁ~^°O°∞ ã¨~áå^°Hí =∞~_«e ã¨Éèí∞ºÅ∞, JǨC_«Ç¨C_«¥ W`ŒO°

Ǩ~_ç`Œ∞Å¥ 㨥z~z#q Hí∂_Í W~^°∞Ö’ KıO®Û~. D Ǩ^®ÅHí∞ „Ǩܡ∂Qõ

ܡ∂Qõº`Œ L~^À ÖË^À#<Ë q+¨Ü«µ~ HßÅÇı∞ xO°‚ܵã¨∞Î~k. HÁxfl Ǩ^®Öˇ·<® xÅ∞™®Î

Ü«µ#fl Pâ◊ =∂Hí∞~k. HÁ`ŒÎQå O®¿ãÇÍiH˜ KıuH˜ J~^°∞ÉÏ\’¡ L~>ÏÜ«µ<Ë Pâ◊`À

D ǨxKıâÍ~. Jܵ`Ë ™®^è°º~Hßx KÀ@¡ q=O°}Å∞ =∂„`ŒÇı∞ WKÍÛ~.

XHı „ǨǨ~KÍxfl aè#fl Éèß+¨Å∞ O°HíO°HßÅ∞Qå Ǩije™®Îܵ. Ǩ^®Ö’¡ =ºHíÎ

ǨO°∞™®Îܵ. XHí Éèß+¨Ö’ <®=∞~ Jܵ~k W~H’ Éèß+¨Ö’ „H˜Ü«µQå#∞ ÖËHí „H˜Ü«µ

<®=∞~Qå#∞ =ºHíÎ~ Hß=_«~ `ŒO°K«∞Qå HíxÇ≤~Kı XHí Ǩ^°úu. =∞¥ÅÉèß+¨Ö’ Ǩ^®

ÅHí∞ ÇÍ>˜ Éèßë®ÉèßQåefl ã¨O°fi„`Í ã¨¥z~KÍÖÏ ÖË^® J<Ë xO°‚Ü«µ~ ã¨HßÅ~Ö’

fã¨∞H’ÖËHíáÈÜ«∂~. J~^°∞=Å¡ D Éèßë®ÉèßQåxfl 㨥z~Kı Qõ∞O°∞ÎÅ∞ J=ã¨O°Ç‹∞·#

Jxfl KÀ>Ï¡ HíxÇ≤~K«=Ù. xѶ¨∞~@∞ âÍG ^°$ë®ìº K«¥¿ãÎ Wk xÜ«µ=∞áåÅ<®

֒ǨÇı∞. Jܵ`Ë D H’â◊~ W~w¡+¨∞Ö’ O®¿ã ÇÍiH˜ HßHí `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ [O°fleã¨∞ìÅHí∞

=∂„`ŒÇı∞ L^ÕÌt~K«_«~ =Å¡, D ֒Ǩ~ L^ÕÌt~z# „Ǩܡ∂[<®xH˜ U=∞~`Œ

Éèí~QõHíO°~ Hß^°x Éèßqã¨∞Î<®fl~.

D Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’ ™®^èßO°} xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’ ^˘iHı =∂@Åhfl L~_«=Ù.

J~`Œ=∂„`Œ~ Kı`Œ ™®^èßO°} xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’ =∂@Å∞ W~^°∞Ö’ fã¨∞H’Hí∞~_Í#¥

L~_«ÖË~. HßO°}Çı∞=∞~>ı ™®^èßO°} Éèßë®Ç¨^®Öˇ·<å Ǩ„uHßÉèß+¨Ö’ HÁ`ŒÎ ã¨~^°O®ƒù

ÅHí∞ qã¨Îi~z HÁ`ŒÎ KèßÜ«µÅ#∞ Hí∂O°∞ÛHí∞x XHÁ¯Hí¯Ç¨C_«∞ ѨÓiÎQå aè<®flO®÷Å∞

Hí∂_Í KıO°∞ÛHí∞#fl ^®YÖÏÅ∞ HíxÇ≤™®Îܵ. D O°Hí~ qã¨ÎO°} PO’áåÖ’¡ WzÛ#

W~w¡+¨∞ =∂@ÅHí<®fl JO®÷Ö’¡ WzÛ# `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞=∂@Ö’¡ W~Hß ZHí∞¯= HíxÇ≤ã¨∞Î~k.

W>Ï¡ W~w¡+¨∞ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ =∂@Å „Ǩܡ∂Qõ Ǩikè WǨC_«∞ =∞#Hí∞ ^˘~°∞Hí∞`Œ∞#fl

W~w¡+¨∞ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’¡ J~`ŒQå Hí#|_«_«~ ÖË^°∞. D Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’

g\˜#xfl~>˜h ã¨~ѨÓO°‚~Qå ™®kè~KÍ=∞x K‹Ç¨ÊÖË~Qåx P =∂O°æ~Ö’ HÁ~`Œ

„Ǩܫµ`Œfl~ KıâÍ~.

=∂@ÅHí∞#fl ã¨O®fiO°÷KÍÛùÜ«µÅ#∞ WKıÛ „Ǩܫµ`Œfl~ KıÜ«µÖË^°∞. Jxfl q+¨Ü«∂

Ö’¡#¥, ã¨O°fiã¨=∞„Qõ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙQå `ŒÜ«∂O°∞Kı¿ã „Ǩܫµ`Œfl~ Hí<®fl Ǩ„uHíÅÖ’

`ŒO°K«∞Qå HíxÇ≤~Kı =∂@Å#∞ `ŒO°K«∞Qå ÇÍ_Ë JO®÷Å`À WÜ«µº@Çı∞ D „Ǩܫµ`Œfl~

Ö’x „Ǩ^èß#Ç‹∞·# ÅHí∆ º~.

HÁxfl =∂@Å∞ „ǨǨ~K«~Ö’ =∞¥O°Î Ǩ^®O®÷Å#∞ 㨥z™®Îܵ. g>˜x

Qõ∞iÎ~K«_«~Ö’ U=∞~`Œ zHí∞¯Å∞~_«=Ù. ™®^èßO°} xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÅÖ’ g>˜x ÉÁ=∞‡Å

^®fiO® 㨥z™®ÎO°∞. J=∞¥O°Î ÉèßÇÍÅ ã¨~|~^èßÖ’¡#¥, =ºH©ÎHíO°}Ö’#¥, Éèß+¨Å

=∞^è°º Éèı^®Å∞ ZHí∞¯=Qå L~>Ïܵ. D H’â◊~Ö’ J=∞¥O®Î~âÍÅHı ZHí∞¯=

„áå^èß#ºq∞KÍÛ~. L^®:

_awe

J~>ı ÉèíH˜Î ѨÓO°fiHí ã¨~„Éèí=∞~, ÉèíÜ«µ~ J<Ë

JO®÷Å`À áå@∞ h>˜K«„Hí~ J<Ë JO°÷~ Hí∂_Í L~k. D H’â◊~Ö’ O≥~_À JO°÷~

ÖÏ~>˜q HíxÇ≤~K«HíáÈ=K«∞Û.

