Evaluation of Solar Energy Potential and its Variability in the Azores.

(1)

Evaluation

of

Solar Energy Potential

and its

Variability in the Azores

Fernanda Carvalho

Diamantino Henriques

Paulo Fialho

Elsa Vieira

Jorge Santos

(2)

Evaluation of Solar Energy Potential and its

Variability in the Azores

•

Instruments and stations

•

Data processing

(3)

Instruments & Data Acquisition

• Pyranometers

instruments are specially designed

for regular and continuous measurement of

global radiation between 0.3 m and 3.0 m .

• IM network have installed Kipp & Zonen CM11

thermoelectric pyranometers ("high quality"

-Guide to Meteorological Instruments and

Methods of Observation, VI ed.).

• AWS MILUS 500 (Vaisala):

– Sampling Interval: < 30 seg

– Integration Time: 10 min

– Time Of Observation: TST

(4)

Stations

Flores

Corvo

Horta

Pico

Graciosa

A. do Heroísmo

P. Delgada

Nordeste

S. Maria

(5)

Calibration & Data Processing & Archiving

• Much attention is being given to the calibration of the

radiation sensors - ISO 9846:1993(E);

Last calibration of sensors were done on

Oct-Nov/2009.

• Measurements are carefully analysed applying Quality

Control /Quality Assessment (QC/QA) procedures;

• Once the control procedures are completed, the final

(6)

Data processing for row and 10’ data:

• [

TSV

] contains the all information collected at all

stations;

• Extract and set by time (10 minutes average) raw-data

recorded:

• [

RAD

] station/monthly data files whith 10’ data.

• 10’ data values control:

c

c iflag = 0 : (good)

**c = 1 : > 0.9*x0 (bad)**

**c = 2 : 0.8x0 = <x> 0.9x0 (suspect)**

c

x0: Extraterrestrial irradiance

(7)

• Building

**[*.hor**

] files:

c To each hour H is assigned an integrated value betewen H-1

and H.

c For example, the total value at 5:00 TST is obtained by

integrating of the

c 4:10, 4:20,..., 4:50 and 5:00.

• Zero hourly values are considered wrong and set to missing

(-1).

(8)

• Building

**[*.ho1]**

files:

Hourly data outside of the sunrise-sunset period

are set to zero.

c

if(za.gt.90..or.za.lt.-90.)then

x(k)=0.

else if(x(k).eq.0.)then

x(k)=-1.

endif

c

(9)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

Jan-98 Jul-98 Jan-99 Jul-99 Jan-00 Jul-00

% falhas flag2 flag1 Flores (05010) 1998 - 2000 Flores (05010) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

Jan-06 Jul-06 Jan-07 Jul-07 Jan-08 Jul-08 Jan-09 Jul-09

% falhas flag2 flag1 Flores (05010) 2006 - 2009

Pyrnometers network performance

(2000-2009)

(10)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Horta (05060) 1998 - 2000 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Horta (05060) 2006 -2009 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Pico (09220) 2006 -2009 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Graciosa (09120) 2006 - 2009

(11)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Ponta Delgada (05120) 2006 - 2009 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Angra do Heroísmo (05110) (2006 - 2009) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Angra do Heroísmo (05110) 1998 - 2000 44.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Ponta Delgada (05120) 1998 - 2000

(12)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Nordeste (09320) 2006 - 2009 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44

% falhas flag2 flag1 Santa Maria (05150) (2006 - 2009)

(13)

Flores - Global Radiation (10 minutes)

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 Azimute MESTRad-obs MESTRad -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 27-5-09 0:00 1-6-09 0:00 6-6-09 0:00 11-6-09 0:0016-6-09 0:0021-6-09 0:0026-6-09 0:00 1-7-09 0:00 6-7-09 0:00 MESTRad-obs MESTRad -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Angulo zenital MESTRad-obs MESTRad

Relative deviation of

measurements from

model MESTRad

(14)

Hourly irradiation (kJ/m2)

Results (I)

(15)

Daily global irradiation values tables (Wh/m2)

Results (II)

(from 1999-2000 data)

Daily Global Irradiation values (Wh/m2)

Average, maximum, minimum and number of years Station ID: 501

Year range: 1999 - 2009

Day Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 01 1786.3 1906.1 3020.5 2860.5 3807.4 6717.3 6939.0 5956.2 4916.7 2976.5 2327.3 1698.6 2040.7 3581.7 4259.3 3696.8 4941.5 7419.3 8648.6 7561.7 6542.2 3120.7 3627.5 2781.9 1591.1 891.1 1493.9 1730.9 3134.1 5858.3 6143.9 4196.9 3637.6 2696.7 856.6 801.8 5 5 4 4 4 3 4 6 4 3 5 4 02 1809.3 1845.2 2977.9 2355.5 5903.7 5073.5 6253.0 5496.7 4168.8 3607.4 1645.4 1682.4 2301.2 2839.5 3637.4 3478.3 6486.4 7232.4 8007.9 7743.8 6514.1 4654.0 3018.5 2041.9 1296.6 352.7 1393.1 602.3 4901.0 3546.6 3623.4 4022.1 2916.2 2770.1 331.2 1320.2 5 3 4 4 3 3 4 5 3 4 3 4

(16)

Daily global irradiation (kJ/m2)

Results (II)

(from 1999-2000 data)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a (k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Santa Maria

(17)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a ( k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Flores 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a ( k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Horta/ OPAM -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a (k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Pico 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a ( k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Corvo

(18)

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a ( k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 P. Delgada 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a (k j/ m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Terceira / OJA -5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo b a l D iá ri a ( k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Graciosa 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 J F M A M J J A S O N D Ir ra d ia ç ã o G lo g a l D iá ri a ( k j/m -2) Valores médios (2000-2009) Valores máximos (2000-2009) MESTrad2009 Nordeste

(19)

Monthly Global Radiation Tables (Wh/m2)

Results (III)

(from 1999-2000 data)

Station: (085060) FAIAL ISL Global Radiation G in WH.M-2 (WRR)

Latitude: 38 31 N Longitude: 28 38 W Altitute: 60 m

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec G 1865.1 2797.0 3712.3 4519.4 6434.5 5970.2 6437.0 6130.6 4618.6 3090.1 2277.1 1771.3 GSTD 769.6 1403.0 1669.4 2101.8 2644.0 2697.4 3224.0 2747.0 2314.7 1386.8 1021.8 794.0 GMAX 3508.2 4870.8 5865.4 6778.9 8290.6 9060.0 8627.1 8085.1 6756.0 5364.4 3619.5 2786.2 GMIN 450.3 913.0 913.2 1163.5 3792.9 2012.7 2987.6 3114.1 1744.9 692.0 890.7 549.5 N 7 5 6 6 7 6 5 6 5 6 6 6 G0 4585.0 5742.2 8058.3 9696.9 11148.0 11588.8 11192.8 10192.6 8657.8 6269.3 5092.5 4123.0 G/G0 0.407 0.487 0.461 0.466 0.577 0.515 0.575 0.601 0.533 0.493 0.447 0.430

(20)

Diagrams of the mean annual course of

global radiation (kWh/m2)

Results (III)

(from 1999-2000 data)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J F M A M J J A S O N D G ( K W H M -2) 085020 - Corvo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J F M A M J J A S O N D G ( K WH M -2) 085010 - Flores

(21)

Diagrams of the mean annual course of

global radiation (kWh/m2)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J F M A M J J A S O N D G ( K W H M -2) 085120 - Ponta Delgada 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J F M A M J J A S O N D G ( K W H M -2) 085150 - Santa Maria 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J F M A M J J A S O N D G ( K W H M -2) 085110 - Angra do Heroísmo 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J F M A M J J A S O N D G ( K W H M -2) 080120 - Graciosa

(22)

Mean annual monthly number of days with

daily radiation

given thresholds (Wh/m2)

Results (IV)

(from 1999-2000 data)

WH M-2 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DEC 0 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 200 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 400 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 600 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 800 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 1000 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 30 1200 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 29 1400 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 27 1600 30 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 28 24 1800 26 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 27 18 2000 23 27 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 25 13 2200 14 26 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 18 6 2400 9 24 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 27 17 2 2600 5 22 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 25 13 2800 1 21 30 30 31 30 31 31 30 23 9 3000 16 27 30 31 30 31 31 30 21 7 3200 12 25 28 31 30 31 31 30 20 5 3400 7 23 28 31 30 31 31 28 17 4

(23)

Evaluation of Solar Energy Potential and its Variability in the Azores.

Evaluation

of

Solar Energy Potential

and its

Variability in the Azores

Fernanda Carvalho

Diamantino Henriques

Paulo Fialho

Elsa Vieira

Jorge Santos

Evaluation of Solar Energy Potential and its

Variability in the Azores

•

Instruments and stations

•

Data processing

Instruments & Data Acquisition

•

Pyranometers

instruments are specially designed

for regular and continuous measurement of

global radiation between 0.3 m and 3.0 m .

•

IM network have installed Kipp & Zonen CM11

thermoelectric pyranometers ("high quality"

-Guide to Meteorological Instruments and

Methods of Observation, VI ed.).

•

AWS MILUS 500 (Vaisala):

– Sampling Interval: < 30 seg

– Integration Time: 10 min

– Time Of Observation: TST

Stations

Flores

Corvo

Horta

Pico

Graciosa

A. do Heroísmo

P. Delgada

Nordeste

S. Maria

Calibration & Data Processing & Archiving

•

Much attention is being given to the calibration of the

radiation sensors - ISO 9846:1993(E);

Last calibration of sensors were done on

Oct-Nov/2009.

•

Measurements are carefully analysed applying Quality

Control /Quality Assessment (QC/QA) procedures;

•

Once the control procedures are completed, the final

Data processing for row and 10’ data:

•

[

TSV

] contains the all information collected at all

stations;

•

Extract and set by time (10 minutes average) raw-data

recorded:

•

[

RAD

] station/monthly data files whith 10’ data.

•

10’ data values control:

c

c iflag = 0 : (good)

c = 1 : > 0.9*x0 (bad)

c = 2 : 0.8*x0 = <x> 0.9*x0 (suspect)

c

x0: Extraterrestrial irradiance

•

Building

[*.hor

] files:

c To each hour H is assigned an integrated value betewen H-1

**c = 1 : > 0.9*x0 (bad)**

**c = 2 : 0.8x0 = <x> 0.9x0 (suspect)**

**[*.hor**

**[*.ho1]**