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5 G * 5 4 #

B =

# 8& ' > & & *

" & = $ 8& 8& & 5

9 5@ # 4 ( < *

MI $ (@ 8& = & & 4

( ' # ! (@ 5 5 (

& ! * 3 5

& ' 9 ) 5 &!

( 4 & 5 &

* A9

& ' ) G )

4 HJ22KI / < " ;

H011OI et al.H011NI & *

5 ! 4 #

5 & Q

I X& = & ( < 8& (

5 &! ( G

8& @ 8& 4 ) 6(

! Q 5 ! 8^

JO

4 . JJ* & 8&

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& 9 >9 5 ( & ' ( <

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& & G *

(I X& 5 (&

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8& ' & ' & ) &

5 & & )

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' ' & 5 5 (

( 4 ) & &

) @ & & ( 4 *

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@ & ( ' &

( G & 5

! = * X& > & (& '

= ( < *

$ = 8& ( '

5 trade off 9 &

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( 4 # & '

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( 4 G ) $

& 8& !

5 5 ' * " & & 6 4 #

JJ

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J2

) & @ 8& 5

4 ) & & =

= & * & '

! 5 ' H ! I ( (

H5 a 5 I '

& & & & ' &

( ( & * '

5 ' ( @

& ' B & & ! 8& =

= 5 * , ' (@ & '

& = & & B G

& >& ) (

) J22N 011L*

6<6 0= +"5,!

(> & 5 5 B

' = ( &

G & ( < 4 #

( ) J22N 011L*

&$ 9 4 ) & H I

( H4& 5) a I = =

@ & 5

( < &

< ' 4 % $" ` HJ222I*

6<6 6 0= +"5,! !/ '>?"',!

$ (> )5 Q

H I 5 &

01

H I 5 ! ( 8& &

( 5 ' (

4 & ' (&)

' ' ( 4 *

H I 5 5 &! = @

G ) (& '

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H I 5 ! ( =

& ( < 8& &

per capita ( *

H I & 5 & ' & B =

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G J0 8& '

( *

& = $ < ! (& =

( & & & & 8& ( &

# 5 ' ( 8& ' &

< = * 5 < ' 4 % $" ` HJ222I

' = @ # &

4 (& ' ( ) &

& & # > * F

& ' & & & ' B

4 G (& ' & 5 ' &

8& H " I > <; ( HJ2O2I 4 ( < &

" ; /# < ; ,@ H011NI* 8&

5 ' 5 5 ' &

( *

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0J

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( *

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8& = & B * =

& (& ' = ( <

& & & *

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)5 . )

& ! ) 5 ( (

00

6 @

9 ' &

@ ' 4 # [ 5

:&< \ ( :&< HJ2KKI* = & '

& ' & 9 & & 8&

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& B * 8& 49

& & (& ' *

8& &< & (@

4 ! * ' 5

& " . per capita 5 8& ' 5

9 & #

5 & = '

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5 & [ & \ ' 8& )( *

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0M

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* (@ & = ! (

= & & ( 4 &

& = & G *

# & '

9 & )

& &> ( 4 $

HJ2ONI /& HJ2OOI* #

# 8& H"h3I 8&

( 4 = ' 5 & ) @

& & 8& ' * 9

5 # #

& 4 % $" ` HJ222I 8&

9 4 ' 0*J* & (&

' ' & $(

4 # *

9 4 (& ' (

& 5 &! & 5 = 5

( * (@ (

& = ( =

G & ( < & ) &

' &et al H011RI 8& 9 ' 0*0*

5 ' & ( &

@ & = & =

& ( < G *

( > <; ( HJ2O2I

" ;et al H011NI HJ22OI ' = 0*M 0*R

0R

6 6 ,& %, & ( !'") *+, *&;# *, "("#"&, /,( A+ (* %"& & !

# 4

% ) $" ` HJ222I ( 4 & ' 4

schumpeterianos 5 ! . ( & HJ22NI

4 # ( 5 = 8&

& ( ' (&) * "

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HJ2OKI 8& < 9 G

G * 3 & 5

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( & 5

( *

5 @ ' #

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HJ22JI 8& & 4

& ' & [8& 5 ' \ 5 (&

8& < & & 5 ) ) 6(

& *

( 8& = B & # &

5& ' ) & ( 4 5 =

& 4 % $" ` HJ222I &

' 8& < B G

' & ( * 8&

@ @ 5 ' 4 ! & 8& 5

0K

& 5 ' &

> *

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) & ( &> &

) 5

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4 $ B

& = B G !

) * ( 5 !

