UMA HISTÓRIA DA ODONTOLOGIA NO BRASIL

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UMA HISTÓRIA DA ODONTOLOGIA NO BRASIL Wander Pereira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autônomo da ciência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

KEYWORDS:History. Dentistry. Education.

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Apresentação

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1. A arte de cuidar dos dentes

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5%!)%.=%520-#B!0%=-#!%!2#(!5%!&%5+'-&%.$(#!H!72+#-!5%!4/%(!5%! '0-,(B!/?25-.(B!'Q.<(0-B!14/,(0-B!$%+-#!5%!-0-.3-B!%.$0%!(2$0(#9! :!@720-!5(!$+0-R5%.$%#!%!#2-!'-+A-!5%!3(00(0%#!^<-'-!5%!<(0&-#! %!$-&-.3(#!5+,%0#(#B!-/-,-.'-#B!)($+'D%#_!%0-!10('20-5-!'(&(! último recurso. S]`Pa:!b!c!F%.$+#$-!-&)2/-.$%B!bdef

Fonte: MIARNAU. Historia anecdótca de la Odotologia: através del -0$%!L!5%!/-!/+$%0-$20-B!19!bgh9

Temos registros do cuidado com a dentição desde a Antiguidade. Acredita-se que a primeira menção sobre o -##2.$(!0%<%0%R#%!-!"#'2/?1+(B!'+$-5(!1(0!J(&%0(B!.-!]/G-5-B! '(&(!2&!3?)+/!'+0207+>(9!I-#B!5%1(+#!5+##(B!#(&%.$%!.-!S0-.C-! 5(!#U'2/(![\]]]B!3-,%0+-!-!0%-/+=-C>(!5%!2&!$0-$-5(!%#1%'G@'(! #()0%!-!;2%#$>(!(5(.$(/47+'-92

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Tais estudos sobre a arte de cuidar dos dentes eram .($-,%/&%.$%!10%'?0+(#93_{!"B!%.$0%$-.$(B!&%#&(!'(&!-!5+@'2/5-5%!}

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n(3.!J2.$%0B!%&!#2-!()0-!+.$+$2/-5-!The Natural History of the

Human Teeth!^bkhb_B!-10%#%.$-!-!'(.'%1C>(!5%!;2%!(!%/%&%.$(!

5%.$?0+(!%0-!2&!'(01(!%#$0-.3(!-(!(07-.+#&(!32&-.(!%!;2%!#%0+-! eliminado com o decorrer do tempo.

6!dicionário!5(!O-50%!a-13-%/!8/2$%-2!-10%#%.$-B!-+.5-B!-! 5%#'0+C>(!5-!;2-.$+5-5%!%!<(0&-!5(#!5%.$%#!32&-.(#B!%.#+.-.5(! -'%0'-!5-!-.-$(&+-!%!@#+(/(7+-!5-!5%.$+C>(!.(!#U'2/(![\]]]9!6! $%A$(!5(!,%0)%$%!'/-##+@'-$40+(!5(#!5%.$%#B!-@0&-

p2-$0(! +.'+#40+(#B! 1(0;2%! '(0$-&! (! '(&%0B! (2! -.$%0+(0%#! 1(0;2%! são os primeiros que se veem quando se abre a boca [...] Estes 5%.$%#! +.'+#40+(#! .>(! $X&! &-+#! ;2%! 2&-! 0-+=q! 5(+#! '-.+.(#! 1(0! #%0%&!&2+$(!-725(#B!(2$0(#!/3%!'3-&-&!5%!('2/-0%#B!1(0;2%!1-0$%! 5(!.%0,(!;2%!<-=!)2/+0!(#!(/3(#!%#$?!10%7-5-!.%/%#!%!1(0!+##(!U! 1%0+7(#(!-00-.'?R/(#q!5%=!&(/-0%#B!(#!;2-+#!$X&!&2+$-#!0-G=%#B!-(#! 5(+#!E/$+&(#!'3-&-&!5%.$%#!5-!#-)%5(0+-B!(2!#+#(B!(2!^'(&(!5+=! :,+'%.-_!5%.$%#!5(!%.$%.5+&%.$(!1(0;2%!.-#'%&!-(#!$0+.$-!-.(#B! 6_{! 8mPK":PB!a-13-%/9!Dicionário da língua portuguesa. Ampliado por Antônio}

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que é o tempo da madureza. [...] Tem os dentes veias e artérias '(&!;2%!'0%#'%&B!.>(!%&!/-0720-B!&-#!%&!'(&10+&%.$(97

