❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❈❖❙❚❆ ▼❆▲❍❊■❘❖❙
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛
❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦
✧✐♥ s✐t✉✧
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆
❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆
❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❈❖❙❚❆ ▼❆▲❍❊■❘❖❙
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛
❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛
s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✧✐♥ s✐t✉✧
❚❊❙❊ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲
❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❖❯✲
❚❖❘ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛❧♦r
❡ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❋❧✉✐❞♦s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐❧♠❛r ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s
❉❛❞♦s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❈■P✮ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❛ ❯❋❯✱ ▼●✱ ❇r❛s✐❧
▼✷✹✾❞ ▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛✱ ✶✾✽✻✲
✷✵✶✼ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✧✐♥ s✐t✉✧✴ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛ ▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✳ ✲ ✷✵✶✼✳
✼✷ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ●✐❧♠❛r ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✳
❚❡s❡ ✭❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳
■♥❝❧✉✐ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛✳
✶✳ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✲ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✸✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ✭❊q✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s✮ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳
●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱ ●✐❧♠❛r✳ ■■✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳ ■■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ♣❡❧♦ ♠✉✐t♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ➚ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝✉♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❆❧✐ss♦♥ ❡ ▲✉✐s✳ ❆♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❋❊▼❊❈✱ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s✱ té❝♥✐❝♦✲❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s✳
❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ●❣✉✐♠❛✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s✳
▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✱ ❋✳ ❈✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✧✐♥ s✐t✉✧✳ ✷✵✶✼✳ ✼✷❢✳ ❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ s✐♠✉❧✲ tâ♥❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s só❧✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞♦✐s t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ❡ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❆ ❛♠♦str❛ é ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢r♦♥t❛❧✳ ❉✉❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢r♦♥t❛❧✱ ❛q✉❡❝✐❞❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ❆♠❜♦s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢r♦♥t❛❧✱ ♠❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s tér♠✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✉s❛ ✉♠❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ❝❛❧❝✉✲ ❧❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ t❡ór✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s✳ ❊st❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ❛❞✐çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲ s❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡♥s✉r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞✐✲ ❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ P❱❈ ❡ ❝♦❜r❡✱ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛ 2% ❞♦s
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆♣ós ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✉s❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✱ ♠❛s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s♦❜ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❊ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s ✉s❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦✉ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ♠❛s t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ t❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ✧✐♥ s✐t✉✧✳
▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✱ ❋✳ ❈✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ t❤❡❝♥✐q✉❡ t♦ ❊st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✧✐♥ s✐t✉✧✳ ✷✵✶✼✳ ✼✵❢✳ ❉♦❝t♦r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♥❡✇ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❢♦r ♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣✱ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s❧②✱ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❞✐✛✉s✐✈✐t② ♦❢ s♦❧✐❞ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♣r♦❜❡ t❤❛t ❤❛s ♦♥❡ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ❤❡❛t❡r✱ t✇♦ t❡r♠♦❝♦✉♣❧❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❤❡❛t ✢✉① s❡♥s♦r✳ ❚❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ ✐s ♣❛rt✐❛❧❧② ❤❡❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❢r♦♥t❛❧ s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ❚✇♦ r❡❣✐♦♥s✱ ❤❡❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥✲❤❡❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♥t s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ r❡❧✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✇♦ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❇♦t❤ ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❢r♦♥t❛❧ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❜✉t ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ✉s❡s ❛ ❣❛✐♥ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❞✐✛✉s✐✈✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ sq✉❛r❡ q✉❛❞r❛t✐❝ ❡rr♦r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s✳ ❚❤✐s s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ■♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥✱ ❤❛s ❛ st✉❞② ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t❤❛t ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❛ ❣❛✐♥ r❛t✐♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ✇❡r❡ ♠❡♥s✉r❡ ✐♥ t✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❛♠♣❧❡✱ P❱❈ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♦♣♣❡r✱ ♥♦♥✲❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ 1% ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ❆❢t❡r ♠❡♥s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✱ t❤❡
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❡r❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ♦t❤❡rs ♠♦r❡ s✐♠♣❧❡✳ ❆ ♥❡✇ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ♠❡♥s✉r❡ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❞✐✛✉s✐✈✐t② ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐❤t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✐❞❡✐❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛✐♥ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈② ✐s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✇❤❡♥ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❜✉t ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❡♥s✉r❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❝❡♥t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡❛t ✢✉① ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r②✳ ❚❤♦s❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✉s❡ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦r t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ❜✉t ❤❛s ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❞✉❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ t♦ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❙♦✱ t❤✐s t❤❡❝♥✐q✉❡ ❤❛s ❛❧❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts t♦ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♥ s✐t✉ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢❛❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ tér♠✐❝❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛✿ ❛✮
❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✳ ❜✮▼♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✹✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛ s✉❥❡✐t❛ ❛ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡①✲
♣♦st❛ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡
❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ s❡♠ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦✳ ❛✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❜✮ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✶ ❡ ✷✳ ❝✮ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✿ ❛✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❜✮❱❛r✐❛çã♦
❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✹✳✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶ s✐♥tét✐❝♦s ❡ ❝❛❧✲
❝✉❧❛❞❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s✿ ❛✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✳ ❜✮❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹✳✻ ❉❡s❡♥❤♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦
❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✼ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡
❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ s❡♠ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦✳ ❛✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❜✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✳ ❝✮ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✿ ❛✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❜✮❱❛r✐❛çã♦
❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✾ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧
❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✶ s✐♥tét✐❝❛s ❡ ❝❛❧✲
❝✉❧❛❞❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s✿ ❛✮ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s✳ ❜✮❘❡sí❞✉♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✶✶ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦
❞❡ 1×10−8 ❛1×10−4m2/s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✶✷ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✐✐
✹✳✶✸ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r tér♠✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶✹ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧
✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✷✵ ✭W/m2K✮ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐s♦❧❛♥t❡ tér♠✐❝♦✳ ✸✸
✺✳✶ ❆♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ❛✮ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✴tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r ❡ t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈✳ ❜✮❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✷ ❆♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ❛✮ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✴tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r
❡ t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡✳ ❜✮❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✺✳✹ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛
❞❡ P❱❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❜r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✻ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛
❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺✳✼ ❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s
♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ P❱❈ ❡ ❈♦❜r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ k ❡ α ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈ ✭k = 0,157W/mK ❡ α = 1,149×10−7m2/s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ k ❡ α ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡ ✭k = 397W/mK ❡ α = 117×10−4m2/s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✻✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❛r❝✐✲ ❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦R0✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s r❡♠❛♥❡s❝❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❡①♣♦st❛s
❛ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✷ ❉❡s❡♥❤♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛
r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✜♥✐t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✹ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛
❞❡ P❱❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✻✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❜r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✻✳✻ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛
❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✼ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡①♣♦st❛ ❛ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✶❉ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✾ ❋❧✉①♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ tí♣✐❝♦ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✻✳✶✵ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✸✱ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r
❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❛✮ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈✳ ❜✮ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ❆✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ❇✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦
✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✺✳✶ P♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ❡ tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛♠♦str❛s
❞❡ P❱❈ ❡ ❝♦❜r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✺✳✸ ❱❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✸✵ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s
♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ P❱❈✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ 95% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✺✳✹ ❱❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✸✵ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ 95% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✻✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡✲
❞✉③✐❞♦ ✶❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
T ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ [oC]✳
T0 ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ [oC]✳
T∞ ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ [oC]✳
t ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦✱ [s]✳
α ✲ ❉✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ [m2
s ]✳
k ✲ ❈♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ [mWK]✳
h ✲ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ [ W m2K]✳
q(t) ✲ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ [mW2]✳
θ ✲ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ [oC]✳
GXIJ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❳■❏✳
Bi ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦t✳
αm ✲ ❆✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❳✳
βn ✲ ❆✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❨✳
γp ✲ ❆✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❩✳
L ✲ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❳✱ [m]✳
W ✲ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❨✱ [m]✳
R ✲ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❩✱ [m]✳
✈✐
RGT ✲ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ [Adimensional]✳
XIJ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❳✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ■ ❡♠ ①❂✵ ❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❏ ❡♠ ①❂▲✳
h(t) ✲ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛✳
H(s) ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳
Φ ✲ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳
SR ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳
RGTexp ✲ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ [adimensional]✳
RGTteo ✲ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ [adimensional]✳
Y(t) ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ [oC]✳
ρ ✲ ▼❛ss❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ [kg/m3]✳
c ✲ ❈❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ [J/kgK]✳