=∂@ÅHí∞#fl J<ËHí JO®÷Ö’¡ XHí HßÅ~Ö’ HÁxfl „Ǩܡ∂Qõ ã¨~^°O®ƒùÖ’¡ HÁxfl

JO®÷Å∞ „Ǩ^èß#~Qå#∞, =∞iHÁxfl JO®÷Å∞ J„Ǩ^èß#~Qå#∞ HíxÇ≤™®Îܵ. KÍÖÏ

KÀ@¡ W`ŒO®O®÷Å#∞ ǨiQõ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞Hí∞#flǨÊ>˜H© HÁxfl KÀ@¡ Ǩ„uHß Éèß+¨Ö’

HíxÇ≤~Kı „Ǩ^èß# JO®÷Å#∞ WzÛ W`ŒO° JO®÷Å#∞ HÁ~`Œ xO°¡Hí∆ º~ KıâÍ~. W~^°∞Hí∞

HßO°}~ xO°¡Hí∆ º~ KıÜ«∂Å#fl ã¨~HíÅÊ~ Hß^°∞. „Ǩ^èß# JO°÷~`À `ŒfiO°Qå ã¨~`Œ$Ç≤Î

Ǩ_ç W`ŒO° JO®÷ÅH’ã¨~ J<Ëfi+≤~K«@~Ö’ HÁ~`Œ ™®Kı`Œ [iy~k. Jܵ<® WzÛ#

JO®÷Å#∞ W`ŒO° ã¨~^°O®ƒùÅHí∞ J#fiܵ~K«∞H’=_«~Ö’ zHí∞¯ÖËg∞ L~_«=Ù. L^®:

irregularities, partisanship

J<Ë=∂@Å JO®÷Å∞ U O°~Qõ~Ö’ Jܵ<® „Ǩܡ∂Qõ

ܡ∂QåºÖË. Ǩ„uHíÅÖ’ „ǨÉèí∞`Œfi, „Ǩ*ÏáåÅ# HßO°º„Hí=∂ÅHí∞ ã¨~|~kè~z

ZHí∞¯=Qå Hí#|_«`Íܵ. JO°÷ q=O°}Ö’ ÃÑ·O°~QåÅ#∞ ¿ÑO˘¯#fl~`Œ =∂„`Í#

W`ŒO° O°~QåÅHí∞ J#fiܵ~K«^°x =∂ L^ÕÌâ◊~ Hß^°∞. Ǩ„uHß Éèß+¨Ö’ „Ǩ^èß#~Qå

D JO°÷~Ö’ =ã¨∞Î#fl^°<Ë =∂ L^ÕÌâ◊~. Jܵ`Ë D ÉèßQåxfl =∂@#∞ JO°÷~Kıã¨∞Hí∞<Ë

„Ǩ^èß# ^è’O°}˜x 㨥z~KÍÅ<Ë Qåx J#∞ÇÍ^°~Ö’ W^°~`Í LǨܡ∂y~KÍÅx

Hß^°∞.

W~w¡+¨∞ =∂@ÅHí∞ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ ã¨=∂<®O®÷Å∞ WzÛ#~`Œ =∂„`å# Jxfl KÀ>Ï¡

P =∂@Å „Ǩܡ∂QåÅ#∞ „QõÇ≤Ï~K«@~ ™®^è°º~Hß^°∞. J~^°∞=Å¡ HÁxflKÀ@¡

W~w¡+¨∞ =∂@Å ã¨=∂<®O°÷HßÅ`Àáå@∞, `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ q=O°}Å`À áå@∞ ã¨~„QåǨÏ

Hí∞Å∞ ã¨O°Ñ¶¨O® Kıã≤# ã¨~^°O®ƒùÅ #∞~z W`ŒO°„`Í ^˘iHı ã¨~^°O®ƒùÅ#∞~z HÁxfl

Ǩ^°|~^è•Å#∞ L^®Ç¨ÏO°}Å∞Qå WKÍÛ~. L^®:

_Spiral

J<Ë Ç¨^®xH˜ ÃÑO°∞Qõ∞

J<Ë JO°÷~ =¿ãÎ =Ü«µã¨∞ ÃÑO°Qõ_«=∂ =_ô¤ ÃÑO°Qõ_«=∂ J<Ë J#∞=∂#~ O®=K«∞Û.

spiraling costs

J<Ë „Ǩܡ∂Qõ~ Hí∂_Í WzÛ JO°÷~ W¿ãÎ ^è°O°Å ÃÑO°∞Qõ∞^°Å Jx

JO°÷=∞=Ù`Œ∞~k. XHí =∂@#∞ =∞∞~^°∞Qåx `ŒO®fi`ŒQåx qã¨Îi~z ÇÍ_ç#

O°¥áåÅ∞ Ǩ^°|~^èßÅ∞Qå L~>ı ÇÍ>˜x qã¨ÎO°} O°¥áåÅ∞Qå<Ë WKÍÛ~. L^®:

W>©=Å

_Pollution

J<Ë =∂@ ÉÏQå „Ç¨KÍO°~Ö’H˜ =zÛ~k. ^®xH˜ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’

HßÅ∞+¨º~ J<Ë =∂@ ÇÍ_«∞`Œ∞<®fl~. D HßÅ∞+¨º ã¨~|~^èßxfl qã¨Îi~z# J<ËHí

Ǩ^®Å∞ ÇÍ_«∞HíÖ’ L<®flܵ. L^®:

_{air pollution, water pollution, sound}

pollution etc....

Wq „Ǩ`˺HíÇ‹∞·# =∂@Å∞ HßHíáÈܵ<®, =∂@Å ã¨~ܡ∂Qåxfl

|\˜ì JO°÷~ `ˇÅ∞ã¨∞Î<®fl J#∞ÇÍ^®xH˜ J=ã¨O°~ Hß|>˜ì qã¨ÎO°} Ǩ^®Å∞ K«¥Ç≤

`ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ Ǩ^®Å∞ 㨥z~KÍ~.

D qã¨ÎO°} q+¨Ü«µ~Ö’ HÁxfl zHí∞¯Å∞<®flܵ. qã¨ÎO°} Ǩ^°|~^è°~Qå<Ë

L~^®? UHíǨ^° ™®÷ܵH˜ Kıi~^®? J<Ëk XHí Ǩ>Ïì# xO°‚ܵ~K«Qõey# q+¨Ü«µ~

Hß^°∞. „áå=∂}˜Hí P~Qõ¡ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’¡<Ë D q+¨Ü«µ~Ö’ UHí`Œfi~ L#fl@∞ì

HíxÇ≤~K«^°∞. J~^°∞=Å¡ D q+¨Ü«µ~Ö’ D H’â◊~Ö’ Kıã≤# xO°‚Ü«∂Å∞ J~^°iH©

J~wHßO°~ HßHíáÈ=K«∞Û.

HÁxfl =∂@Å JO®÷Å#∞ ã¨~|~kè`ŒÇ‹∞·# W`ŒO° Ǩ^®Å`À áÈeÛK«¥¿ãÎ

JO°÷ã¨Ê+¨ì`Œ UO°Ê_«∞`Œ∞~k. W>Ï¡~>˜ =∂@Å∞ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’¡ ^°¥O°^°¥O°~Qå

L~>Ïܵ. D H’â◊~Ö’ J=ã¨O°Ç‹∞·# KÀ@¡ J>Ï¡~>˜ =∂@Š㨥zHíÅ#∞ KıO®Û~.

D Ǩ^°úu=Å¡ XHı q+¨Ü«∂xH˜ ã¨O|~kè~z# =∞O’=∂@ ǨiK«Ü«µ~ Hß=@~

Hí∂_Í XHí „Ç¨Üˇ∂[#Çı∞.

XH’¯™®i HÁxfl =∂@ÅHí∞ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’ WzÛ# Ǩ^®Å∞ „Ǩܡ∂y~z#

JO®÷xH˜ ã¨iáÈ=Ù. =∞∞Yº~Qå W`ŒO° Éèßë®Ç¨^®Å∞ W~w¡+¨∞Ö’ ÇÍ_ç#ǨC_«∞

W@∞=~>˜q Z^°∞O°=Ù`Íܵ. 1997 PQõã¨∞ì 23

_A.P.Times

ã¨~áå^°H©Ü«µ

ѨÙ@Ö’

_{a birthday accolade to Andhra Kesari}

J<Ë Çͺã¨~Ö’

_accolade

J<Ë

=∂@ JO°÷xO°‚Ü«µ q+¨Ü«µ~Ö’ HÁ~`Œ zHí∞¯ UO°Ê_ç~k. D =∂@Hí∞ „ÃѶ~z,

W~w¡+¨∞ xѶ¨∞~@∞=ÙÖ’

_{hug, kiss}

J<Ë JO®÷Å∞<®flܵ.

_{American College}

Dictionary

Ö’ ÃѷǨ^®xH˜

_{award, honor}

J<Ë =∂@Å∞ JO®÷Å∞Qå WKÍÛO°∞.

WÇıg D ÇÍ_«∞HíHí∞ 㨥>˜Qå ã¨iáÈ=Ù. P ã¨~^°O®ƒù#fl#∞ã¨i~z nxH˜ „Ǩâ◊~ã¨

J<Ë JO®÷xfl HíeÊ~KÍ~. W>Ï¡~>˜ JO°÷HíÅÊ#Ö’¡ Çı∞~ HÁ~`Œ ™®Ç¨Ïã¨~ Kıã≤#

=∂@ ÇÍã¨Î=Çı∞. Wk ^°∞™®ûǨÏã¨~ Hß^°x J#∞Hí∞~@∞<®fl~.

XH’¯™®i HÁxfl W~w¡+¨∞ =∂@Å∞ UHí=K«#~Ö’ L<®fl `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞ JO®÷Ö’¡ D

H’â◊~Ö’ |Ǩï=K«# „Ǩܡ∂Qõ~ HíxÇ≤~K«=K«∞Û. JO°÷q=O°} ™œHíO°º~ H’ã¨~ D

Ǩ^°úux Z#∞flHí∞<®fl~. W~w¡+¨∞Ö’

_vector

J<Ë=∂@ UHí=K«#Ç‹∞·<å `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’

ÇͺkèÇÍǨÏHßÅ∞, Çͺkè„Ǩ™®O°HßÅ∞ J<Ë JO®÷ÅxKÍÛ~. O°HíO°HßÅ H©@HßÅ∞

ÇÍǨÏHßÅ∞Qå ǨxKı™®Îܵ Qõ#∞Hí |Ǩï=K«#~Ö’ JO°÷„QõǨÏ}~ `ËeHí=Ù`Œ∞~^°x

WÖÏ KıâÍ~.

ÃãÊe¡~Qõ∞Å q+¨Ü«∂xH˜ =¿ãÎ, `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞Ö’ =O°‚„Hí=∞=º=ã¨÷ W~Hß ã¨iQåæ

UO°Ê_«ÖË^°∞. XHı =∂@ J<ËHí ÖËY# Ǩ^°ú`Œ∞Ö’¡ HíxÇ≤ã¨∞Î~k. ã¨~kèHí∂_Í XHí™®i

Kı™®Î~, XHí™®i KıÜ«µ~. D H’â◊~Ö’ HÁ~`Œ xÜ«µux áå>˜~KÍ~ Hßx, Jxfl

Çıà◊ÖÏ J xÜ«µuH˜ Hí@∞ì|_«_»~ Hí∞^°O°ÖË^°∞. W~w¡+¨∞ ÃãÊe¡~Qõ∞Å#∞ ã¨i

K«¥¿ã@ǨC_«∞ LǨܡ∂y~z# xѶ¨∞~@∞ Éèı^®Å =Å¡ HÁ~`Œ xÜ«µ=∞ Ç‹·q^è°º~

HíxÇ≤ã¨∞Î~k. Jܵ`Ë =∞# ^Õâ◊~Ö’ „Ǩã¨∞Î`Œ~ „a>˜+¨∞ W~w¡+¨∞`À áå@∞ JÇ‹∞iHí<ü

W~w¡+¨∞ Hí∂_Í `Œfii`ŒQõux ÇͺÇ≤ã¨∞Î~_«@~ =Å# D Ç‹·q^è°º~ W|ƒ~k ÃÑ@ì^°∞.

W~HÁHí¯=∂@: D Ǩ^°H’â◊~Ö’ Çı∞~ K‹Ü«∂ºÅ#∞Hí∞#flq KÍÖÏ KıÜ«µÖËHí

áÈÜ«∂~. Ǩ^®Å Éèßë®ÉèßQåŠ㨥K«# Qõ∞i~z W~`ŒHí∞ =∞∞~^Õ „Ǩ™®Îq~KÍ~.

„Ǩ^èß<®O’Ǩ~ H˜~^° WzÛ# qã¨ÎO°}Ǩ^®Ö’¡ =O°‚„Hí=∞~ áå>˜~K«_«~ XHí

Ǩ^°úu. D xO°‚Ü«µ~Ö’ [iy# *ÏǨº~=Å¡ HÁxfl KÀ@¡ D Ǩ^°úuH˜ =º`ŒºÜ«∂Å∞

HíxÇ≤~K«=K«∞Û. Jܵ`Ë D J#∞|~^è° Ç¨^®Å Qõ∞~Ѩ٠Ǩiq∞`ŒÇ‹∞·#^Õ Qõ#∞Hí

=º`ŒºÜ«∂Å∞ J~`Œ W|ƒ~k ÃÑ@ìHíáÈ=K«∞Û.

XHí =∂@H˜zÛ# ã¨=∂<®O°÷Hí Ǩ^®Å#∞ =O°‚„Hí=∞Ǩ^°úuÖ’ WÜ«µº@~ xѶ¨∞~@∞

xO®‡}~Ö’ áå>˜~Kı Ǩ^°úu. WHí¯_« Hí∂_Í D Ǩ^°úuH˜ KÍÖÏKÀ@¡ ÇͺѶ¨∂`Œ~

[iy L~_«=K«∞Û. Wk Hí∂_Í L^ÕÌâ◊ѨÓO°fiHí~ Hß^°h, xO°fiǨÏ}Ö’ [iy#

™®öe`Œº=∞h, H’â◊ qxܡ∂Qõ^®O°∞Å∞ „QõÇ≤Ï~K«QõÅO°x Pâ◊.

XHí =∂@Hí∞ L#fl JO®÷ÅÖ’ „Ǩ^è•<®O°÷~, Q“}®O°÷~ ÇıOÕfiO°∞Qå 㨥z~KÍeû#

ÉÏ^è°º`Œ H’â◊HßO°∞ÅÃÑ· L~k. J~`ËHßHí∞~_Í XH’¯ =∂@Hí∞ qq^è° âÍ„™®ÎÅÖ’