< ' 8& < ( G *

( 5 ' 4

9 9 &

* &(> @ 8& (& ' 8& <

(@ 5) 4& 8&

& < <

>& 5 & ' *

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( trade off 5 !

8& 9 & '

5 G G * 4 et al* HJ222I 4

) 8& & &< &

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&

0N

X& ' ) (&

! 8& & 5 9 *

8& & &< &

@ G

5 ( < * & &

& & 8& = & , < HJ2N2I [The Distribution of

Income and Wealth Among Individuals\ &( @

& 8& 5 ' 5& ' & ' * 8& 8&

8& & HytI _{@ & 5& ' 8&}

I

Hk_{t 5} y_t = fHk_tI

) & H I =

∑

t k

k

' & * 3

5 = @ 8& & ( > 5&

@ 5 < > )5

& &

& * 3 5 5& ' & ' @

5 5& = & ' & ' 8& <

& 5 =

∑

∑

∑

i t i

t i

i t

t y f k f k

y H I H I

*

8& & & ' &

@ (& ' 8& < 5

( & 8& & & 5 ( )

& & # &

* & & & 5& ' & ' G

8& & (& ' 8& < &

* >& 5

[Robin Hood\ @ < * (& 8& < &>

& @

( &> & @

' & =

& & *

0L

HJ22NI & #

6 & H5) a & 4& I*

J 1

I

*H < <

= i α α

t t i

t A k

y _HJI

, 5 8& 8& & & & i & 8&

t H I i t k

& & ' H i t y

I 9 &

) HAtI_{* & & ' & &}

( 8& & ) ) ' #

(@ & & & *

) 4 (@

4 $ )

) # *

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( 4 8& * [ 5 < \ &

8& 8& & &< & )

) & & 4 )

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* ( 5 ' 5

8& ' H0I*

J

J −

− =

=

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t

t y di y

A

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& > ) ) &

& * 3 & 8&

) $J H −JI

0O i I jH I H I *H α α α i t i t t i t t

t k di E k

A di k A

g =

∫

∫

HMI

, jH I i

α i t k

E _&

& * 5 (@

(& ' & 5) & 4& * , &

4 % $" ` HJ222I ( &

& ? 4 ( H011RI 8& ) & #

& = (

9 ' 0*0*

& ' 4 et alHJ222I & & &

8& @ @ 5 ' 4 ! 5

8& ) 6( ' ( 5

&5 5 & (@

< * & & (@ ( & 5

) (& 8& ( 4

H011KI . ( & H011NI* ,&

)< ( #

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& = schumpeterianos 9 *

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( 5 5 &! ( B

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5 & 5

@ ( &

& 5& 9 H

' 5 4 ! &

& I*

02

& =

' ) &

5 5 & ' & & 9

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5& = & ' & ' 5& ' & '

& * , & '

8& 5 #

& ) 5 & &

( 8& & ! & ' )

*

" " HJ222I 4 8& ( 4

4 et al HJ222I > & 5 # &

4 8& =

5& ) & = 8& (@ & '

* 5 & $ @ 4 5 !

a 4 5

) & = ) G

( * $ ( ' (

5 < ' 8& = 8& ' 9

) * = $ ( 4

5& = = &

( < 8& ' = & 5 # 8& ' *

6 6 / % & ! *!+"+$"BC ! ,'" "! *, ! *5,%5") *+, ',*-)"',

& ? 4 ( H011RI

9 B & = B G (

5 ! 5 '

8& < ( G * & ( 5

4 ' 9

M1

8& (& ' 8& < (@ & =

( ) ' ( *

& < <

>& 5 & G *

$ & =

G * ' [ 9 \ & = & &

! ' &5 ) &

= ( 5) # 5 &

4 ' ' ( & ' (

(& ' ( 5) ' * < 9 4

& = G ) & ' & (& ' =

5 & B < = &

& & J*

Q & & ? 4 ( H011RI*

& J - 3 ' 3 4 G

3 (& ' & *

, & (& ' & &

& 8& 9 ) de facto )

Instituizões políticast

Distribuizão dos recursost

Poder Político de júrit

Poder Político de factot

Instituizões políticast+J

Instituizões econômicast

Desempenho econômicot

MJ

) & * & 9 >& & 8&

@ ) de júri ' & & ' & = )

8& ( 5 ) (@ 5& & * & < '

4 G (& ' & 8&

9 8& & $ 5 ) # ) *

8& > & ' ( <

@ 8& (& * @ 8&

) < (& > # 8& (

& & trade off ' (& '

@ & 8& ' 8& & & 5 ' *

>9 5 &! = ) G (

( 8& 5 ' 9

= 5 < ' = 5 *

9 9 &> (& = #

) ' & *

6:6 ( *!?,() BD, (,&$+"5 ',) 2$"& & E F

" / 21 & ( 4

[ 5 ' " & 8^ H " I\ <

G 8& *

, & 5 & 5 > <; ( HJ2O2I 8& & 4 & 5

& ' ( & @ '

5 5

[ & ! \ ( @ @ '

& & 4 ! '

5 $ & & ) & ) & ' *

[ 6 \ '

@ ( 9 ' (& &

& & ) &( * &

M0

' *

@ 5& B >9 8&

# ) 5@ '

& & >& 8& #

= ) & )

# 8& & * 9 (@ @

[ $ 5 \ =

@ ) 5@ (

" ( 4 HJ22OI* @ 4 # $ & &

( & ( < & '

" / = ) 5 5 9 < '

& ( * (@ &

= ' 8& & & # $

G = @ 5 & ( < '

" *

= > <; (

HJ2O2I & 0 & ' 5

= & G 5 * " 9

@ & ' ( [ 5 '

" & 8^ H " I\ ' 8& !

@ & 9 * (

= & &

( *

@ & 5 9

4 & ' & & 9 * (& '

5 ' & ' & ' & >

) 5 * ' 5 & < @

& 5 8& &

8& $ = & < <

* # $ ' D ; 8& &

MM *

Q > <; ( HJ2O2I*

& 0 - 8& ' " G 5 '

" & 8&

' & <

(> ) ( < G &

4 (& ' ' & =

9 * 3 5 5& 4 #

5 5 ' ( <

& 4 9 8& ' 9 & & *

6<6 ,(" & ! () &"%. ! & ,0( 1

& / < , @ H011KI " ; /# <

!

"

#

# $

% &

MR

; , @ H011NI & 5 ! =

' & ( < 8&

& ! 4 # 8& & =

( < ) 8& )

G & 5 @ 8& ( ( *

& 8& 5 4 & &

(& 9 4 ( *

4 et al. HJ222I 8& ' 5 ! )

& & ! ( & 8^

(& ' *

< ' 4 ( < 5

8& & & ( < &

&

* & & & & ( < 5

& 5 & 4 *

4 ) & ' ( <

) (& ( & <= * (

5 ! ( 8& & &

(& ( & ' ( < *

& @ 8& ( < 9 ) 8&'

8^ 5 (& ' * 3 5 ' &

& < (& ' & <

( ( < *

& & & '

5 5 ( & * 8&

' 5 9

G )

& ( < * &

8& @ & 9

8& H (& I 8& H (

MK

9 ( ' & &

* & ) &

&( . & / < " ; H011OI

! & ' ) @ /

5 & * 8& = #

8& 5 & (& '

8& < G <

4 ( < *

5 D HJ22RI 8&

& ( G

) * & 8&

(& ' & & ) (& '

8& < & & < 5

< & 8& 8& & '

& & (& @ *

& [ \ 8& 4

@ 5 & 8& 8&

& (& '

* & < 4 9 ) (

4 & ) (& 8& 8& * "

' ' (

5 9 5

G * 5 ' & $ 5

5 ! & ( (

8& 4 ( < $(

*

& 8& 4 ( &

" HJ22NI* & 8& &

) ( < @ )

& & < G

MN

' > <; ( / / ;< H0110I

& ) 6 4 )

&( & ' ( # $ ) *

& & <= $

( = & & ) &

G

5 5& & ' *

<' & " ; et al* H011NI 8&

5 & &

9 & * &) 8& ' '

( 4&

5 ( & & ( * 3

! = 5 5 =

( 9 & '

) & ' 5 & * &

! ' 5 8& 8& '

& ' ( &

* ) 5 ) @ / *

6 <' 4 ( <

= ) (

* $ ( 4 4 % $" `

HJ222I ' = &

4 ( < 8& & *

6G6 ,0( 1 E !F #$ %& & & /,(+$*"& & ! * (!/ '+"5 & , ) (

( ( & &

& & &

G 5 &<

ML

5 * $ & & '

HJ22OI* " ' 9 [ & B \ H I

[ 5 \ H I & < ' 8& 8& >

# 8& ) & ' ! ( 8&

8& & ' 9 # (@

& B * & @ [ \ 8& '

HRI*

I HC Eυ f

y = _HRI

; )

8& per capita ( 4 &

& & ( ) * υ $

& & 5 # * 5 ' HJ22OI &

& 8& 8& ' 8& ' HKI >

5 *

I H I l

Hy C F y

F = _HKI

& > @ 9 8& (& ' & &

& & B 8& 8& > & (& ' & &

* 3 & ' ! &

5 ! & & &

& & & & ' @

' 8& FHylCI≠FHyI*

8& 5 ' &

! & & @ 8& (& '

I l Hy C

F _{5 @ & B}

' HKI* 3 8& 5 & & 9

MO

( & > ! ' & B

*

H011NI & )

) ϕ ∈Φ Φ@ >& ) ) * &

G '

per capita 5 &

per capita & & B * @

8& & 8& ' $

8^ 5 5 & ( < '

) H I* ' 4 #

G & '

# 8& >& 5 & & per

capita & $ *

' 9 & )

M2

:6

( (& $ $9 9 ) &

9 &

& ( < = B (

J22N 011L >9 & &

9 * ' = M*J M*0 &> 5 & = '

[ \* & @

$ 5 = & B

& ) ( < * 9

& ) ( 5 #

# & @

& = * & 8& =

4 ( < ' 8& 9 4

[ \* @ & ' ' 5

= M*M M*R* 8^! &

< 5 < M*K ( ' M*N*

( 5 5 &

9 & 5 . H011KI

R1

:6 6 ',)/,!"BD, &,! H*&"' ! & ,0( 1 , I%'$%, & !$ ! % !+"'"& & !

= ) ( < ' & 9

(&) @ 8& (&)

' (& ' B

5 & * , & 8& 49 &

@ & & ( & (& '

& (& ' & ' 8&

5 & 5 4 ( <

& & 9 *

8& &

(& ' * ' 8& ) ( < 9 &

5 ( ) ( < * & ' 5

@ $ (& ' ' 5 &

( ( < * ' < 5

) = ' (& '

! & 8& ) (9 & 9 )

(& ' & & '

( < *

" &$ 3 HJ22OI 8&

9 & ( < = (

9 9 (& ' &

5 ' X& 9 % & / < ,

8& = HNI* Lz @ ' & & p

( & ' per capita π @ & B

9 & / < P @ ( < 5& '

' per capita @ = 4 ( < HLPI

B & / <*H @ ' ( & > '

RJ

HP @ ' ( ' 4 ( <

4 @ ( 4

( < (@ @ 4 ( <

@ 9 ( )

4 ( < * 5 ) P2 @ B 4 ( < &

> ' @ 5 8&

( 4 ( < * ) )

(& ' ( ) (

( < * ' )

) % 4 ( D HJ2ORI H % I &

( < *

" ( <

a J a J * JN I H * * * I *H 0 I H I* a H i m I a * 0 I*nH a 0 H *j 0 J % X& 9 ' 5 i I * * H * *j * 0 J I J H I *H I J *H * I *H I J H

" ( < I d a H / < & I d H 0 J 0 0 0 a J 0 0 a J 0 0 0                        − −       − +       − − = − = − + + + − =     + + + + − = − − + − + − = − = = − s H s H r H Lz b H a LP H HP P H Lz LP H HP m LP b LP b r n m H e p n p m e p b m Lz Lz Lz p c p Lz b Lz p a Lz Lz LP P P p Lz Lz π π HNI

B e, m, n, r, s1 s2 ' >& 8& = HLI*

I * 0 aH I H I * 0 aH I H I * * R H * R * * 0 * R I J H 0 J 0 a J 0 0 0 m n r s m n r s e m n r c e b n a b m c b a e + − = − = − = − = − = + + + − = HLI

" ( ' B a, b c & / < ' <

= ) & @

X& ) LzHJ$LzI Hp2$LzI Lz*Hp$JI Hp$LzI*

R0

& 5& = , 8& = HOI H3 J22OI*

3 $ ( < &

= & ( < HH, HP P2I &

& ' = & @

$ ( < Hε_H dε_HP dε_P0 I & )

' $ Hε_HGdε_HPGdε_P0GI*

$ @ & & & 8&

' JW ( @ ceteris paribus 4 9 @ &

' ' HJ & I ( ) ( <

4 * O I * * *H I H oo i a I* J a H J *j 0 I a J *H 0 I* J a H J J I H oo * a J I H oo * * 0 a M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 − + + = − + = − = − + = − = − = − = e p n H m r H L P HP LP P HP HP H LP HP H H L H LP H L H LP G P P G HP HP G H H ε ε ε ε ε ε HOI

> 8& & ' & 9

8& 8& 8& & 8& & 9

8& * $ 8& ( < '

) ' > & > 8& &

& ( ' & & )