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;2%! -! 65(.$(/(7+-! .%##%! 1%0G(5(! <(##%! %A%0'+5-! 1(0! /%+7(#B! 10+.'+1-/&%.$%!)-0)%+0(#B!'(.<(0&%!5%#$-'(2!`(.50- :!&%5+'+.-!.(!80-#+/B!%&!#%2!+.G'+(B!-)0-.7%!-!J+#$40+-!5%!$(5-#! -#! 10?$+'-#! ,(/$-5-#! 1-0-! (#! '2+5-5(#! '(&! -! #-E5%! %! 5-;2%/-#! ,(/$-5-#!1-0-!-!'20-!10(10+-&%.$%!5+$-B!('(00+5-#!5%#5%!(!+.G'+(! 5-! '(/(.+=-C>(! )0-.'-! -$U! -! <2.5-C>(! 5(#! 10+&%+0(#! '20#(#! 5%! -.-$(&+-!%!'+0207+-B!%&!Y-/,-5(0!%!.(!a+(!5%!n-.%+0(B!10('20-.5(! $-&)U&!0%'(.3%'%0!(#!#2*%+$(#!;2%!%A%0'+-&!$-+#!-$+,+5-5%#9!:$U!(! #U'2/(![][B!-!&%5+'+.-!U!-;2%/-!0%/-'+(.-5-!H!'+0207+-!025+&%.$-0! %!H!10%'?0+-!'/G.+'-!5(#!<G#+'(#B!'+0207+D%#!-10(,-5(#B!'+0207+D%#R )-0)%+0(#B! -10%.5+=%#B! #-.70-5(0%#B! )($+'?0+(#B! '20-.5%+0(#B! 1-*U#B!1-50%#!*%#2G$-#B!<%+$+'%+0(#B!'20+(#(#!%!(2$0-#!5%.(&+.-CD%#! atribuídas aos ativistas da época.23

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Z%##-!U1('-!.>(!%A+#$+-!(!0%'20#(!5-!-.%#$%#+-q!#%.5(!-##+&B! %0-! &2+$(! +&1(0$-.$%! -! 0%-/+=-C>(! 0?1+5-! 5(#! 10('%5+&%.$(#! '+0E07+'(#!1-0-!;2%!-!%A1(#+C>(!H!5(0!<(##%!(!&-+#!)0%,%!1(##G,%/9! F%##-!&-.%+0-B!(#!)-0)%+0(#!%0-&!'(.<2.5+5(#!'(&!(#!'+0207+D%#B! 1(0;2%! 5%$+.3-&! (#! +.#$02&%.$(#! &-+#! -@-5(#B! <-'+/+$-.5(! -! 0%-/+=-C>(!5%!'+0207+-#!5%!<(0&-!0?1+5-9!6!p2-50(!b!-10%#%.$-! uma relação de ativistas da Medicina e de suas atividades no século XIX.

QUADRO 1 - Ativistas da Medicina e suas atividades

Ativistas da Medicina Atividades

SG#+'(#!(2!m+'%.'+-5(#

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:.-/+#-.5(!(!pP:Fa6!bB!1(5%R#%!+.<%0+0!;2%!-!.%'%##+5-5%! de cuidados com prevenção e tratamento de doenças gerava a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cirurgião-barbeiro.

