EURAF
EUROPEAN AGROFORESTRY FEDERATION
2
nd
European Agroforestry Conference
Integrating Science and Policy to Promote Agroforestry in Practice
June 2014 Cottbus, Germany Editor-In-Chief: João HN Palma Editors: Anja Chalmin Paul Burgess Jo Smith Mike Strachan Jabier Ruiz Mirazo Adolfo Rosati Organizing Committee: Dirk Freese Anja Chalmin Christian Dupraz Rosa Mosquera-Losada Anastasia Panthera Norbert Lammersdorf João HN Palma Joana A Paulo Scientific Committee: Adolfo Rosati Anastasia Panthera Ansgar Quinkenstein Gerardo Moreno Jo Smith Joana A Paulo João HN Palma Rosa Mosquera-Losada Sami Kryeziu
Agricultural, forest and rural policy sectors’ receptiveness to agroforestry intercropping systems in
Quebec (Canada) ... 82
Could tree leaves serve as a mineral supplement for dairy cows and goats? ... 86
Energy wood production in alley cropping agroforestry systems ... 89
The influence of policy sectors on agroforestry in Germany ... 93
Tree-based intercropping: A land-use for greenhouse gas mitigation in Canadian agricultural systems ... 96
Behaviour of Degradable Tree Shelters in Forestry and Agro-Forestry Environments ... 100
On-farm monitoring of agroforestry innovations ... 103
Solid biofuel and biogas production from a grassland-willow alley cropping system... 106
Analysis of a silvopastoral system with animals of the autochthonous swine breed Porco Celta in Galicia (NW Spain) ... 110
Indicators explaining the benefits of agroforestry systems ... 113
Cattle production in agroforestry systems. An analysis on the role of intensification and dependence of subsidies... 116
Calibration of the parameters of the Yield-SAFE model in silvopastoral systems under Pinus radiata D. Don ... 120
From research to the field… developing a third generation agroforestry ... 124
Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) - an invasive alien species or potentially species plantation of agroforestry in Pannonian ecoregion ... 127
Tree growth in a silvopastoral system established in acid soils with Pinus radiata D. Don ... 131
Co-Design of innovative periurban horticultural agroforestry systems: Case study of a pilot farm in the south of France ... 135
Silvopastoral management for quality wood production ... 139
Interactions among plant layers in shrub-encroached Iberian dehesas and consequences for their persistence ... 143
Juglans growth under ploughing and Vicia villosa sowing understory management ... 147
Nutritive value of Quercus pyrenaica Willd browse species in NE of Portugal ... 150
Carbon balance estimation for Agroforestry land use alternatives in Portugal ... 153
The role of scattered trees and habitat diversity for biodiversity of Iberian dehesas ... 157
Evolution of crop yields and qualities in a short rotation coppice alley cropping system in Germany ... 161
Agroforestry at the limits: Using field scarps and lynchets for valuable wood production ... 165
Reduced groundwater recharge under short rotation coppice plantations – can agroforestry help? ... 168
Potential of growing crops between poplar rows in hybrid poplar plantations in Croatia ... 172
Valuation of grazing resources in agroforestry systems: an example of extensive livestock farms of Spanish Dehesas ... 175
Environmental, economic and social indicators of rural development in agroforestry areas ... 179
Where to implement Short Rotation Agroforestry Systems? A spatially-explicit approach to derive site suitability from site conditions and field geometries ... 183
Innovating tree plantation design: Spiralographing agroforestry... 187
How two business models respond to current challenges of agrowood production: The case of Brandenburg/Germany. ... 190
Nutritive value of Quercus pyrenaica Willd browse species in NE of
Portugal
Castro M1, Fernández-Núñez E1*, Gómez Sal, A2 *Corresponding author: esfernu@gmail.com
1Mountain Research Centre CIMO-ESA-IPB. 5300-854. Bragança Portugal. 2Depto. Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
Introduction
Quercus pyrenaica Willd (pyrenean oak) occurs in a transition between the Mediterranean sclerophyllous and the temperate deciduous forest, being one of the most abundant and characteristic oak species in the Iberian Peninsula, due its economical and biological importance and by several services produced (timber, firewood, pastures, soil protection from erosion, nutrient and water cycling, wildlife habitat, increased biodiversity). Its distribution area covers about 600.000 ha in Spain; and 62.000 ha in Portugal, which represents about 95 % of its natural distribution area (Castaño-Santamaría et. al., 2013). On the other hand, pyrenean oak ecosystems are seen as strategic ecosystems for nature conservation to maintain resources in a sustainable and productive way (Gómez Sal 2000). Pyrenean oak is mainly found in the form of coppice-managed or young forests. The present study concerns the role of pyrenean oak woodlands in the diet of small ruminants; particularly the aim of this study was to assess the nutritive value of key browse species of pyrenean oak forests in Trás-os-Montes region (NE of Portugal).
Material
The study was to undertake at different mature stages the evolution of chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of shrub twigs and tree leaves. The browse species evaluated were Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link, Cytisus striatus (Hill) Rothm, Cytisus multiflorus (LHér.) Genista falcata Brot. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd. Tree samples were formed by foliage and shrub by mixed twigs from several specimens. Hand-samples of the different shrubs species were taken along the year seasons: beginning of March (early spring), beginning of May (late spring), July (summer), end of September (autumn) and December (winter). Pyrenean oak was sampled only during the leaf production periods: May (very young leaf), July (young leaf), August (mature leaf), September (leaf in early of senescence), and October (senescent leaf). Samples were dried (60 ºC 48h) and ground. Crude protein contents (CP) were evaluated and recorded following the methods of AOAC (1997). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and sulphuric acid lignin fractions (ADL) were determined following the methods described by Soest and Wine (1967. In vitro organic
matter digestibility (IVOMD) was evaluated using the two-stage technique (Tilley and Terry 1963) modified by Marten and Barnes (1980).
Chemical composition and IVOMD were analysed by ANOVA (PROC GLM procedure) using the SAS (2001) software. Turkey´s test was used for subsequent pairwise comparisons (P < 0.05; α = 0.05).
Results
Species varied widely in chemical
composition (CP: 91.9-225.7 gkg-1, NDF: 360.3-665.3 gkg-1, ADF: 253.5-535.0 gkg-1, ADL: 56.7-165.2 gkg-1) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVOMD: 41.73-70.39%) (Fig.1). CP and IVOMD were significantly increased in May in the case of C. scoparius and pyrenean oak, and although not significant, this trend were shown in the rest of shrubs. NDF, ADF and ADL levels were positively increased in September in the case of C. scoparius, and in July and October in the case of Q. pyrenaica.
Discussion
Pyrenean oak leaves presented a constant composition throughout the leaf cycle although this pattern changed in very young leaf stages (May) when leaves were not formed, while shrubs species showed the highest nutritive value in late spring (May) and the lowest values in autumn (September). The ligneous species present in this study are consumed by small ruminants grazing, particularly goats, in
Fig 1. Dietary chemical composition (Crude protein content, NDF: neutral detergent fibre , ADF: acid detergent fibre, ADL: sulphuric acid lignin fractions) and In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) in different shrubs species and Quercus pyrenaica . Different letters indicate significant differences between seasons.
Shrubs Tree c a b e d a b b bc c 80 160 240 March May
July Sept Dec May July
August Sept October
Crude Protein g kg-1
C. scoparius C. striatus C.multiflorus G. falcata Q. pyrenaica Shrubs Tree c d b a b c a b b ab 300 600 900 March May
July Sept Dec May July
August Sept October NDF g kg-1 Shrubs Tree c d b a d c a b b a 200 400 600 March May
July Sept Dec May July
August Sept October ADF g kg-1 Shrubs Tree c d b a b d b c c a 40 120 200 March May
July Sept Dec May July
August Sept October ADL g kg-1 Shrubs Tree b a c bc b a c b b c 40 60 80 March May
July Sept Dec May July
August Sept
October
IVOMD %
Mediterranean rangelands. According to Castro (2004), the consumption of leguminous shrubs such C. scoparius, C. multiflorus and C. striatus reaches in spring 38 %, in summer and autumn about 10 % and in winter 14 % of total goat’s diets. Pyrenean oak consumption increases through the season, becoming very high in August - September, when the other resources become less abundant and with lower quality. The summer diet of goats contained about 25 % of leaves whereas it was only 2.5% in the diet of sheep (Castro et. al., 2004). The relative quality of browse resources assessed and their high consumption by extensive livestock animals, confirm the role of grazing in shrub encroachment control, as well as, in reducing the risk fire.
References
AOAC (1997) Official Methods of Analysis. 17th ed. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, Washington DC, USA.
Castaño-Santamaría J, Barrio-Anta M and Álvarez-Álvarez P (2013) Regional-scale stand density management diagrams for Pyrenean oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) stands in north-west Spain. Journal of Biogeosciences and Forestry 6: 113-122.
Castro M (2004) Análisis de la interacción vegetación-herbivoro en sistemas silvopastorales basados en Quercus pyrenaica. Universidad de Alcalá de Henares. PhD
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SAS (2001) User´s Guide, Statistics. SAS Institute Inc, Cary NC, USA.
van Soest PJ and Wine RH (1967) Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. IV
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