C ✲ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ [J/K]✳
X, Y, Z ✲ ❊✐①♦s ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s✱ [m]✳
Y∗(t) ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ r✉í❞♦✱ [oC]✳
N ✲ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♥♦s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳
T∗(t) ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✱ [oC]✳
σ ✲ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ r✉í❞♦✱ [adimensional]✳
Ω ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ r❛♥❞ô♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✱ [adimensional]✳
Xi ✲ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
βi ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ r❛♥❞ô♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✱ [adimensional]✳
✈✐✐
1D ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳
R0 ✲ ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
RGT−3D ✲ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱
[adimensional]✳
RGT−1D ✲ ❘❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱
[adimensional]✳
S1D ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳
ST−1D ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✸
✸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ✽
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✸✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦✿ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ✸❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✸ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ ✭α✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✸✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ ✭k✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✸✳✸ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ ✭ρc✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❦ ❡ α ❡♠ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❈♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ ◆ã♦ ❈♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛✲
❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ✶✾
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✹✳✷ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛ ✷✵ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✹✳✸ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ RGT ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✹✳✶ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ RGT ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ α ✷✾
✹✳✹✳✷ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛RGT à ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠✲
♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ d=x2−x1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ RGT ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ tér✲
♠✐❝❛✱ h✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✹
✺✳✶ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✐①
✻ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✸❉✲✶❉ ✹✺
✻✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✷ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✻✳✸ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✻✶
✼✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✻✸
❆ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ■s♦❧❛❞♦ ✲ ❳✷✷❨✷✷❩✷✷✳ ✻✺
❆✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ ✸❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ✲ ❳✷✷❨✷✷❩✷✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ❆✳✶✳✶ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ❆✳✷ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ RGT ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦r✲ tâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r é ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✱ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r✱ ✐♥t❡r✈✐r ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳
❆ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✐♥ s✐t✉ q✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦✈♦q✉❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦✳ ❋❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❥á ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s✱ s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ♣❧❛❝❛s s♦❧❛r❡s✱ ❝❡râ♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✈✐✈♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s t❡r♠♦❢ís✐❝♦s ❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ✐♥♦✈❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ t❡r♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣✲ ♥óst✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣♦r s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✼ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡❧❡s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s tê♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦✉ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✐♥ s✐t✉✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ ♠❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✉s❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✉s❛ ♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳
✷
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s só❧✐❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r✳ ▼♦str❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t✐♣♦ ♣✉❧s♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❡st❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ❆♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❡st✉❞❛ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ ❞❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❛♠♦str❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ P❱❈ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❞❡ ❈♦❜r❡✳ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡✲ tr♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦s ❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ▼♦str❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❡rr♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡2%✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ r❛✲ ③ã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ é s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳ ❖✉tr❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ sã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ s❡♠ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❆ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s é ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✭❍❯❆◆●❀ ▲■❯✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ✭▼❖❍❆▼❊❉✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ ❡st✉❞❛♠ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❛❧✐♠❡♥✲ t♦s✳ ✭❘❊▼❨❀ ❉❊●■❖❱❆◆◆■✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❧íq✉✐❞♦s✳ ✭▲❆❙❑❆❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❡st✉❞❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ♠❡t❛✐s só❧✐❞♦s✳ ✭❯❑❘❆■◆❈❩❨❑✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ✉♠ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ só❧✐❞♦s ❣r❛♥✉❧❛✲ ❞♦s ♦✉ ❧íq✉✐❞♦s✳
◆❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✱ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ é ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❊♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ t❡st❡s ✐♥✈❛s✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ♦✉ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s t❡♠✲s❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ r❡✈❡st✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❡❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♥♦s✱ ❡♠ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ❡♠ ❡♥❣r❡♥❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ❡ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✈✐✈♦s✳
■st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❛♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♦✉ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥ s✐t✉✱ ❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❛ r❡str✐çã♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦✳ ✭▼❊▲❖❀ ❙■▲❱❆❀ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❡❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✭k/√α✮ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ três