JO®÷Å#∞ P âÍ„™®Îxfl ã¨~Hıu~z K‹Ç¨Ê=Åã≤# J=ã¨O°~ Hí∂_Í L~k. D

ÉÏ^è°º`Œ#∞ xO°fiÇ≤Ï~K«HíáÈ=_ÍxH˜ ã¨=∞Ü«∂Éèß=~ XHí „Ç¨^èß# HßO°}~. WkHßHí

W~H’ =∞∞Yº HßO°}~ Hí∂_Í L~k. W>©=Å qã¨Îi~z# q*Ï˝#O°~QåÅ∞ XHí

^®x`À XHí>˜ ã¨~|~^èßÅ∞ `ˇ~K«∞Hí∞#flq Hß=Ù. „Ǩu âÍG~Ö’#∞, „Ǩu q*Ï˝#

O°~Qõ~Ö’#∞ =∞O’ âÍG„Ǩܡ∂Qõ~, =∞O’ q*Ï˝# q+¨Ü«µ ã¨~|~^è°~ JxÇÍO°º~Qå

ÃÑ#Çıã¨∞Hí∞x L<®flܵ. W@∞=~>˜ Ǩiã≤÷`Œ∞ÅÖ’ U =∂@ U âÍ„™®ÎxH˜ Ǩiq∞`Œ

Ç‹∞·#^À xO°‚ܵ~K«@~ J~`Œ ã¨∞ÅÉèíÇ‹∞·# Ǩ<Ëg∞ Hß^°∞. |ǨïâÍ HÁxfl =∂O®æÅ

^®fiO® PÜ«∂ âÍG ã¨~|~^èßÅ#∞ 㨥z~K«_«~ ™®^è°º=∞Ü˵º^ÕÇ‹Ø? D H’â◊~Ö’

PÜ«∂ âÍ„™®ÎÅ „ǨÇı∞Ü«∂xfl ã¨~Hı`Œ Ǩ^®Å ^®fiO® HßHí∞~_Í JO°÷ q=O°}Ö’

㨥z~KÍ~.

W>Ï¡ q=i~K«∞Hí∞~@¥ áÈ`Ë =∂ Ö’áåÅ∞ =∂Hı HÁ@ì=zÛ#@∞ì HíxÇ≤ã¨∞Î

<®flܵ. D Ö’áåÖËg D H’â◊ „Ǩܡ∂[<®xfl `Œyæ~K«=x Çı∞~ ^°$_è°~Qå #=∞∞‡

`Œ∞<®fl~. g>˜ „Ǩ™®Î=# Z~^°∞Hí~>ı D Ö’áåÅxfl~>˜h ã¨=i㨥ΠJ#u

HßÅ~Ö’<Ë W~`ŒHí<®fl Çı∞Öˇ·# „Ǩ=∂}®Å`À D H’âÍxfl ѨÙ#óǨije~z ѨÙ#O°∞^°ú

14 15

A1 L`ŒÎ=∞„âı}˜H˜ K‹~k#, „âı+¨ªÇ‹∞·#, J`Œº~`Œ <®}º`Œ Híey#

aback Ç‹#HíHí∞. _take ~ Pâ◊ÛO°ºÇ¨_ç#, HíÅ=O°Ç¨_ç#

abaddon #O°Hí~† #O°Hßxfl áåe~Kı ^°∞+¨ì ^Õ=`Œ abai ÃÑ·`Œ$Hí, `Œ~„_ç#∞~z =zÛ# abalienate (ǨÏHí∞¯, „Ǩܡ∂[#~) ǨO® nè#~ KıÜ«µ∞ abalienation ǨÏHí∞¯#∞ ǨO®nè#~ KıÜ«µ_«~, J<®º„Hß~`Œ~ KıÜ«µ_«~ abandon qâ◊$~YÅ ¿ãfiK«Ûù, =∞∞~^°∞ Ç‹# HíÅ∞ K«¥_«x ¿ãfiK«Ûù† =keÇıÜ«µ∞, `Œºl~K«∞, ^®ÇÍ LǨã¨~ǨÏi~K«∞HÁ#∞† Ǩi`ͺQõ~ KıÜ«µ∞: Pâ◊Å∞ =^°∞Å∞HÁ#∞ abandoned `ŒºHíÎ~, =keÃÑ>˜ì# abandonment =^°∞Å∞H’=_«~, *ÏO° q_«=_«~, q_çzÃÑ@ì_«~, Ǩi`ͺQõ~ ~ clause Ǩi`ͺQõ x|~^è°# ab ante =∞∞~^°∞Qå<Ë abase H˜~K«Ç¨O°K«∞, J==∂x~K«∞, Ç‘Ï# ǨO°K«∞ abash ã≤Qõ∞æǨ_Ë@@∞¡, `ŒÅ=~K«∞‰õΩ<Ë@∞¡ KıÜ«µ∞ abashed ã≤Qõ∞æ=∂e# abasia #_«=ÖËHíáÈ=_«~ abask Ç‹K«Ûx Hß~uÖ’ L~_«∞, Z~_« HßQõ∞

abate `Œyæ~K«∞, ^°∞O°ƒùÅǨO°K«∞, `ŒQõ∞æ =∞∞Y~ Ǩ@∞ì, LǨâ◊q∞~ǨKıÜ«µ∞, O°^°∞Ì KıÜ«µ∞, fã≤ÇıÜ«µ∞ abatement `ŒQõ∞æ^°Å, PѨÙ^°Å, LǨ â◊=∞#~, ã¨Î~Éèí#: ^®ÇÍ K«O°º#∞ PÇ≤ ÇıÜ«µ_«~, ^®ÇÍ Ç¨ÏHí∞¯#∞ Hí∞k~K«_«~. ~ legacies gÅ∞<®=∂ ǨÏHí∞¯Å Hí∞k~ѨÙ. ~ <sub>of action</sub> ^®ÇÍ =∞∞y~ѨÙ. ~ of appeals JÇ‘Êà◊∞§ O°^°∞ÌHß=_«~. ~ of judgement J=∞Å∞ KıÜ«µÖËx f~°∞Ê O°^°∞Ì Hß=_«~. <sub>prorata</sub> ~ ^®=∂ë® „ǨHßO°~ Kı¿ã `Œyæ~ѨÙ. abattoir HíÉıÖÏ, =^è°ºâÍÅ abaxial Hı~„^®Ç¨™®O° LáåHí∆ abbacy „H≥·ã¨Î= =∞`ÍkèHßi Ǩ^°q† Jkè HßO° Ǩikè† Ç¨^°g HßÅ~ abbess „H≥·ã¨Î= ã¨<®ºã≤#∞Å =∞OîßxH˜ Jkè Hßi}˜ abbot „H≥·ã¨Î= ã¨<®ºã¨∞Å =∞`ÍkèHßi abbrevature xHı∆Ǩ~, z`Œ∞ÎO°K«#, ã¨~H˜∆ǨΠO°K«# abbreviate ã¨~H˜∆ǨÎ~KıÜ«µ∞, ã¨~„QõÇ¨Ï Ç¨O°K«∞

abbreviation Hí∞¡Ç‘ÎHíO°}, ã¨~H˜∆Ç‘ÎHíO°}† „Ǩ`ͺǨO°~

ABC XHí q+¨Ü«∂xH˜ ã¨~|~kè~z# „áå^ä°q∞Hí q+¨Ü«∂Å∞

abdicate Ǩ^°qx =^°∞Å∞HÁ#∞, Ǩ^°g Ǩi`ͺQõ~ KıÜ«µ∞, Ǩi`Œºl~K«∞

abdication Ǩi`ͺQõ~† Ǩ^°g Ǩi`ͺQõ~

abdomen L^°O°~, Hí_«∞ѨÙ

abdominal L^°O° ã¨~|~^è°Ç‹∞·#. ~

approach L^°O°=∂O°æ~ ^®fiO® â◊G zH˜`Œû.~ <sub>reflex</sub> L^°O°OÖ’x Hí~_«O®Å∞ =∞∞_«∞K«∞Hí∞ áÈÜ˵ã≤÷u abduce JǨǨÏO°} abduct JǨǨÏi~K«∞HÁxáÈ=Ù, Z`Œ∞ÎHÁx áÈ=Ù abduction JǨǨÏO°}, |Å=~`Œ~Qå Z`Œ∞ÎHÁx áÈ=_«~

A a

16 A1 17 abduction

i~K«=Åã≤# P=â◊ºHí`Œ#∞ =∂Hí∞ Çı∞~ Qõ∞O°∞Î Kıã¨∞H’=@~ H’ã¨~. J>Ï¡~>˜

ã¨~HíÅÊ~ =∂Hí∞~^°x g∞Hí∞ `ˇeÜ«µ*ËÜ«µ@~ H’ã¨~.

W>Ï¡~>˜ Ǩ^°H’â◊ xO®‡}®xH˜ D Ǩiq∞`Œ „Ǩܫµ`ÍflxH≥·<® Z~`À =∞~k

ã¨Ç¨ÏHßO°~ ÖËHí∞~_Í D „Ǩܫµ`Œfl~ ™®Qõ^°∞. ¿ÑO°∞¿ÑO°∞# J<ËHí∞Å ã¨Ç¨ÏHßO®xfl

WHí¯_« K‹Ç¨ÊÖË=∞∞ Hßx, HÁxfl =∞∞YºÇ‹∞·#q K‹Ç¨ÊHíáÈ`Ë Jã¨~`Œ$Ç≤Î HíÅzÇıã¨∞Î~k.

Ǩ^°ã¨~„QåǨÏHí∞Å∞ J~`Í HßHíáÈܵ<®, =∂ ÅH∆ߺxfl JO°÷~ Kıã¨∞Hí∞x =∂`À

ã¨Ç¨ÏHíi~z# ÇÍà◊∞§ HÁkÌ=∞~k ÖËHíáÈÖË^°∞. WkHßHí ã¨~áå^°Hí=∞~_«eÖ’ Psfi

O®=∂O®=ÙQåO°∞ D H’â◊ xO®‡} „Ǩܫµ`Œfl~Ö’ „áåO°~Éèí~ #∞~z =∞∞y~ѨÙ

=O°Hí∞ qq^è° ^°â◊Ö’¡ ã¨Ç¨Ü«µÇ¨_ͤO°∞. Ǩ^° ã¨~„QåǨÏHí∞Ö’¡ XHíO≥·# a.Zãπ.O®=∞

K«~„^°O®=٠Ǩ^° ã¨~„QõǨÏ}Hí∞ q∞~z JO°÷xO°‚Ü«µ~Ö’ áåÅ∞Ǩ~K«∞Hí∞<®flO°∞. z=i

^°â◊Ö’ PKÍO°ºHı`Œ∞ qâ◊fi<®^ä°O≥_ç¤ Ç¨„uHßO°~Qõ~Ö’#∞, Éèßë®O°~Qõ~Ö’#∞ `Œ#Hí∞#fl

J#∞ÉèíÇÍxfl ^®K«∞H’Hí∞~_Í D H’âÍxH˜ Ç‹zÛ~K«_«~ D H’â◊~ J^°$+¨ì~. =∞s

=∞∞Yº~Qå PÜ«µ# WzÛ# P`Œ‡qâÍfiã¨~ =∂Hí∞ =∞i~`Œ `À_«Ê_ç~k. Ǩ^°

ã¨~„QåǨÏHí∞Å∞Qå ǨxKıã≤# >˜.Ç≤.qOî°ÖòQåO°∞ `Œ#Hí∞#fl qã¨Î $`ŒÇ‹∞·# J#∞ÉèíÇÍxfl

D H’â◊~ z=i ^°â◊Ö’ Z_ç>˜~Q∑Ö’ Hí∂_Í qxܡ∂y~KÍO°∞. z=i^°â◊Ö’ HÁxfl

á⁄O°áå@¡#∞ Qõ∞O°∞ÎǨ@ì_«~Ö’ ã≤.ã¨∞*Ï`Œ ™®Ü«µÇ¨_ͤO°∞.

D H’â◊ „áåO°~Éèí~ #∞~z z=i=O°Hí∞ ã¨~ѨÓO°‚~Qå x=∞QõflÇ‹∞·#

ã¨Ç¨Ü«µHí∞_«∞, ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü Hı~„^° qâ◊fiq^®ºÅÜ«µ `ˇÅ∞Qõ∞âÍY Ǩiâ’^è°Hí q^®ºi÷

XO°∞Qõ∞ Éèß㨯O∑ `Œ# PO’Qåºxfl Hí∂_Í ÅHí∆ ºÃÑ@ìHí∞~_Í ã¨~ѨÓO°‚ x=∞Qõfl`Œ`À

Kıã≤# Hí$+≤x =i‚~K«_ÍxH˜ U =∂@Å¥ KÍÅ=Ù.

PYO°∞Qå D O°HíÇ‹∞·# PÖ’K«# Kıã≤# „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ J^è°ºHí∆∞Å∞ H≥.NxÇÍã¨

O≥_ç¤ QåO°∞ Jaè#~^°hÜ«µ∞Å∞. PÇ‹Ø^°Ñ¨ÓO°fiHíÇ‹∞·# PÜ«µ# zO°∞#=Ùfi, ã¨~H’K«~

ÖËx PÜ«µ# ã¨Ç¨ÏHßO°~ D H’â◊ xO°fiǨÏ}Hí∞ J=ã¨O°Ç‹∞·# Pã¨O®#∞ J~k~KÍܵ.

HßO°º^°i≈ Z.ã¨`ͺO®=Ù ã¨=∞#fiÜ«µ Hí$+≤ W~^°∞Hí∞ =∞i~`Œ `À_«Ê_ç~k.

xѶ¨∞~@∞ xO®‡}®xH˜ „Ǩ`ŒºHí∆ã¨~|~^è°~ ÖËHíáÈܵ<® ǨO’Hí∆~Qå Jxfl

q^èßÖÏ ã¨Ç¨ÏHßO®#fl~k~z# „ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞ qq^è° ™®÷ܵŠã≤|ƒ~k J~^°iH©

Jaè#~^°#Å∞, Hí$`Œ[˝`ŒÅ∞.

D H’âÍxfl xt`Œ~Qå Ǩije~K«~_ç. g∞ 㨥K«#Å∞ xO˘‡Ç¨Ï=∂@~Qå

„ÃÑãπ JHß_«g∞H˜ Ǩ~Ç≤~K«~_ç. =∞e =∞∞„^°}Ö’ nx Jaè=$kúH˜ ã¨Ç¨ÏHíi~K«~_ç.

abductor JǨǨÏi~Kı =ºH˜Î, JǨǨÏO°Î† Jaè=O°Îx Hí~_«O°~

abecedarian „áå^ä°q∞Hí, xiÌ+¨ì suÖ’ J=∞iÛ#

abed =∞~K«~ g∞^° L~_«∞, ǨHí¯ g∞^°

abena âÍfi™®=O’^è°~

aberrant <ˇ·uHí „Ç¨=∂}®efl Ju„Hí q∞~z#. ~ _behaviour J™®^èßO°} „Ǩ=O°Î#

aberrate ^®i`ŒÇ¨C† qHí$u, Ç‹·Ç¨s`Œº~

aberration „Éèí~â◊#~, ^®i`ŒÇ¨Ê_«~† ã¨Ê+¨ì`Œ ÖËHíáÈ=_«~, ™®÷#~Ö’ =∂O°∞Ê O®=_«~

abet ѨÙiHÁÅ∞ѨÙ, Lã≤HÁÅ∞ѨÙ, „¿ÑOÕ Ç≤~K«∞† <ËO®xfl „áÈ`ŒûÇ≤Ï~K«∞

abetment „áÈ`ÍûǨÏ~, <ËO®xH˜ „¿ÑOÕǨ}, <ËO°~ K‹Ü«µº@~Ö’ ã¨Ç¨Ü«µ~, ^°∞„¿+ÊO°}

abetter <ËO° „¿ÑO°Hí∞_«∞, <ËO°~ K‹Ü«µº _ÍxH˜ „¿ÑOÕÇ≤~z# =ºH˜Î

abeyance L¿ÑH˜∆~K«_«~, `Í`ͯeHí~Qå ǨHí¯#ÃÑ@ì_«~, xO°‚Ü«µ~ K‹Ü«µºHí∞~_Í xeÇ≤ L~K«_«~

abeyant Z@¥ `ÕÅx ã≤÷u, JxO®‚Ü«µHí ã≤÷u

abhor Jã¨Ç≤Ϻ~K«∞HÁ#∞, U=y~K«∞HÁ#∞, uO°ã¨¯i~K«∞, q^Õfi+≤~K«∞

abhorrence O’`Œ, U=y~ѨÙ, p^°O°, Jã¨Ç¨Ïº~

abhorrent uO°ã¨¯ $`Œ, Jã¨~Qõ`Œ

abhorrer Jã¨Ç≤Ϻ~K« ^°y# =ºH˜Î, uO°ã¨¯ i~K« ^°y# =ºH˜Î

abide x|^°úÇ‹∞· L~_«∞, âÍâ◊fi`Œ~Qå Hí@∞ì |_ç L~_«∞

abiding âÍâ◊fi`ŒÇ‹∞·#, ã≤÷O°Ç‹∞·#. ~ <sub>love</sub> ã≤÷O° „¿Ñ=∞, âÍâ◊fi`Œ„¿Ñ=∞ abience `ŒÇ≤Ê~K«∞H’^°y#k abilitative ™®=∞O®úºO°÷Hí~ ability ™®=∞O°úº~, ^°Hí∆`Œ, „áåQõŃº~. ~ test ™®=∞O°úº ѨsHõ∆ ab initio Ç‹∞∞^°>˜ #∞~z, Pk #∞~z.~ mundi Ç‹∞∞@ìÇ‹∞∞^°>˜ #∞~z, ã¨$ë®ìºk #∞~z

ab intestato =∞O°}âÍã¨#~ O®Ü«µx =ºH˜Î #∞~z

ab invito |kb Pã≤Îx |Å=~`Œ~Qå ѨÙK«∞ÛH’=_«~

abiogenesis JHí™®‡r˚= [##~:

abiosis r= O°Ç≤Ï`Œ ã≤÷u, JKı`Œ# ã≤÷u

abiotic r=~ ÖËx† rq~K«_ÍxH˜ J#∞ Hí∂Å~ Hßx abiotrophy â◊sO°~ â◊∞+≤¯~záÈ=_«~, Hí}*ÏÖÏÅ JO°∞Qõ∞^°Å abject ^°∞O°ƒùO°, ^°∞ã¨ûǨÏ, ^°Ü«µhÜ«µ, Ç‘Ï#, xHí$+¨ì, Qõi›~K«^°y# abjection #¥º#`ÍÉèß=~ ab judicatio <®ºÜ«µ™®÷#~ #∞~z `˘Å y~K«_«~

abjuration „Ǩ=∂}ѨÓO°fiHí~Qå xO®Hí i~K«_«~, `Œºl~K«_«~, =keÇıÜ«µ_«~

abjure „Ǩ=∂} ѨÓO°fiHí~Qå xO®Híi~K«∞, `Œºl~K«∞, =^°∞Å∞HÁ#∞ ablactation |ÅÇ‘Ï#Ç‹∞·# ablation LǨi`ŒÅHí∆Ü«µ~, Ç≤Ï=∂h Hí∆O°}~† Ç≤Ï=∞Hí∆Ü«µ~ ablative Ǩ~K«g∞ qÉèíH˜Î ablator L+¨‚xO’^è°Hí Hí=K«~ ablaut JK«∞ÛÅÖ’ Jã¨=∞ Ǩi}®=∞~ ablaze =∞~_Ë, L„kHíÎ~Qå, „ǨHßâ◊ =~`Œ~Qå ablution â◊∞kú ™®fl#~, â◊∞núHíO°}~, â◊∞z ™®fl#~, fO°ú™®fl#~

ablutomania xO°~`ŒO°~ â◊sO®xfl â◊∞„Éèí ǨO°K«∞H’ÇÍÅ<Ë H’iHí

abnegate H’iHí#∞ =keÃÑ@∞ì, `Àã≤ ѨÙK«∞Û, `Œºl~K«∞

abnegation `ͺQõ~, P`Œ‡`ͺQõ~, ™®fiO°÷ `ͺQõ~, P`Œ‡uO°™®¯O°~, Jܵ+¨ì~Qå =keÃÑ@ì_«~

abnormal ™®^èßO°}ã≤÷uH˜ aè#flÇ‹∞·#, J™®=∂#ºÇ‹∞·#, Jã¨Ç¨Ï[ abnormality qHí$`Œã≤÷u, Jã¨Ç¨Ï[`Œ, „Hí=∞qO°∞^°ú`Œ. abnormally qHí$`Œ~Qå, J™®^èßO°}~Qå abnormity Ç‹·Ç¨s`Œº~, J™®^èßO°} aboard („Ǩܫ∂} ™®^è°<®ÅÖ’) ZH˜¯ Hí∂O˘Û#∞ abode PÇÍã¨~, WÅ∞¡, =ã¨u, `Í=Ù, xÇÍã¨~, xÅÜ«µ~, <ˇÅ=Ù aboil L_«∞Hí∞ g∞^° L~_«∞, L_«∞H≥`Œ∞Î

abolish O°^°∞ÌKıÜ«µ∞, xO°¥‡e~K«∞, `˘Å y~K«∞, J~`Œ~KıÜ«µ∞

abolishionist ÉÏxã¨`Œfi~, =∞O°} tHí∆ =~>˜ ÇÍ>˜x O°^°∞Ì KıÜ«∂Åx H’OÕ =ºH˜Î

abolishment O°^°∞Ì

abolition O°^°∞Ì, `˘Åy~ѨÙ, xO°¥‡Å#

abomasum Ǩâ◊∞=ÙÖ’¡ <®Å∞QÀ rO®‚ â◊Ü«µ~ abominable Jã¨Ç¨ÏºHíO°Ç‹∞·#, ¿ÇÏÜ«µ Ç‹∞·#, ^Õfi+≤~Ǩ^°y# abominate Jã¨Ç≤Ϻ~K«∞HÁ#∞, `Œºl~K«∞ abomination f„= Jã¨Ç¨Ïº~ aborigin PkÇÍã≤, #QõOÕ`ŒO° „áå~`Œ xÇÍã≤ aboriginal Pk=∞, PkÇÍã≤

abort QõO°ƒù„™®=~† =∞^è°ºÖ’ O°^°∞Ì KıÜ«µ_«~, xeÇ≤ ÇıÜ«µ_«~

aborticide QõO°ƒù„™®= HÍ~°Hí~

abortifacient QõO°ƒù„™®=Hí~, QõO°ƒù „™®ÇÍxfl Híey~Kı

abortion QõO°ƒù„™®=~, QõO°ƒùqzÛùuÎ, HßO°º Éèí~Qõ~, Ç‹·Ñ¶¨Åº~, „Éèí¥}ǨÏ`Œº. spontaneous ~ `«Hí∆} QõO°ƒù„™®=~. threatened ~ QõO°ƒù„™®=ÉèíÜ«µ~ abortionist QõO°ƒù„™®=Hí∞_«∞ abortive JHßÅ, =∞^è°ºÖ’<Ë PyáÈÜ˵ <ˇÅ `ŒHí∞¯= abortus Ǩ_çáÈܵ# „Éèí¥}~

aboulia P`Œ‡Ãã÷ÂO°º O®Ç≤Ï`Œº~

abound ǨO®ºÇ¨ÎÇ‹∞·#, x~_ç#, ã¨=∞$^°ú Ç‹∞·#, ѨÙ+¨¯ÅÇ‹∞·#

about face Jaè„áåÜ«∂xfl =∂O°∞ÛHÁ#∞

about turn Ç‹#∞kO°∞Qõ∞

above board x+¨¯Å‡+¨, ^®Ç¨iHí~ÖËx, ^À+¨O°Ç≤Ï`Œ, x*Ïܵf =ºHíÎ=∞Ü˵@∞¡, J#∞=∂<®xH˜ `Í=ÙÖËx above law K«>ÏìxH˜ Jf`Œ~, <®ºÜ«∂ f`Œ~ above par =∂=∞¥Å∞ Hí~>ˇ JkèHí~, =∞∞YqÅ∞=Hí∞ q∞~z# ^è°O°, Jkè =∞¥Åº~ abrackish `ŒHí∞¯= LǨC™®~„^°`Œ HíÅ hO°∞

abrade JiyáÈ=Ù, `ŒO°∞Qõ∞, JO°QõnÜ«µ∞, `À=∞∞, K‹Hí∞¯

abrancliate Ç‹∞∞ǨÊÅ∞ÖËx, [ÅâÍfi™® =Ü«µÇÍÅ∞ ÖËx

abrasion O®Ç≤_ç, XiÇ≤_ç, XO°∞ã¨∞Hí∞ áÈ=_«~, K«O°‡~ wã¨∞Hí∞x áÈ=_«~

abrasive Ç‹∞∞O°@∞, HíO°∞Hí∞, Híiî#, XO°∞ã¨∞ HÁx ѨÙ~_«Qõ∞, O®K«∞HÁ#∞ abreaction =∂#ã≤H’„^ÕHí~, =∞#ã¨∞û `ËeHí Ǩ_Ë@@∞¡ KıÜ«µ_«~ abreast ã¨iã¨=∞~Qå, ã¨=∞ =∞@ì~Qå† q+¨Ü«µ~ ZǨÊ>˜HíǨC_«∞ `ˇÅ∞ã¨∞H’=_«~, ã¨=∞`ŒÅ „Ǩ^Õâ◊~Ö’ ǨHí¯ Ç¨Hí¯# L~_«@~ 18 19

abridge Hí∞¡Ç‘ÎHíi~K«∞, ã¨~H˜∆Ç‘ÎHíi~K«∞, ã¨~„QõÇ‘ÏHíi~K«∞/ `Œyæ~K«∞, Hí∞k~K«∞ abridgement Hí∞k~ѨÙ, ã¨~H˜∆Ç‘ÎHíO°}, Hí∞¡Ç‘ÎHíO°} abroad ^ÕâÍ~`ŒO®Ö’¡, q^ÕâÍÖ’¡† qã¨Î $`Œ „áå~`Œ~Ö’, PO°∞|Ü«µ@ abrogable O°^°∞ÌHß^°y# âÍã¨#~ abrogate (K«>Ïìxfl) O°^°∞Ì KıÜ«µ∞, âÍ㨠<®xfl LǨã¨~ǨÏi~K«∞

abrogation O°^°∞Ì, O°^°∞Ì KıÜ«µ_«~. ~ _of

law K«>Ïìxfl O°^°∞ÌKıÜ«µ_«~ abrosia LǨÇÍã¨ã≤÷u abrupt ǨÏOîß`Œ∞Î, PHíã≤‡Hí~, J#¥Ç¨Ïº~, JO®÷~`ŒO°~ abruption JÇÍ~`ŒO°~ abrus Qõ∞iq~^° abscess ѨÙ~_«∞, Hí}˜u, QåÜ«µ~, „=}~

abscissa xO°¥Ç¨HßHí∆~, xO°¥Ç¨Hí~

abscission HíO°Î#~, Kèık~K«_«~, `ˇy áÈ=_«~ abscond ǨO®O°∞ Hß=_«~, PK«¥H© ÖËHí∞~_Í áÈ=_«~, áåiáÈ=_«~, `ŒÇ≤Ê~ K«∞HÁx áÈ=_«~† Q≥·O°∞Ǩ[O°∞ Hß=_«~ abscondence ǨO®s absconder ǨO®O≥·# =ºH˜Î

absconding ǨO®O°∞, ǨO®s

absconsion `ŒÇ≤Ê~K«∞Hí∞ áÈ=_«~, ǨO®s, áåiáÈ=_«~

absence ã¨Ê $ǨÏÖËHíáÈ=_«~, =∞¥O°Ûù O®=_«~

absense Q≥·O®›[s. _{in the} ~ _{of domestic}

laws ™⁄~`ŒK«>ÏìÅ∞ ÖË#ǨC_«∞

absentee Q≥·O∑Ǩ[O≥·# =ºH˜Î, Ǩ[O°∞ Hßx, J#∞Ǩã≤÷`ŒÇ‹∞·#. ~ _landlord ǨO’Hí∆ Éèí∂™®fiq∞, ~ _voting J#∞Ǩã≤÷u F>˜~Q∑

absenteeism Q≥·O∑Ǩ[s, J#∞Ǩã≤÷u, JÅ ÇÍ@∞Qå Ǩx ZQ˘æ@ì_«~.~ _rate xs‚`Œ HßÅ~Ö’ ǨxKıÜ«µx O’AÅ âÍ`Œ~

absent minded J#º=∞#㨯, =∞u =∞O°∞ѨÙQõÅ, ǨO®Hí∞

absent mindedly ǨO®Hí∞Qå

absent reo „ǨuÇÍk Ǩ[O°∞ HßHí áÈ=_«~

absolute xO°=kèHí, ѨÓiÎQå, ã¨~ѨÓO°‚ Ç‹∞·#. ~ _freedom JǨiq∞`Œ ¿ãfiK«Ûù, J=^è°∞Å∞ÖËx ¿ãfiK«Ûù.~ <sub>idealism</sub> Hı=Å Éèß=ÇÍ^°~, Jkè Éè“uHíÇÍ^°~, =™®Î fi „â◊Ü«µ Éèß=ÇÍ^°~ ~ <sub>interest</sub> Pã≤ÎÃÑ· ѨÓiÎ Ü«∂[=∂#º~ ~ <sub>knowledge</sub> ǨO°=∞*Ï˝#~. ~ <sub>majority</sub> ѨÓiÎ Ç‹∞*Ï i>©, ã¨~ѨÓO°‚ PkèHíº~, xO°¿ÑHí∆ Ç‹∞*Ï i>©. ~ <sub>monopoly</sub> Qõ∞`ÍÎkèǨ`Œº~, ã¨~ѨÓO°‚ UHí™®fi=∞º~, xO°¿ÑHí∆ UHí ™®fi=∞º~, ~ <sub>privilege</sub> âÍã¨#HíO°ÎÅ „Ǩ`˺Hí ǨÏHí∞¯ ~ _temperature ǨO°=∞ â◊¥#º LëÈ‚„Qõ`Œ. ~ _{theory of}

sovereignty ǨiѨÓO°‚ ™®O°fiÉè“=∞ ã≤^®ú~`Œ~. ~ <sub>truth</sub> ǨO°=∞ ã¨`Œº~ ~

zero ǨO°=∞â◊¥#º~ (–273 Ãã~>© „QÕ_«∞Hí∞ ã¨=∂#~)

absolutely ѨÓiÎQå, ã¨~ѨÓO°‚~Qå, Hı=Å~ absolutism tH˜∆~K«Hí∞~_Í =ke ÇıÜ«µ_«~, q_«∞^°ÅKıÜ«µ∞, áåǨ q=∞∞HíÎ~ KıÜ«µ∞ absolutism xO°~Hí∞â◊`Œfi~† áåǨ q=∞∞H˜Î absolvant qÇ‹ØK«Hí∞_«∞, =∞∞H˜Î „Ǩ^®`Œ

absolve xO’Ì+≤Qå xO°‚ܵ~K«~_«x, ^À+¨ O°Ç≤Ï`Œ~ KıÜ«µ∞, `ŒÇ≤Ê~K«∞, q=∞∞H˜ÎKıÜ«µ∞ absonant Jã¨~Qõ`ŒÇ‹∞·#, „â◊∞uHíÅ=x, Hí@∞=ÙQå absorb Ç‘Å∞ÛHÁ#∞, „QõÇ≤Ï~K«∞, â’+≤~K«∞, KıO°∞ÛHÁ#∞, Híeã≤áÈ=Ù, J=K«¥+¨} absorbant „^°= „QåǨÏHí~, J=K«¥+¨Hí~ absorber â’+¨Hí~ absorbing PHí@∞ìHí∞<Ë, PHíi¬~Kı, qb#~ Kıã¨∞Hí∞<Ë absorption â’+¨}~, „QõÇ≤Ï~K«_«~, Ç‘Å∞Û H’=_«~, „^°= „QåǨÏHí Ǩ^°úu, ZHí∞¯= „â◊^°úK«¥Ç¨_«~† (q) b#~. _active ~ 㨄H˜Ü«∂â’+¨}~. ~ _companies Hí~ÃÑ hÅ qb#~. _light ~Hß~uâ’+¨}~.~

of costing Jxfl YO°∞ÛÅ#∞ ǨiQõ}# Ö’H˜ fã¨∞Hí∞~@¥ J=∞‡HíѨÙÇ‹Å xO°‚ܵ~ K«_«~. _selective~ =~°}Ï`«‡Hõ â’+¨}O.

~ spectrum â’+¨} =O°‚Ǩ@~.

absquatulate ǨO®s J=Ù, aKÍ}® ZuÎ ÇıÜ«µ∞ abstain =∂#∞HÁ#∞, Ç‹·^˘ÅQõ∞, x„Qõ Ç≤Ï~K«∞HÁ#∞, ^°¥O°~Qå L~_«∞, F@∞ ÇıÜ«µHí∞~_«∞, F>˜~Q∑ ã¨=∞Ü«µ~Ö’ ã¨ÉèíHí∞ Q≥·O∑Ǩ[O°=Ù abstainer =∞`Œ∞ΠǨ^®O®÷Å∞ =∂<Ëã≤# =ºH˜Î abstemious `ŒHí∞¯= JÅÇÍ@∞ HíÅ, q∞`ÍǨi Jܵ#, abstention Q≥·O∑Ǩ[O°∞, áåÖÁæ#HíáÈ=_«~† q=∞∞Y`Œ abstinence ã¨~Ü«µ=∞#~, LǨÇÍã¨~, Å~Y}~

abstract J=∞¥O°Î~, ™®O®~â◊~† J=∞¥O°Î, <ˇ·O°¥Ç¨º† ã¨~H˜∆ǨÎO°¥Ç¨~, ã¨~„QõǨÏ~† ã¨~„QõÇ≤Ï~K«∞, ã¨~Hı∆Ç≤~K«∞, Ǩi„QõÇ≤Ï~K«∞.

~ art <ˇ·O°¥Ç¨ºHíà◊. ~ _knowledge J=∞¥O°Î *Ï˝#~. ~ _{of title} Pã≤ÎÃÑ· Ü«∂[=∂#ºÑ¨Ù ǨÏHí∞¯#∞ „^è°∞gHíi~Kı Ǩ„`Œ~.~ <sub>painting</sub> <ˇ·O°¥Ç¨º z„`Œ~.~

relation J=∞¥O°Î ã¨~|~^è°~

abstraction J„Hí=∞~Qå fã¨∞H’=_«~† J=∞¥sÎHíO°}, <ˇ·O°¥Ç¨º`Œ: Éèı^°#~: Hí$„u =∞~Qå h>˜x `À_çÇıÜ«µ_«~† q+¨Ü«∂= QåǨÏ#† #=∞¥<®#∞ O°¥á⁄~k~K«_«~ abstractionist J=∞¥O°Î / JÇÍã¨ÎqHí ^è’O°}∞Å∞ QõÅ =ºH˜Î abstrict ¿ãfiK«ÛùQå =keÇıÜ«µ_«~† q_çz ÃÑ@∞ì, (q`ŒÎ<®Å∞) Ç‹^°[Å∞¡ abstruse JQõ=∞º, É’^è°Ç¨_«x, ã¨∞É’^è°Hí~ Hßx, Híiî#, JO°ú~Hßx, H˜¡+¨ìÇ‹∞·#, „ǨQå_è° Ç‹∞·#

absurd q_«¥¤O°Ç‹∞·#, HßO°}O°Ç≤Ï`Œ, ã¨~^°O°ƒùO°Ç≤Ï`Œ† Jã¨~|^°ú`Œ†~ <sub>theatre</sub> Jã¨~|^°Ì <®@Hí O°~Qõ~ absurdist Jã¨~|^°ú`Í ÇÍk absurdity Jã¨~|^°ú`Œ, Jã¨~Qõ`Œ~, J㨠=∞~[ã¨~ abulia xO°‚Ü«µO®Ç≤Ï`Œº~

abundance ã¨=∞$kú, qiq, q∞‰õΩ¯@O

abundant Jq∞`ŒÇ‹∞·#, ^èßO®à◊~Qå, JkèHíÇ‹∞·#, ã¨~ѨÓO°‚Ç‹∞·#, ѨÙ+≤ìܡµ·#, ã¨=∞$^°ú

abundantly ^°~_çQå

abuse n. ^°∞O®ƒù+¨, x~^°, u@∞ì, ^°¥+¨}, ^°∞O°∞Ǩܡ∂Qõ~, ^°∞ifixܡ∂Qõ~. ~ _of

law K«>Ïìxfl ^°∞ifixܡ∂Qõ~ K‹Ü«µº_«~.

~ of power JkèHßO° ^°∞ifixܡ∂Qõ~

abuse v. u@∞ì, ^°¥+≤~K«∞, x~k~K«∞, ^°∞ifixܡ∂Qõ~ KıÜ«µ∞ abuser ^°∞ifixܡ∂Qõ~ Kı¿ã =ºH˜Î abusion ^°∞ifixܡ∂Qõ~, Ç‹Øã¨~, `ŒÇ¨C abusive ^°∞ifixܡ∂Qõ~Kı¿ã abut P#∞HÁx L~_«∞, ǨHí¯<Ë L~_«∞ abutment Pã¨O®, J~_« abuttals Éèí¥q∞ / Éèí=<®Å ã¨iǨÏ^°∞ÌÅ∞ 20 21