■❚❆▲❖ ●■❖❱❆◆■ ❆✳ ❙❚❊❋❆◆■
▼➱❚❖❉❖ ❉❊ ❘❊❋■◆❆▼❊◆❚❖ ▼❆❈❍✟■◆❆
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
▼➱❚❖❉❖ ❉❊ ❘❊❋■◆❆▼❊◆❚❖ ▼❆❈❍✟■◆❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
■❚❆▲❖ ●■❖❱❆◆■ ❆✳ ❙❚❊❋❆◆■
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❆❜str❛t❛ ✭❆❙▼ ✲ ❆❜str❛❝t ❙t❛t❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✮ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❡ r✐❣♦r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆❙▼ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦✱ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ s✉❜♠❡tê✲❧❛ ❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❙▼ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛✳
❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✭▼❘▼✮ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❆❙▼ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛✲ çã♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦❜t❡r✱ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ◆✉❙▼❱✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❆❜str❛❝t ❙t❛t❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✭❆❙▼✮ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❢♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✈❛r✐♦✉s s②st❡♠s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ r✐❣♦r✳ ■t ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡s t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ s②st❡♠ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② ✈❡r✐❢② ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❆❙▼ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ●r♦✉♥❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✱ t♦ ❜❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❡❞✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❚❤❡ ❆❙▼ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ▼❡t❤♦❞✱ ✐♥ ❛♥ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ❝♦❞❡✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞✳
❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ ❚❤❡ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✐s t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ s♣❡❝✐✲ ✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t❤❛t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❆❙▼ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ❛♥❞ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡ ❜✉✐❧❞❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ r❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❝♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❝❛rr② t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✈❡r✐✜✲ ❝❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ◆✉❙▼❱ t♦♦❧✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ ❛❝❝♦r❞❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ■t❛❧♦ ❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❛r♠♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦❀ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❇✐❣♦♥❤❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛❀ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ▲▲P ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛✱ ❡ à ▲✐♥❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ t♦r❝✐❞❛✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❉❡st❡ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❆❙▼ ✾
✷✳✶ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❆❜str❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛s ❇ás✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❘❡❣r❛s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✶✳✺ ❆❙▼ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶✳✻ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❋✐♥✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❖ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸ ❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▼ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✸✳✸ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❱✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✸✳✹ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✸✳✺ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✸✳✻ ❆çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✸✳✼ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✸✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ▼❡str❡✲❊s❝r❛✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ Pr♦❞✉t♦r✲❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✷✳✸✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❙❡♠á❢♦r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✺✶
✸✳✶ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❚❡①t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❚✐♣♦ ❆❜str❛t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✶ ❊st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✸ ❚r❛♥s✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✹ ❆çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✺ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✻ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✼ ❊st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✽ ❊st❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✳✸✳✾ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✳✹ ●❧♦ssár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✶✳✹✳✶ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✶✳✹✳✷ ❆❜str❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✶✳✺ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❱✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✶✳✻ P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❘❡s❡r✈❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✶✳✼ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✷✳✶ P✐❧❤❛ ❡ ❋✐❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✷✳✷ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❇✐♥ár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❏❛♥t❛r ❞♦s ❋✐❧ós♦❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✳✸ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s ❞❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✸✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✸✳✷ Pré ❡ Pós ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❆çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸✳✸✳✹ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✸✳✸✳✹✳✶ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ▲ó❣✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✸✳✸✳✹✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✸✳✸✳✹✳✸ ❖✉tr♦s ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✸✳✹ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✸✳✺ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✸✳✺✳✶ ❚✐♣♦ ❆❜str❛t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✸✳✺✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✸✳✺✳✹ ●❧♦ssár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✸✳✺✳✺ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❱✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✹ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✶✶✼ ✹✳✶ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✭▼♦❞❡❧ ❈❤❡❝❦✐♥❣✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❙②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❱❡r✐✜❡r ✭❙▼❱✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✹✳✶✳✷ ◆✉❙▼❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✹✳✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✹✳✸ ❈✲▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✹✳✹ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❛ ❈✲▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛✿ t✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛✿ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛✿ ✐♠♣♦rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✹✳✹✳✹ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛✿ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷ ✹✳✹✳✺ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺ ✹✳✹✳✻ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻ ✹✳✺ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✲▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❛ ◆✉❙▼❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✽ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✾ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✵ ✹✳✺✳✸ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✷ ✹✳✺✳✹ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✹ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✺
✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✶✻✼
✺✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❈❛❧❞❡✐r❛ ❛ ❱❛♣♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✼ ✺✳✷ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❋ís✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✽ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❞✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✾ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❱á❧✈✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✷ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❇♦♠❜❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽ ✺✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❈❛❧❞❡✐r❛ ❛ ❱❛♣♦r ✭❙❇❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✷ ✺✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✺ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❉❙❊✲✐♥✐t✐❛❧▼♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✽
✺✳✹✳✸ ❉❙❊✲♥♦r♠❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✶ ✺✳✹✳✹ ❉❙❊✲❞❡❣r❛❞❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✶ ✺✳✹✳✺ ❉❙❊✲r❡s❝✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✶ ✺✳✹✳✻ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸ ✺✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❚❆❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✹ ✺✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✹ ✺✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✾
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✷✵✸
✻✳✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✺ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵✻ ✻✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶✵
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✷✶✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ P❛ss♦s ❞♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❱ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❋❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❋❙▼ t✐♣♦ ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❋❙▼ t✐♣♦ ■■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❙▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✺ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬❇❙✵✸❪ ✳ ✷✽
✸✳✶ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✷ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❚✐♣♦ ❆❜str❛t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦✱ st❛t❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✹ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✺ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✼ ❆♥✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✽ ❙✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✵ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✶✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧✿ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧✿ ❞❡s✈✐❛ ♦ ✢✉①♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧✿ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✶✺ ❆t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✶✻ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✶✼ ❚❆❉ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣✐❧❤❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✶✽ ❚❆❉ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐♥ár✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✸✳✶✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❋❙▼ ♣❛r❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❇✐♥ár✐❛✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✸✳✷✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❋❙▼ ♣❛r❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❇✐♥ár✐❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✸✳✷✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ P❤✐❧♦s♦♣❤❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✸✳✷✷ ❚❆❉ ♣❛r❛ ✜❧ós♦❢♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✸✳✷✸ ❚❆❉ ♣❛r❛ ❤♦st ❞❡ ✜❧ós♦❢♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✷✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❍♦st✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✸✳✷✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❚❆❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✸✳✷✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✸✳✷✼ Pré ❡ Pós ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✸✳✷✽ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❛ ❈❛❧❞❡✐r❛ ❛ ❱❛♣♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✸✳✷✾ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❚❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✸✳✸✵ ❉❙❊s ♣❛r❛ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❋✐❧ós♦❢♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✸✳✸✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❚✐♣♦ ❆❜str❛t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✸✳✸✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✸✳✸✸ ❊st❛❞♦ f✱ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✸✳✸✹ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✸✳✸✺ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✸✳✸✻ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✸✳✸✼ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✸✳✸✽ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✸✳✸✾ ❙✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✸✳✹✵ Pré ❡ ♣ós ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✸✳✹✶ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✸✳✹✷ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✸✳✹✸ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✸✳✹✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❚❆❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❇✐♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❑r✐♣❦❡ ❡♠ ❖❇❉❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✹✳✸ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ◆✉❙▼❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹
✺✳✶ ❚❆❉ ▼❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ ❯♥✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵ ✺✳✷ ▼❡❛s✉r✐♥❣ ❯♥✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✵ ✺✳✸ ❚❆❉ ❱❛❧✈❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✷ ✺✳✹ ❱❛❧✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✸ ✺✳✺ ❚❆❉ P✉♠♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✺ ✺✳✻ ❉❚❊ P✉♠♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✺ ✺✳✼ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ P✉♠♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✻ ✺✳✽ ❚❆❉ P❤✐s✐❝❛❧❯♥✐t❈♦♥tr♦❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✾ ✺✳✾ ❉❚❊ P❤②s✐❝❛❧❯♥✐t❈♦♥tr♦❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✵
✺✳✶✵ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ P❤✐s✐❝❛❧❯♥✐t❈♦♥tr♦❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✵ ✺✳✶✶ ❚❆❉ ❙❇❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✸ ✺✳✶✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❙❇❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✻ ✺✳✶✸ ❉❙❊✲✐♥✐t✐❛❧▼♦❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✾ ✺✳✶✹ ❉❙❊✲♥♦r♠❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✶ ✺✳✶✺ ❉❙❊✲❞❡❣r❛❞❡❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✷ ✺✳✶✻ ❉❙❊✲r❡s❝✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✷ ✺✳✶✼ ❉❚❊ ❙t❡❛♠❇♦✐❧❡r❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✺ ✺✳✶✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❚❆❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✻
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆❙▼✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝✐t❛ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♠❛✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✳
✶✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦
❆s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❢❛❝✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♠❡t❡r ❡rr♦s ♥♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦s ❬❇❡r✵✷❪✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦ t❡♠ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s♦❜r❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡❥❛ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
P♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦s três ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡stá❣✐♦s✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✱ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡✈❡rá s✉♣♦rt❛r✱ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ ❛s ♣❛rt❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❡ ♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡st❛rá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s à s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ■ss♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❛❜str❛✐r ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡✲
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❡ ♣r❡✈✐st❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦✈❡r r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛✲ çã♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ✐s♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛♥❞♦✲❧❤❡ ❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡❥❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❡✐t❛s✳
◆♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡stá❣✐♦✱ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ s❡✲ ❣✉♥❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ♦♥❞❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s às ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❜s✲ tr❛t♦ ❡ s✉❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧✳
❊♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠❡t❡r ❡rr♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❞❡sr❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡q✉✐✈♦❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡r às ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ♦✉✱ ♣✐♦r ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❣❡r❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s✳ ❆ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ tr❛t❛r ♦s ❡rr♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡rr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♣❡r❝❛♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♣r❡❝✐♦s♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡rr♦ ♥♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❡rr❛❞♦✱ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝❛s♦ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ♥ã♦ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s três ❡stá❣✐♦s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❜str❛t♦✳ ❆ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
✶✳✶✳ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❢✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✸
➱ ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡❥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✲ ♣r❡t❛çã♦ ♦✉ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❞ã♦ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ sã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ t❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❙❛❜❡✲ s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❛❞❛s ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❬❇ör✵✸❛✱ ❇❙✵✸❪✳ ❆s ♣r♦✈❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❬❲✐❡✵✻❪✳ ❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❬▼❝▼✾✸❪✳
❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❖ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❣❡r❛r ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳
Especificação - - - - Código Executável p a s s o s d o r e f i n a m e n t o
níveis de abstração
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ P❛ss♦s ❞♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ é ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦✱ ♦✉ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ é ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✳
Modelo UML - - - - Código Java Código Java - - - - Código Java
intervenção do desenvolvedor
Código Java - - - - ByteCode
ByteCode - - - - Código Máquina
interpretação JVM
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❱ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
✶✳✷ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡
❖ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛ ♣❛ss♦ ✭❙t❡♣✇✐s❡ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t✮ ❢♦✐ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❉✐❥❦s✲ tr❛ ❬❉✐❥✻✽✱ ❉✐❥✼✻❪ ❡ ❲✐rt❤ ❬❲✐r✼✶❪✳ Pr♦♣♦st❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦✳
❯♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ ♣♦r ❇❛❝❦ ❬❇❛❝✽✵❪✱ ▼♦rr✐s ❬▼♦r✽✼❪ ❡ ▼♦r❣❛♥ ❬▼♦r✾✹❪✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ✭❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s✮✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ✉♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♥✉❡❧❛ ❳❛✈✐❡r ❡ ❆♥❛ ❈❛✈❛❧❝❛♥t✐ ❬❳❈✵✺❪✱ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❘❡✜♥❡ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❋❛✐t❡❧s♦♥✱ ❲❡❧❝❤ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❡s ❬❋❲❉✵✺❪ t❛♠❜é♠ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❘❡✜♥❡♠❡♥t ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❩ ❡ ❇ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳
✶✳✸✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✺
❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❡①✐s✲ t❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❏❛✈❛✱ ❈✱ ❈✰✰✱ ❈★✱ ❋♦rtr❛♥✱ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❇❛s✐❝ ❡ ❈❖❇❖▲✳ ❯♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐✲ ❢✉♥❞✐❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛✲s❡ ❘❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❬■❇▼✵✼❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❯▼▲ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❏❛✈❛✳
❚♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ à ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❉✐❥❦str❛ ❬❉✐❥✻✽✱ ❉✐❥✼✻❪✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦✶ ❬❉❇✵✶✱ ♣✳ ✹✼❪✳
❬➱ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦✱ ❝♦♥t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✳❪
❱ár✐♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡st❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ sã♦ r❡str✐♥❣✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥st❛t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❇ör❣❡r ❬❇ör✵✸❛✱ ❇❙✵✸❪ ❛♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬❆❜r✾✻❛✱ ❇❛❝✽✶✱ ❇✈❲✾✽✱ ❉❇✵✶✱ ❞❘❊✾✽✱ ❋▲✾✽✱ ❲❉✾✻❪✳
❆ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❙▼ ❬❇ör✵✸❛✱ ❇❙✵✸❪ é q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ q✉❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡st❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❆❙▼ ♣r♦✈ê ♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦rr❡s✲ ♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❛❜str❛t❛ ❡ ❛ r❡✜♥❛❞❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❆❙▼ ♥ã♦ é ♣r♦✈❡r ♥♦çõ❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♠❛s s✐♠ ❢♦r✲ ♥❡❝❡r s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛❞❛ ❞♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❆❜str❛t❛ ✭❆❙▼ ✲ ❆❜str❛❝t ❙t❛t❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✮ ❬●✉r✾✺❪ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❡ r✐❣♦r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆❙▼ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ é s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❙▼ ❬❇ör✵✸❛❪ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜✲ ❝❛❞❛✳
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❡s ❢❛t♦s✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✭▼❘▼✮ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❆❙▼ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐✲ ❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❖ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡✿ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛❀ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞❛s❀ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦❀ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❛❧✈♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❆❙▼ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❬❇❚■❇✵✺❪✳
❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ✭▲▼▼✮ ♣♦ss✉✐ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❣ü✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❛❜str❛✲ t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ▲▼▼ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ sã♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❆ ▲▼▼ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♠♦❞❡✲ ❧❛r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❊♠ ▲▼▼✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡s ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦❜t❡r ✈✐sã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ é r❡✜♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳ ❙ã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❛té ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✳
❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❘▼✱ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛✲ ❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❛♠ ♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ é ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t❛s à ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▲▼▼✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦✳
✶✳✸✳ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✼
❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ◆✉❙▼❱ ❬❈❈●+✵✷✱ ❈❈❖+✵✻❪✱ ♦♥❞❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧
❝♦♥❢❡r✐r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ▲▼▼ ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ◆✉❙▼❱✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❛♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❡ s✉❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦✳
Código Machĭna - - C-Machĭna - - NuSMV
Modelo Básico LMM
TAD DSE + DTE +
Controle Global
Glossário Especificação Textual
Mecanismo de Visibilidade Propriedades
-Documentação + validação
verificação
Regras de Refinamento
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛
P❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❡ s✉❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♣❛ss♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ◆✉❙▼❱✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✱ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡♠♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳
P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥✲ tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✿
• ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✱ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❆❜str❛t❛✱ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦❀
• s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦❀
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
• ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡❀
• ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❉❡st❡ ❚❡①t♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❆❙▼
▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❆❜str❛t❛ ✭❆❙▼ ✲ ❆❜str❛❝t ❙t❛t❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✮ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ●✉r❡✈✐❝❤ ❬❨✳ ✽✺✱ ●✉r✾✺❪ ❡ ❛♣❡r✲ ❢❡✐ç♦❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❇ör❣❡r ❬❇❙✵✸❪✳ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❆❙▼ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛✲ ❞❡s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆❙▼ ❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆❙▼ ❬❇❙✵✸❪✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ▼❛❝❤✟✙♥❛✱ q✉❡ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆❙▼✳
✷✳✶ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❆❜str❛t❛
❯♠❛ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❆❜str❛t❛ ✭❆❙▼✮ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❛❜str❛t❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✜✲ ♥❡♠ s❡✉ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦Υ✳ ❚♦❞♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❜♦♦❧❡❛♥♦s
tr✉❡ ❡ ❢❛❧s❡ ❡ s❡✉s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ✉s✉❛✐s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✉♥❞❡❢✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♥ã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳
❯♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ U é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ s❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s
s❡✉s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡✳ ❯♠ ❡st❛❞♦ S é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ X✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✉♣❡r❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦
❞❡ S✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ❞♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦
✐♥st❛♥t❡✳ ❙❡ f é ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r✐❞❛❞❡ r✱ ❡♥tã♦ f é ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦
f :Xr → X
❙❡ f é ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r✐❞❛❞❡ r✱ ❡♥tã♦ f é ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦
f :Xr → {true | false}