♣♦❧í♠❡r♦s✳ ❖ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉s❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❢r♦♥t❛❧ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆ ♣❧❛❝❛ é ❛q✉❡❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ é ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❧♦❣♦ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛s ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ t❡ór✐❝❛ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❆ ❡❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡rr♦
✹
q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠
3,6% ❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉s❛ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♦✉ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✢❛s❤ ✭P❆❘❑❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✻✶✮✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❆♥❣str♦♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✭❩❍❯✱ ✷✵✶✻✮✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ ✜♦ q✉❡♥t❡ ❛❞♣t❛❞♦ ✭❲❆■❚❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦ ✏❤♦t sq✉❛r❡✑ ❡ ✏❤♦t ❞✐s❦✑ ✭●❯❙❚❆❋❙❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✶✮ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✧❤♦t ❞✐s❦✧✭❇❖❍❆❈ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❋❧❛s❤ ✭P❆❘❑❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✻✶✮✱ ✉♠ ♣✉❧s♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❝✉rt❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭✢❛s❤✮ é ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❢❛❝❡ ♦♣♦st❛ é ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❞❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❢❛❝❡ ♦♣♦st❛ é ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠á✲❧❛✳ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❢❛❝❡ ♦♣♦st❛✳ ❏á ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡st✐♠❛ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s à ❛♠♦str❛ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳
◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦ ✜♦ q✉❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✜❧♠❡ q✉❡♥t❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ✭❲❆■❚❊ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮ ♦ s❡♥s♦r t❡♠ q✉❡ s❡r ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ♦✉ ❞✉❛s ❛♠♦str❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ s✐♠étr✐❝❛ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡t❛ q✉❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♦ ln(t)✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ r❡t❛ s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦
t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛✲s❡ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ é ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✜♦ q✉❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♠❡tá❧✐❝♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❡①tr❛í❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✱ ♦s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ss❛s ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✳
✺
❡♠ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♦ ❚P❙ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♦✉ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❛♠♦str❛✳ ❖ ❚P❙ é ❡♥tã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ é ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳ ❖ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❝✉rt♦ ♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♥str♦❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ♦✉ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛❧♦r ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❚P❙ é ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ❡①tr❛✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞❛í ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❥✉st❡s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚P❙ ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r ♦✉ r❛❞✐❛❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡3% ❡7% ♣❛r❛
❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❆♥❣str♦♥ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✭❩❍❯✱ ✷✵✶✻✮ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✜♥❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣r❡✈ê ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳
❖✉tr❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✭❇❖❘●❊❙❀ ❙❖❯❙❆❀ ●❯■▼❆❘❆❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❛ ♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛♥❛❧♦❣❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❋❧❛s❤ ❡ ❆♥❣str♦♥✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❛ ❡①❝✐t❛çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛✳
✻
♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛s ♣r♦✲ ♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❊st❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ t❡ór✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛râ✲ ♠❡tr♦ ❡stá ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ sã♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✳
❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠♦str❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ q✉❡ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ q✉❛tr♦ ❞✐r❡çõ❡s✳
✶✳ ❚❡♥t❛r ❡st✐♠❛r s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡st❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ❢r❛♥❝♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡s❜❛rr❛♠ ❡♠ ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♥❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
✷✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✸✳ ❙❡♣❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛✲ tór✐♦s✱ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ✐♥ s✐t✉✳
✹✳ ❙❡♣❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♠♦str❛s ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❥á ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ❡ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥ s✐t✉✳
❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st♦ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s✱ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♦✉ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❖ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡♠ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❖ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ é ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ♣❧❛♥❛ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥ s✐t✉✳
✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦✲ r❡s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ é ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s r❡♠❛♥❡s❝❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❡①♣♦st❛s ❛ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ❆s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ✭♦✉ ♠❛✐s✮ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❢r♦♥t❛❧ ✭s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛s ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✳
❊st❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ sã♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ t❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳
❆ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❞✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❛❥✉st❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛✐s ❛❢❛s✲ t❛❞❛s ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ é ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡rr♦ q✉❛❞rát✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥✲ t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✭♦✉ ♠❛✐s✮ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳
❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ t❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✧✐♥ s✐t✉✧ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳
