ARTIGO_Influence of lignin

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(1)541. ,QÀXHQFHRIOLJQLQFRQWHQWLQVR\EHDQVHHGFRDWRQWKH LQFLGHQFHRIWKHVWRUDJHIXQJXV$VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV1 Ísis Barreto Dantas2, João Almir de Oliveira2, Heloisa Oliveira dos Santos2, Édila Vilela Resende Von Pinho2, Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa3* ABSTRACT - Seed quality may be affected by several factors, including permeability, color, and OLJQLQFRQWHQWLQWKHVHHGFRDW7KLVVWXG\DLPHGDWHYDOXDWLQJLQÀXHQFHRIOLJQLQFRQWHQWLQWKH tegument of seed samples of six different soybean cultivars, in which half of each sample was inoculated with the fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV, on the physical and physiological quality, and on the seed health, during 180 days storage period, under cold chamber with controlled conditions of temperature and RH. For that, at each interval of 60 days, samples were removed, and the physiological quality of these seeds was assessed by means of moisture and lignin contents; and by tests of seed health, germination, and electrical conductivity. The moisture content of seeds remained constant during all storage period. In the seed health test, it was found that inoculation ZDVHI¿FLHQWRQFHWKHPLQLPXPLQFLGHQFHRIWKHIXQJXVLQWKHLQRFXODWHGVHHGVZDV,QWKH germination test, there was a trend of reduction on percentage germination with the increase in storage period. However, there was an increase on electrical conductivity of seeds assessed. It was concluded that there is no interference of the lignin content in the seed coat on the resistance to infection by the fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV, even after seed storage for a period of 180 days. Index terms: *O\FLQHPD[, inoculation, seed storage, resistance to infection.. ,QÀXrQFLDGRWHRUGHOLJQLQDQRWHJXPHQWRGHVHPHQWHGHVRMDQD LQFLGrQFLDGRIXQJRGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR$VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV RESUMO – A qualidade das sementes pode ser afetada por diversos fatores, entre eles SHUPHDELOLGDGH FRU H WHRU GH OLJQLQD GR WHJXPHQWR 2 REMHWLYR GHVWH WUDEDOKR IRL DYDOLDU D LQÀXrQFLDGRWHRUGHOLJQLQDQRWHJXPHQWRGHDPRVWUDVGHVHPHQWHVGHGLIHUHQWHVFXOWLYDUHVGH VRMDPHWDGHGHFDGDXPDGHODVLQRFXODGDVFRPRIXQJR$VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV, na qualidade física, ¿VLROyJLFDHVDQLWiULDGXUDQWHRDUPD]HQDPHQWRSRUXPSHUtRGRGHGLDVHPFkPDUDIULD3DUD LVVRDFDGDSHUtRGRGHGLDVDPRVWUDVIRUDPUHWLUDGDVHDTXDOLGDGH¿VLROyJLFDGHVVDVVHPHQWHV foi avaliada por meio dos teores de umidade e lignina; e pelos testes de sanidade, germinação e condutividade elétrica. O teor de umidade das sementes permaneceu constante durante todo o SHUtRGRGHDUPD]HQDPHQWR1RWHVWHGHVDQLGDGHIRLYHUL¿FDGRTXHDLQRFXODomRIRLH¿FLHQWH YLVWRTXHDLQFLGrQFLDPtQLPDGRIXQJRQDVVHPHQWHVLQRFXODGDVIRL1RWHVWHGHJHUPLQDomR KRXYH WHQGrQFLD GH UHGXomR GD JHUPLQDomR FRP DXPHQWR GR SHUtRGR GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR Entretanto, houve aumento da condutividade elétrica das sementes avaliadas. Conclui-se que não KiLQWHUIHUrQFLDGRWHRUGHOLJQLQDQRWHJXPHQWRGDVVHPHQWHVQDUHVLVWrQFLDjLQIHFomRSHORIXQJR $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXVPHVPRDSyVRDUPD]HQDPHQWRGDVVHPHQWHVSRUGLDV Termos para indexação: *O\FLQHPD[LQRFXODomRDUPD]HQDPHQWRGHVHPHQWHVUHVLVWrQFLDjLQIHFomR. 1. 6XEPLWWHGRQ$FFHSWHGIRUSXEOLFDWLRQRQ. Departamento de Agricultura, UFLA, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000-Lavras, MG, Brasil. 2. 3. EMBRAPA Café, 70770-901-Brasília, DF, Brasil.. &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUVWWHODYHLJD#GDJXÀDEU!. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012.

(2) I. B. DANTAS et al.. 542. ,QWURGXFWLRQ Brazil is the second larger soybean worldwide producer. In the 2009/2010 crop season, the area cultivated with soybean in Brazil reached 24.2 million hectares, with a total production RI PLOOLRQ PHWULF WRQV &21$%

(3) 7KH PHDQ productivity of Brazilian soybean is of 3,106 kg.ha-1; coming to achieve circa 3,190 kg.ha-1 in the State of Mato Grosso, the ODUJHVWVR\EHDQ%UD]LOLDQSURGXFHU &21$%

(4) 7KH VHHG LV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WUDQVIHUULQJ WR ¿HOG WKH technological innovations and the genetic gains resulting from the genetic breeding programs, be them obtained by traditional breeding methods or by genetic engineering. Seed TXDOLW\GH¿QHGDVWKHVXPRIDOOWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVJHQHWLF physical, physiological, and sanitary of seeds, is one of main factors in determining the success of a crop. Such attributes DUHODUJHO\UHÀH[HVRIWKHIXQFWLRQVRIWKHVR\EHDQVHHGFRDW whose quality may be affected by several factors; and among them should be emphasized the permeability, the color, and WKHFRQWHQWRIOLJQLQ 6LOYDHWDO

(5) The barrier that the seed coat exerts in relation to its behavior, in face of adverse environmental conditions and management practices, occur by the fact that it constitutes a protective layer, i.e., is what limits the direct contact of internal part of seed with the environment, thus SURWHFWLQJWKHHPEU\RDJDLQVWPHFKDQLFDOLQMXULHVDQGIURP microorganisms and insects. Besides, the seed coat controls either the gaseous exchanges between the seed and the HQYLURQPHQWRULWVLPELELWLRQSURFHVV 6LOYDHWDO

(6) The lignin is a natural phenolic polymer, which is important for conferring mechanical resistance, to allow the transport of water within the plant, and to propitiate defense to vascular plants. That compound plays a very important role for the physical and physiological quality of soybean seeds. The soybean seed coat is very thin and its lignin content is very low what provides little protection to the radicle, which is situated in very vulnerable region GLUHFWO\EHORZLW *ORULDDQG&DPHOOR*XHUUHLUR

(7) Nowadays, the soybean breeding programs aim at selecting soybean genotypes with high contents of lignin in the seed coat, once these seeds will display good resistance to mechanical impacts in relation to cultivars with an LPSHUPHDEOHWHVWD $OYDUH]HWDO

(8) +RZHYHULWLVVWLOO not totally clear if correlation exists between lignin content DQGWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHWHVWDRIVHHG *ULVHWDO

(9) It has to be emphasized, however that the studies aiming at incorporating such characteristic of the seed testa, i.e., the control of water absorption, only aims production of seed. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012. with high physiological potential; what, as consequence, ZRXOG SURYLGH PRUH UHVLVWDQFH WR ZHDWKHULQJ LQ WKH ¿HOG and less mechanical damages at harvest, as well as a more SURWUDFWHGVWRUDJHSHULRG 0DUFRV)LOKR

(10) Among the several processes by which the soybean seeds have to pass until the next crop, the storage plays a very important role, due to Brazilian tropical and subtropical climatic conditions. It is exactly during the storage phase that the largest worries of seed producers assume an HVVHQWLDOVLJQL¿FDQFHRQFHLWLVUHODWHGWRSUHVHUYDWLRQRI physiological quality of seeds in the sense of minimizing the speed of the deterioration process. Many studies report the storage fungi, mainly species Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp., as the foremost DJHQWV RI VHHG GHWHULRUDWLRQ 7HUYHW &KULVWHQVHQ DQG .DXIPDQQ 1HHUJDDUG 'KLQJUD :HW]HO

(11) /RULQH

(12) UHSRUWHG WKDW FLUFD of seeds annually produced are lost due to infection by microorganisms, which affect germination and vigor. 7KHUHIRUHLQWKLVVWXG\WKHREMHFWLYHZDVWRDVVHVV WKHLQÀXHQFHRIWKHOLJQLQWKDWLVSUHVHQWLQWKHVHHGFRDWRI different soybean cultivars, on the physical, physiological and sanitary quality of these seeds during storage.. 0DWHULDODQG0HWKRGV The experiment was carried out in the Laboratories of Seed Analysis and Pathology of Federal University of Lavras, municipality of Lavras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The soybean cultivars Silvania RR, Valiosa, Conquista, Celeste, %56 DQG %56 SURGXFHG GXULQJ WKH crop season, and with different contents of lignin in their teguments were used for the studies. 7KH LQLWLDO SK\VLRORJLFDO TXDOLW\ RI VHHGV GD\

(13) ZDV GHWHUPLQHG E\ DVVHVVLQJ PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW RYHQ PHWKRG DW &

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(16) 7KHFRQWHQWRI lignin in the seed coat of each cultivar was also assessed by the SRWDVVLXPSHUPDQJDQDWHPHWKRG 9DQ6RHVWDQG:LQH

(17) As previously described, one seed subsample of each cultivar was inoculated with the fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV using the hydric restriction method described by Machado HW DO

(18) 7KH 3'$ FXOWXUH PHGLXP H[WUDFW RI JSRWDWRJGH[WURVHDQGJRI$JDU

(19) ZDVXVHGIRU inoculation; into which a mannitol solution was added DQG DGMXVWHG WR 03D $IWHU DXWRFODYLQJ P/ RI the culture medium containing mannitol were poured into SODVWLF WUD\V PHDVXULQJ [ [ PP

(20) FRQWDLQLQJ.

(21) Lignin content in soybean seeds. as substrate, three sheets of sterile Germitest® paper, previously moistened with distilled water and osmotic potential of -1.0 MPa. To inoculate the substrate into the tray, a scraping was made in a pure culture of the fungus, grown into Petri dishes on common PDA medium, with the aid of a Drigalsky loop, thus obtaining a mixture of conidia mycelia, which was then smeared on top of the substrate. The trays were immediately and aseptically covered with WUDQVSDUHQW SODVWLF ¿OP DQG SODFHG LQWR DQ HQYLURQPHQWDO FKDPEHUDW&DQGSKRWRSHULRGRIK /'

(22) GXULQJ ¿YH GD\V IRU IXQJXV JURZWK$IWHUZDUGV WKH VHHGV ZHUH evenly distributed on the fungus colony, in a single layer. In addition, a conidia suspension of the fungus, in the concentration of 1x106 conidia mL-1 was sprayed over the seeds to ensure their infection. Subsequent to inoculation, the trays were again placed into the environmental chamber, under conditions identical to the previously described where, in this step, they remained during 48 h. After such period, the seeds were removed from the trays and left to drying under natural environment. Afterwards, these seeds were stored and assessed as previously described. The characteristics assessed were: germination, SHUIRUPHG DFFRUGLQJ WR %UDVLO

(23) VHHG KHDOWK E\ WKH standard Blotter Test; and electrical conductivity, according. 543. WR.U]\]DQRZVNLHWDO

(24) A completely randomized experimental design was used in the experiment, which was performed with four replications and with treatments arranged in a factorial VFKHPH [ [ ^ FXOWLYDUV 6LOYDQLD 55 9DOLRVD &RQTXLVWD &HOHVWH %56 DQG %56

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(28) with means for qualitative characteristics compared by 6FRWW.QRWW WHVW DW SUREDELOLW\ IRU WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH characteristics, regression analysis was performed.. 5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ The result means obtained in the assessment of initial moisture content of soybean seeds with different contents RIOLJQLQVXEMHFWHGRUQRWWRDUWL¿FLDOLQRFXODWLRQZLWKWKH fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV and stored until 180 days, were not statistically analyzed and are presented on Table 1. By data therein presented, it can be observed that conspicuous differences in the moisture content means, in function of store period, were not detected; independently of cultivar RUDUWL¿FLDOLQRFXODWLRQZLWKWKHIXQJXV$VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV.. 7DEOH0RLVWXUHFRQWHQW

(29) RIVHHGVRIVL[GLIIHUHQWVR\EHDQFXOWLYDUVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWDUWL¿FLDOLQRFXODWLRQZLWKWKH fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV and stored during 0, 60, 120 and 180 days, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Storage period Cultivar Silvania Valiosa Celeste Conquista %56 BRS 247. With 9.66 9.17 9.76 10.78 10.68. Day 0 Without 9.12 10.22 10.76 . 60 days With Without 8.67 9.79 10.92 10.83 9.20 9.12 9.33 9.23 10.46. The differences observed for lignin content on seed coat among the cultivars assessed in the present study ZHUHVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW 7DEOH

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(31) LQ VWXGLHV SHUIRUPHG ZLWK FRQYHQWLRQDO DQG WUDQVJHQLF 55

(32) VR\EHDQ VHHGV +RZHYHU LW KDV not been found statistically significant changes for this SDUDPHWHUDIWHUDGD\VVWRUDJHSHULRG 7DEOH

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(34) DIWHUDVWRUDJH period of 12 months. Results on lignin content present in the seed coat and in the ranking of cultivars are in. 120 days With Without 9.44 9.21 9.72 9.67 9.98 9.18 9.17 10.41. 180 days With Without 9.71 9.12 9.11 10.06 10.03 9.87 9.86 10.43 10.39 10.07 10.02. agreement with those results previously observed by $OYDUH]HWDO

(35) The stability of the lignin present in the seed coat, even under storage, may be explained by the insolubility and complexity of the polymer of lignin. Such characteristic makes the lignin a resistant component against degradation FDXVHG E\ PDMRULW\ RI PLFURRUJDQLVPV &DPSEHOO DQG 6HGHURII

(36) ,W FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKDW IRU OLJQLQ FRQWHQW 7DEOH

(37) the seeds of cultivars Silvania, Valiosa and Conquista. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012.

(38) I. B. DANTAS et al.. 544. presented higher values, and were sorted as seeds with high content of lignin; while the seeds of cultivars Celeste,. %56DQG%56SUHVHQWHGORZHUYDOXHVDQGZHUH sorted as seeds with low content of lignin.. 7DEOH3HUFHQWDJHFRQWHQWRIOLJQLQ J

(39) LQWKHWHJXPHQWRIVHHGVRIVL[GLIIHUHQWVR\EHDQFXOWLYDUVVXEMHFWHGWRDUWL¿FLDO inoculation with the fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV and stored during periods of 0, 60,120 and 180 days, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Percentage FRQWHQWRIOLJQLQ J

(40) Storage period GD\V

(41) &XOWLYDU Silvania Valiosa Conquista BRS 247 %56 Celeste. Day 0. 60 days. 120 days. 180 days. 0.446 aA* 0.307 bA 0.292 bA 0.199 cA 0.192 cA 0.176 cA. 0.443 aA* 0.306 bA 0.290 bA 0.196 cA 0.189 cA 0.172 cA. 0.442 aA* 0.306 bA 0.290 bA F$ 0.188 cA 0.172 cA. 0.442 aA* 0.304 bA 0.288 bA F$ 0.188 cA 0.171 cA. *Means followed by the same small letter in the columns and capital letter in the lines do not statistically differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test, DWSUREDELOLW\. Under conditions in which this study was carried out, the YDOXHVIRUOLJQLQFRQWHQWYDULHGEHWZHHQDQG The lowest values were associated to seeds of cultivars BRS DQG%56 DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\

(42) DQGWKH highest values were linked to seeds of cultivars Silvania DQG9DOLRVD HUHVSHFWLYHO\

(43) 6LPLODUYDOXHV ZHUHIRXQGE\*ULVHWDO

(44) LQVWXG\ZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDO DQGJHQHWLFDOO\PRGL¿HGVR\EHDQVHHGV Differences on lignin content in the seed coat of soybean seeds has been observed by several authors 7DYDUHVHWDO&DUERQHOOHWDO$OYDUH] &DUERQHOODQG.U]\]DQRZVNL3DQRELDQFRHWDO 0HQH]HV HW DO

(45) ,Q DGGLWLRQ D ODUJH VSHFXODWLRQ KDV been raised in relation to lignin content in the soybean SODQWDPRQJWKHWUDQVJHQLFFXOWLYDUV 55

(46) DQGFRQYHQWLRQDO FXOWLYDUV &RJKODQ*HUW]-XQLRUHWDO.XLSHU HWDO(GPLVWHQHWDO1RGDULDQG'HVWUR

(47) In the test of initial germination, it was observed variation of 11 percentage points on germination percentage; the cultivar Conquista presented the lowest JHUPLQDWLRQ SHUFHQWDJH

(48) DQG WKH FXOWLYDU %56 KDG WKH KLJKHVW JHUPLQDWLRQ SHUFHQWDJH

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(50) All cultivars were produced at the same local, and under the same edaphoclimatic conditions. Such variation, however, may be explained by the fact that not all cultivars are adapted to the southern region of Minas Gerais state 6RXWKHDVW5HJLRQRI%UD]LO

(51) EXWWRWKH6RXWKHUQ5HJLRQ of the country. For electrical conductivity values, it was observed that initially the seeds of all lots presented similar. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012. YDOXHV EHWZHHQ 6FP-1.g-1 DQG 6FP-1.g-1

(52) WKXV VXJJHVWLQJDJRRGLQLWLDOSK\VLRORJLFDOTXDOLW\ 7DEOH

(53) Table 3. Initial physiological quality of seeds of six different soybean cultivars assessed by tests of JHUPLQDWLRQ *

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(55) Cultivar Silvania Valiosa Conquista BRS 247 %56 Celeste &9

(56). *

(57) 89.0 b* 88.0 b 87.0 b 93.0 a 98.0 a D . (& 6cm-1.g-1

(58) D D D D D D 9.20. *Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not statistically GLIIHUEHWZHHQHDFKRWKHUE\WKH6FRWW.QRWWWHVWDWSUREDELOLW\. %\UHVXOWVDFKLHYHGLQWKHVHHGKHDOWKWHVW )LJXUH

(59) LW FDQEHYHUL¿HGWKDWDUWL¿FLDOLQRFXODWLRQZDVHI¿FLHQWRQFH the minimum incidence of the fungus $VSHUJLOOXV ÀDYXV REVHUYHGLQWKHLQRFXODWHGVHHGVZDVLQGHSHQGHQWRI the cultivar or storage period. The non-inoculated seed presented low incidence of the fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV, given that after 60 days storage, maximum incidence was observed for the cultivar Silvania, ZLWK D PHDQ RI RQO\ DQG WKH PLQLPXP LQFLGHQFH ZDVIRUWKHFXOWLYDUV&RQTXLVWD%56DQG&HOHVWH DIWHUGD\VVWRUDJH )LJXUH

(60) .

(61) Lignin content in soybean seeds. 6LOYDQLD. 1RQ,QRFXODWHG ,QRFXODWHG. . . . . 120 . 180 . . 3HQLFLOOLXPLQFLGHQFH

(62). 3HQLFLOOLXP LQFLGHQFH

(63). . . 1RQ,QRFXODWHG ,QRFXODWHG. . . . 3HQLFLOOLXP LQFLGHQFH

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(65). &RQTXLVWD. . . 1RQ,QRFXODWHG ,QRFXODWHG. . . . 6WRUDJH3HULRG GD\V

(66). 3HQLFLOOLXPLQFLGHQFH

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(68). . . . 120 . 180 . . . . . . . . 6WRUDJH3HULRG GD\V

(69). &HOHVWH. . . %56. . 1RQ,QRFXODWHG ,QRFXODWHG. 6WRUDJH3HULRG GD\V

(70) . . 6WRUDJH3HULRG GD\V

(71). . . 9DOLRVD. 1RQ,QRFXODWHG ,QRFXODWHG . 6WRUDJH3HULRG GD\V

(72) . 545. . %56. . 1RQ,QRFXODWHG ,QRFXODWHG . . 6WRUDJH3HULRG GD\V

(73). . Figure 1. Incidence of the storage fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV in inoculated and non-inoculated seeds of six different soybean FXOWLYDUVVXEMHFWHGWRVWRUDJHSHULRGVRIDQGGD\VXQGHUFRQWUROOHGFRQGLWLRQVRIWHPSHUDWXUHDQG relative humidity. %\GDWDRI$129$ 7DEOH

(74) LWFDQEHYHUL¿HGWKDWWKHUH KDYHEHHQVLJQL¿FDQWLQWHUDFWLRQVRQO\IRUIDFWRUV&XOWLYDU x Storage, for the germination percentage variable; and for factors Fungus incidence x Storage, for the electrical conductivity variable. A trend of reduction on percentage germination with the increase in storage period was detected for all cultivars DVVHVVHGLQGHSHQGHQWLIVHHGVZHUHDUWL¿FLDOO\LQRFXODWHG RU QRW )LJXUH

(75) ,W ZDV DOVR IRXQG WKDW VXFK GHFUHDVH was higher for seeds of the cultivar Conquista; which was sorted as having high content of lignin, what is more evident starting from 60 days of storage. Despite the fact WKDW LQRFXODWLRQ IDFWRU GLG QRW LQÀXHQFH WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ RI WKH IDFWRUV FXOWLYDU [ VWRUDJH 7DEOH

(76) WKH VHHGV RI the cultivars Celeste and BRS 247, with smaller content. of lignin in the tegument, were the ones presenting the lowest reduction. %\ GDWD VKRZQ RQ 7DEOH LW EHFRPHV HYLGHQW WKH higher germination percent for seeds of the cultivars Celeste and BRS 247, whose lignin contents in the seed coat were sorted as the lowest ones. $FFRUGLQJ WR 0F'RXJDOO HW DO

(77) WKH impermeability of the seed coat, conferred by the lignin, H[HUWV VLJQL¿FDQW HIIHFW RQ FDSDFLW\ DQG VSHHG RI ZDWHU absorption through it; this way interfering in the amount of leachates released from seeds to external environment, during imbibition phase in the germination process. &URFNHU

(78) KDV DOUHDG\ PHQWLRQHG WKH QHHG IRU a better knowledge of such mechanism, for considering WKLV DV WKH ODUJHVW H[DPSOH RI HI¿FLHQF\ DJDLQVW ZDWHU. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012.

(79) I. B. DANTAS et al.. Table 4. ANOVA of seeds of six different soybean cultivars with different content of lignin in the tegument, inoculated or not with the storage fungus $VSHUJLOOXV ÀDYXV and stored during 0, 60, 120, and 180 days, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity; and assessed E\WKHWHVWVRIJHUPLQDWLRQSHUFHQW *

(80) HOHFWULFDO FRQGXFWLYLW\ (&

(81) DQGOLJQLQFRQWHQW /&

(82) Assessment tests Variation Factors )XQJXV )

(83) &XOWLYDU &

(84) 6WRUDJH 6

(85) FxC FxS CxS FxCxS Mean &9

(86). G DF MS 1 1073.73* 3 2263.29* 37.98n.s. 3 14.68n.s. 87.91* 23.40n.s. 4.18. EC LC MS MS 4994.22* 0.3478n.s. 1007.28* 0.1269* 22174.98* 0.086n.s. n.s 244.70 n.s. n.s. n.s 0.024n.s. 133.28n.s 0.006n.s. 47.39 0.26 19.8 4.9. QV QRQVLJQL¿FDQWDWSUREDELOLW\ VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWDW SUREDELOLW\. 7DEOH*HUPLQDWLRQSHUFHQWDJHRIVHHGVRIVL[GLIIHUHQW soybean cultivars stored during periods of 0, 60, 120, and 180 days, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Cultivar Silvania Conquista Valiosa %56 BRS 247 Celeste. Day 0 90 b* 93 b 91 b 96 a 98 a 99 a. Germination

(87) 60 days 120 days 76 c* 76 c* 80 b 76 c 83 b 78 c 92 a 83 b 92 a 91 a a 90 a. As previously mentioned, for the electrical conductivity YDULDEOHWKHUHKDVEHHQVLJQL¿FDQWLQWHUDFWLRQRQO\IRUWKH IDFWRUV)XQJXV[6WRUDJH 7DEOH

(88) 'DWDREWDLQHGLQWKLV study suggest a trend of increased electrical conductivity with the increase of storage period for both: either seeds DUWL¿FLDOO\ LQRFXODWHG RU QRQLQRFXODWHG LQGHSHQGHQW RI FXOWLYDU )LJXUH

(89) . 100. y(silvania) = -1,0885x + 82,948 R² = 0,824 y(Conquista) = -2,9265x + 87,902 R² = 0,8238 y(Valiosa) = -1,3085x + 86,448 R² = 0,824 y(BRS 245) = -3,375x + 95,9 R² = 0,8262 y(BRS 247) = -1,5695x + 96,201 R² = 0,8234 y(Celeste) = -1,514x + 97,037 R² = 0,8236. 95. Germination (%). penetration, and therefore should be better used by plant EUHHGHUV E\ DGMXVWLQJ WKLV FKDUDFWHULVWLF WR WKHLU QHHGV As general characteristics of soybean cultivars with less permeable seed coat, it can be cited better potential of preservation, lower levels of infection by pathogens, and higher vigor and viability; besides resistance to moisture DEVRUSWLRQDIWHUPDWXUDWLRQ 3DQRELDQFRHWDO

(90) . 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 0. 60. 120. Silvania 245 Linear (Silvania) Linear (245). Conquista 247 Linear (Conquista) Linear (247). *Means followed by the same letter in the columns do not statistically GLIIHUEHWZHHQHDFKRWKHUE\WKH6FRWW.QRWWWHVWDWGHSUREDELOLW\. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012. Valiosa Celeste Linear (Valiosa) Linear (Celeste). . Figure 2. Germination percentage of seeds of six different VR\EHDQFXOWLYDUVDUWL¿FLDOO\LQRFXODWHGZLWKWKH IXQJXV$VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXVDQGVWRUHGGXULQJ 120, and 180 days, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity.. 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0. \ 1R$VSHUJLOOXV

(91) [ R² = 0,8226. 20,0. \ :LWK$VSHUJLOOXV

(92) [ R² = 0,8238. 0,0 0. 60. 120. 180. 6WRUDJH3HULRG GD\V

(93) No/Aspergillus S/ Aspergillus. 180 days 77 b* 69 d 79 b 73 c 86 a 87 a. 180. Storage Period (days). (& 6FPJ

(94). 546. /LQHDU 6$VSHUJLOOXV

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(96). With/Aspergillus C/ Aspergillus. :LWK$VSHUJLOOXV

(97) /LQHDU &$VSHUJLOOXV

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(99) RI VHHGV RI VL[ GLIIHUHQW VR\EHDQ FXOWLYDUV DUWL¿FLDOO\ LQRFXODWHG :LWKAspergillus

(100) RUQRQLQRFXODWHG 1RAspergillus

(101) ZLWK WKH IXQJXV Aspergillus ÀDYXV and stored during periods of 0, 60, 120, and 180 days, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity..

(102) Lignin content in soybean seeds. The inoculated seeds had the highest mean incidence of $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV throughout the storage period, when compared with non-inoculates seeds, with differences VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQL¿FDQWRQO\IRUVWRUDJHSHULRGVRIDQG GD\V 7DEOH

(103) ,WFDQDOVREHREVHUYHGWKDWLQRFXODWLRQ. 547. with this fungus has led to an increase on electrical conductivity of seeds with the increase of storage period, hence demonstrating that the fungus is able to accelerate the deterioration process, promoted by destruction of the cellular membranes system.. 7DEOH(OHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\ (&

(104) RIVHHGVRIVL[GLIIHUHQWVR\EHDQFXOWLYDUVVXEMHFWHGRUQRWWRDUWL¿FLDOLQRFXODWLRQ with the fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV, and stored under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Seed inoculation Inoculated Non-inoculated. Day 0 32.81 a* 22.67 a. (& 6cm-1.g-1

(105) 60 days 120 days E D 32.17 a 49.34 a. 180 days E D. 0HDQVIROORZHGE\WKHVDPHOHWWHULQWKHFROXPQVGRQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\GLIIHUEHWZHHQHDFKRWKHUE\WKH6FRWW.QRWWWHVWDWGHSUREDELOLW\. It was also observed that, even after 180 days storage, the electrical conductivity values found in the inoculated seeds were still considered acceptable for sorting them as seeds with high vigor; although with a strong trend to be sorted DV PHGLXP YLJRU VHHGV 9LHLUD DQG .U]\]DQRZVNL

(106) have considered as high vigor soybean seeds, those that SUHVHQWHGHOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\EHWZHHQ6FP-1.g-1 and 6FP-1.g-1. By correlating the variation on seed electrical conductivity of soybean seeds with the content of lignin in WKHVHHGFRDW3DQRELDQFRHWDO

(107) KDYHVWDWHGWKDWWKH soybean genotype may change the electrical conductivity in seeds with the same physiological quality standard. 6XFK REVHUYDWLRQ FRQ¿UPV WKDW KDV LQGHHG RFFXUUHG reduction on physiological quality of the seeds assessed; once that the higher their electrical conductivity, the higher will be WKHLUGHWHULRUDWLRQ7KHVHGDWDDOVRFRQ¿UPZKDWZDVREVHUYHG in the germination test, where with the increase of storage period there was reduction on germination percent and on the increase of electrical conductivity values, for all cultivars evaluated.. &RQFOXVLRQV Soybean seeds with low content of lignin in their tegument have higher potential of germination, even after 180 days storage period, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The lignin content on the tegument of soybean seeds, inoculated or not, with the fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV do not undergo changes during a 180 days storage period, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Higher concentration of lignin content in the tegument of soybean seeds does not confer higher resistance to penetration of storage fungus $VSHUJLOOXVÀDYXV.. 5HIHUHQFHV ALVAREZ, P. J. C. 5HODomRHQWUHRFRQWH~GRGHOLJQLQDQRWHJXPHQWR GHVRMDHVXDUHODomRDRGDQRPHFkQLFRLondrina: FUEL, 1994. 43p. ALVAREZ, P.J.C.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; MANDARINO, J. M.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B. Relationship between soybean seed coat lignin content and resistance to mechanical damage. 6HHG 6FLHQFH DQG 7HFKQRORJ\YQS %5$6,/0LQLVWpULRGD$JULFXOWXUD3HFXiULDH$EDVWHFLPHQWR5HJUDVSDUD DQiOLVHGHVHPHQWHV0LQLVWpULRGD$JULFXOWXUD3HFXiULDH$EDVWHFLPHQWR 6HFUHWDULD GH 'HIHVD $JURSHFXiULD %UDVtOLD 0$3$$&6 S KWWSZZZDJULFXOWXUDJRYEUDUTBHGLWRUILOHODERUDWFEULR VHPHQWHVUHJUDVSDUDDQDOLVHGHVHPHQWHVSGI$FHVVRHP 10 fev. 2010. CAMPBELL, M.M.; SEDEROFF, R.R. Variation in lignin content and composition. 3ODQW3K\VLRORJ\n.110, p.3-13, 1996. CARBONELL, S.A.M.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C. The pendulum test for screening soybean genotypes for seeds resistance to mechanical damage. 6HHG6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\YQS CARBONELL, S.A.M.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; KASTER, M. $YDOLDomR GR ³WHVWH GH TXHGD´ SDUD VHOHomR GH JHQyWLSRV GH VRMD FRP VHPHQWH UHVLVWHQWH DR GDQR PHFkQLFR 5HYLVWD %UDVLOHLUD GH 6HPHQWHV, YQS CHRISTENSEN, C. M.; KAUFMANN, H. H. *UDLQVWRUDJH: the rice of fungi in quality loss. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1969. COGHLAN, A. 6SOLWWLQJ KHDGDFKH 0RQVDQWR¶V PRGL¿HG VR\D EHDQV are cracking up in the heat. Saint Louis: Monsanto, 1999. http://www. mindfully.org/ge/monsanto-rr-soy-cracking.htm. Acesso em: 30 mar. 2011. COMPANHIA NACIONAL DE ABASTECIMENTO. $FRPSDQKDPHQWR GDVDIUDEUDVLOHLUDgrãos safra 2010/2011. Brasília: Conab, 2011. http:// www.conab.gov.br. Acesso em: 02 fev. 2012.. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012.

(108) 548. I. B. DANTAS et al.. CROCKER, W. *URZWKRISODQWV. New York: Reinohold, 1948. '+,1*5$ 2 ' 3UHMXt]RV FDXVDGRV SRU PLFURRUJDQLVPRV GXUDQWH R armazenamento de sementes. 5HYLVWD%UDVLOHLUDGH6HPHQWHV, v. 7, n. 1, S EDMISTEN, K. L.; WELLS, R.; WILCUT, J.W. ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH FDYLWDWLRQ DQG ODUJH EROO VKHG LQ 5RXQGXS 5HDG\ FRWWRQ. Disponível: KWWSZZZFRWWRQLQFFRPSURMHFWVXPPDULHVSURMHFWVXPPDULHV GHWDLOVDVS"SURMHFWLG $FHVVRHPPDU FERREIRA, D.F. $QiOLVHV HVWDWtVWLFDV SRU PHLR GR 6LVYDU SDUD :LQGRZV YHUVmR ,Q a Reunião Anual da Região Brasileira da Sociedade LQWHUQDFLRQDOGH%LRPHWULD8)6&DU6mR&DUORV63-XOKRGHS KWWSZZZGH[XÀDEUaGDQLHOIIVRIWZDUHVKWP$FHVVRHPMDQ GERTZ-JUNIOR, J. M.; VENCILL, W.K.; HILL, N.S. Tolerance RI WUDQVJHQLF VR\EHDQ *O\FLQH PD[

(109) WR KHDW VWUHVV ,Q %5,*+721 CROP PROTECTION CONFERENCE: WEEDS, 3., 1999, Brighton. 3URFHHGLQJV«%ULJKWRQ%&3S GLORIA, B. A.; CARMELLO-GUERREIRO, S. M. $QDWRPLDYHJHWDO 2. Ed. UFV: Viçosa, 2006. 438p. GRIS, C. F.; PINHO, E.V. R.; ANDRADE, T.; BALDONI, A.; CARVALHO, 0/04XDOLGDGH¿VLROyJLFDHWHRUGHOLJQLQDQRWHJXPHQWRGHVHPHQWHV GHVRMDFRQYHQFLRQDOHWUDQVJrQLFD55VXEPHWLGDVDGLIHUHQWHVpSRFDV de colheita. &LrQFLDH$JURWHFQRORJLD v.34, n.2, p.374-381, 2010. http://www. VFLHOREUVFLHORSKS"VFULSW VFLBDUWWH[W SLG V OQJ =en&nrm=iso. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2012 KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; VIEIRA, R.D.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B. 9LJRU GHVHPHQWHV conceitos e testes.Londrina: ABRATES, 1999. 218p. KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; FRANÇA-NETO, J.B.; MANDARINO, J.M.G.; KASTER, M. Evaluation of lignin content of soybean seed coat stored in a controlled enviroment5HYLVWD%UDVLOHLUDGH6HPHQWHVv.30, n.2, p.220223, 2008. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=s010131222008000200028&lng=en&nrm=iso. Acesso em: 17 fev. 2012 KUIPER, H.A.; KLETER, G.A.; NOTEBORN, H.P.J.M; KOK, E.J. $VVHVVPHQW RI WKH IRRG VDIHW\ LVVXHV UHODWHG WR JHQHWLFDOO\ PRGL¿HG foods. 7KH3ODQW-RXUQDOYQS. MARCOS-FILHO, J. Pesquisa sobre vigor de sementes de hortaliças. ,QIRUPDWLYR$%5$7(6/RQGULQDYQS 0F'28*$// * - HW DO 3ODQW FHOO ZDOOV DV GLHWDU\ ¿EUH UDQJH structure, processing and function. -RXUQDO RI 6FLHQFH )RRG DQG $JULFXOWXUHYQS)HE MENEZES, M.; VON PINHO, E.V.R.; JOSE, S. C. B. R.; BALDONI, A.; MENDES, F.F. Aspectos químicos e estruturais da qualidade ¿VLROyJLFDGHVHPHQWHVGHVRMD3HVTXLVD$JURSHFXiULD%UDVLOHLUD, v.44, p.1716-1723, 2009. NEERGAARD, P. 6HHGSDWKRORJ\. London: Macmillan, vol.1st, Revised Edition, 1979. 229p. NODARI, R.O.; DESTRO, D. 5HODWyULRVREUHDVLWXDomRGHODYRXUDVGH VRMDGDUHJLmRGH3DOPHLUDGDV0LVV}HV56VDIUDFXOWLYDGDV FRPFXOWLYDUHVFRQYHQFLRQDLVHFRPFXOWLYDUHVWUDQVJrQLFDV http://www. agirazul.com.br/123/noticias/000000a3.htm. Acesso em: 16 mar. 2011. PANOBIANCO, M.; VIEIRA, R.D.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F.C.; FRANÇANETO, J.B. Electrical conductivity of soybean seed and correlation with seed coat lignin content. 6HHG6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\YQS 6,/9$ 0 $ ' 9,(,5$ 5 ' 6$1726 - 0 ,QÀXrQFLD GR HQYHOKHFLPHQWR DFHOHUDGR QD DQDWRPLD GD WHVWD GH VHPHQWHV GH VRMD cv. Monsoy 8400. 5HYLVWD %UDVLOHLUD GH 6HPHQWHV, v.30, n.2, p.91-99, 2008. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S010131222008000200012&lng=en&nrm=iso. Acesso em: 19 dez. 2011. TAVARES, D.Q.; MIRANDA, M.A.C; UMINO, C.Y.; DIAS, G.M. &DUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWUXWXUDLV GR WHJXPHQWR GH VHPHQWHV SHUPHiYHLV H LPSHUPHiYHLV GH OLQKDJHQV GH VRMD *O\FLQH PD[ /

(110) 0HUULOO 5HYLVWD %UDVLOHLUDGH%RWkQLFDYQS 7(59(7,:7KHLQÀXHQFHRIIXQJLRQVWRUDJHRQVHHGYLDELOLW\DQG seedling vigor of soybeans. 3K\WRSDWKRORJ\YS VAN SOEST, P.J.; WINE, R.H. Determination of lignin and cellulose LQ DFLGGHWHUJHQW ¿EHU ZLWK SHUPDQJDQDWH -RXUQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ RI $JULFXOWXUDO&KHPLVWU\YS. LORINI, I. 0DQHMRLQWHJUDGRGHJUmRVGHFHUHDLVDUPD]HQDGRV. Passo Fundo: Embrapa Trigo, 2008. 72 p.. VIEIRA, R. D.; KRZYZANOWSKI, F. C. Teste de condutividade elétrica. In: KRZYZANOWSKI, F. C.; VIEIRA, R. D.; FRANCA1(72 - % (G

(111) 9LJRU GH VHPHQWHV: conceitos e testes. Londrina: ABRATES, 1999. cap. 4, p. 1-26.. MACHADO, J.C.; OLIVEIRA, J.A.; VIEIRA, M.G.G.C. Uso da restrição hídrica na inoculação de fungos em sementes de milho. 5HYLVWD %UDVLOHLUDGH6HPHQWHV v. 23, n.2, p. 88-94, 2001.. WETZEL, M. M. V. S. Fungos de armazenamento. In: SOAVE, J.; WETZEL, M. M. V. S. 3DWRORJLD GH VHPHQWHV. Campinas: Fundação &DUJLOOFDSS. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, vol. 34, nº 4 p. 541 - 548, 2012.

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