( < & * " & $

' @

RM

:6 6 ,& %, "*9)"', & ,0( 1 / ( ,! !+ &,! ( !"% "(,! &

3 ' ' ( < &

& (& ' H"P=ξ_py*"y+ξ_pg*"gI

&( & ' HOI ' @ &5 8& 5 '

< * ' B H

5 & I 5 '

8& & )

& < & B

& $ 5 & < , 8& =

H2I*        − − = + = pg j py j j LP pg j py j j X X dx dp X X dx dp ξ α β ξ δ ϖ ξ β ξ ϖ H2I 8& = j LP j dx dp dx dp

' 5 )

( < ' 5 ) xj & <

d 8& 8& 5 ξ_py ξ_pg '

( < ' & &

' ( < * 9 4 , H011MI =

& 8& ' ) ( < '

( ) & @ *

(@ ' ' 9

5 & 5 (

" 3 J2OK J222* & >&

8& 8& ' HJ1I

RR

it it it it

it it

i

it y G y y G e

P I= + H I+ H I+ H I + H I H I+

H α β_J β₀ β_M 0 β_R HJ1I

5& &$ 9 ( <

B &> = $

< & B & $ 5 # 9 5 *

' ( HpI i

) t per capita @

H HyII ) HgI $ 8& ' HJJI* &$ ' &

) >9 *

it it it

it it

it it

i

it p y y g g x e

p =α +β_{J −J}+β₀ H I+β_M H _−JI+β_R +β_{K −J} +β_N + HJJI

x 9 '

(& ' 8&

5 & ' (

5 5 & 9 #

# * 5 ! (

5 # < & &

( J & & & & =

& ) & ' ( >& 9 *

&($ >& x @ ) 5) & '

' & 4 PMULHERESd ' )

PNEGPARINDAMARd @ J1 (@ &

& Proxy ! ID10d (

' 5 = ' ( 4 *

& ) 8& '

' & ' H" I &

5& 9 6( PFUNPUBMILd 8& ( 4

# PCONTAPROPd ' ( 4

PEMPSCARTd ' PEMPREGADORd

RK

&) @ & ' & ANOSESTUDOSMd

4& ( ' *

8& 8& & ) )

& & & = 5 & &

( & GRAUABERT = = (

" .d 5 ! per capita 5

LNTRANSFPCPd (& 9

' " . & & J11 5

RECTRIB100d " . TXINVPPIBd

per capita LNGSOCd

3 ( &) ' & ' " '

& PNOCUPd ) 5

LNOPCRED = @ @

per capita* 8& αi eit _{' 5 &}

(&) H I* $

( 5 ( & & &

( J ( 9 * 8& 4

5 ( ) & ( < & &

8& = JJ J0*

:6:6 *I%"! ,*=$*+ ,0( *& !"#$ %& &

9 >& & & '

x 9 # $

( 4 / ;< > <; ( # H011KI / < H011RI*

' & < & 8& = & $

5 , 8& = HJ0I

RN

( J - 9 , & &

J +,( !

A/%"' +"5,!

*&"' &,( ! ,) ! & !

J ("I5 "!

!$%+ &,! ',*,)K+("',! * !

2$ BC ! & *&

( '+ (>!+"' ! ?>!"' ! & /,/$% BD,

%! " & '

& 4

PMULHERES

HW & ' I

H$I3 <H011KI A 55 H011KI

; A 55 H011MI

)

PNEGPARINDAMAR H$I3 <H011KI A 55 H011KI

; A 55 H011MI

! @ ID10aID102H

8& I

HkIaH$I3 <H011KI A 55 H011KI

; A 55 H011MI

#) *+ BD, +,(" % (' &, & ( 0 %.,

3 " ' $ & PNOCUP H$I 3 < H011KI

, " ' PEMPREGADOR HkI 3 <H011KI A 55 H011KI

; A 55 H011MI

, 5 #

,

PCONTAPROP

PEMPSCART

H$I 3 <H011KI A 55 H011KI

; A 55 H011MI

, ) Z

* @

&

)

PAGRIC H$I 3 <H011KI A 55 H011KI

; A 55 H011MI

,%>+"' ! !+($+$( "! *!+"+$"BC ! ,'" "!

& ' &

&

5 (

ANOSESTUDOSM

PANALFABET

HkI / ;< et alH011KI

HkI 3 <H011KI A 55 H011KI

; A 55 H011MI

H$I 3 < H011KI

3 @ @

HW" .I

* @

LNOPCRED Hper

capita

& I

HkI / ;< et alH011KI

" ;et alH011NI

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