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6! '(.3%'+&%.$(! $U'.+'(R'+%.$G@'(! -+.5-! .>(! %0-! %A+7+5(! '(&(!0%;2+#+$(!1-0-!5+1/(&-C>(!%!1-0-!-!<(0&-C>(!)?#+'-!5(#! 10(@##+(.-+#!5-!#-E5%9!Y(&%.$%!%&!bldg!<(+!(2$(07-5(!-(!F+0%$(0! 5%!J+7+%.%!OE)/+'-!(!5+0%+$(!5%!'(.'%5%0!-/,-0?!5%!/+'%.C-!1-0-! %A%0'G'+(!5%##%!&+#$%0!-!;2%&!(!0%;2%0%##%9!".$0%$-.$(B!#(&%.$%! %0-&!%A+7+5(#!'%0$+5>(!5%!)-$+#&(B!<(/3-!'(00+5-!%!2&!%A-&%!&2+$(! #2&?0+(B!0%-/+=-5(!'(&(!<(0&-/+5-5%927 "&! blreB! 1(0! +.$%0'%##>(! 5%! K3%($(.3(! 8(07%#! F+.+=! c! '+0207+>(! 5%.$+#$-B! &-+#! $-05%! -70-'+-5(! '(&! $G$2/(! 5%! 8-0>(! F+.+=!cB+.+'+(2R#%!-!%A+7X.'+-B!-(#!10-$+'-.$%#!5-!V-0$%!5%.$?0+-WB! 5%! #2)&%$%0%&R#%! -! 2&-! 10(,-! 0%-/+=-5-! 1(0! 2&-! n2.$-! 5%! O0(<%##(0%#!5%!I%5+'+.-B!5-#!'-5%+0-#!5%!:.-$(&+-B!i+0207+-!(2! S+#+(/(7+-!%!J+7+%.%9!O-##(2R#%!-!%A+7+0!-!0%-/+=-C>(!5%!2&-!10(,-! (0-/!%!2&-!10(,-!10?$+'-9!:!10(,-!(0-/!%0-!)-#+'-&%.$%!#()0%!(#! (##(#!5-!<-'%B!%!-!10?$+'-!'(.#+#$+-!%&!0%-/+=-0!2&-!%A(5(.$+-!c! %A$0-C>(!(2!0%&(C>(!5%!2&!%/%&%.$(!5%.$?0+(!c%&!2&!'-5?,%0! %&!5%'E)+$(!5(0#-/B!(2!#%*-B!5%+$-5(!'(&!(!,%.$0%!1-0-!'+&-!%! &2+$-#!,%=%#!*?!'(&!0+7+5%=!'-5-,U0+'-9!F%##-!<(0&-B!+.+'+(2R#%! 2&-!$%.$-$+,-!5%!#%1-0-0!(#!10?$+'(#!5(#!5%.$+#$-#!5+1/(&-5(#q! -1%#-0!5%!#21%0@'+-/!%!1(2'(!%@'+%.$%B!$-/!-C>(!0%10%#%.$(2!(! &-0'(! +.+'+-/! 1-0-! $0-C-0! 2&-! 5+<%0%.'+-C>(! %.$0%! )-0)%+0(#! %! dentistas. i(&!(!F%'0%$(!k9fbbB28_{!5%!ed!5%!(2$2)0(!5%!blljB!hg!-.(#!} -14#!-!<(0&-/+=-C>(!5(!i20#(!5%!I%5+'+.-B!(!5%!65(.$(/(7+-!<(+! reconhecido como Curso Superior.

6!F%'0%$(!k9fbb!'0+(2!(!i20#(!5%!65(.$(/(7+-!.-#!<-'2/5-5%#! 5(!a+(!5%!n-.%+0(!%!5-!8-3+-B!-.%A(!-(!5%!I%5+'+.-B!+.#$+$2+.5(R#%! (!'-07(!5%!10%1-0-5(0!5%!65(.$(/(7+-B!'(&(!<2.C>(!+.$%70-.$%! 5-!'-5%+0-!5%!i+0207+-9!6!'20#(!5%!65(.$(/(7+-!<2.'+(.-,-!5%! <(0&-! -.%A-! -(! 5%! I%5+'+.-B! $%.5(! '(&(! 5('%.$%#B! %&! #2-!

27_{I:]"{Yu]B!Z%N$(.!I-$(70(##%.#%9!Z9!IG5+-!%&!iFRa6I!#()0%!-!3+#$40+-!}

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28_{! F%'0%$(! .~! k9fbbB! 5%! ed! 5%! (2$2)0(! 5%! bllj9! i0+-C>(! 5(#! '20#(#! 5%!}

65(.$(/(7+-!.(!80-#+/9!F+#1(.G,%/!%& !3$$1 ttNNNe9'-&-0-97(,9)0t/%7+.t<%5t decret/1824-1899/decreto-9311-25-outubro-1884-545070-publicacaooriginal-56989-pe.html>. Acesso em: 1 mai. 2012.

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&-+(0+-B!&U5+'(#!%!-/72.#!5%.$+#$-#9!a%##-/$%R#%!;2%!.>(!3-,+-! 10%1-0-C>(!10?$+'-!520-.$%!(!'20#(9!6#!10(<%##(0%#!5%.$+#$-#!.>(! $+.3-&!-2$(.(&+-!1-0-!-1/+'-0!-,-/+-C>(!-(#!-/2.(#B!1(+#!%##-#! %0-&!0%-/+=-5-#!5%!<(0&-!%A'/2#+,-!1%/(#!5('%.$%#!&U5+'(#9 :$2-/&%.$%B!'(&%&(0-R#%!(!5+-!.-'+(.-/!5(!'+0207+>(R5%.$+#$-! .-! 5-$-! 5%! <2.5-C>(! 5%#$%! '20#(B! ed! 5%! (2$2)0(! 5%! bllj929_A '0+-C>(!5-!<-'2/5-5%!-.%A-!-(!'20#(!5%!I%5+'+.-!$(0.(2R#%!2&! &-0'(!1-0-!-!65(.$(/(7+-!)0-#+/%+0-9 O(0! 5%$%0&+.-C>(! 5(!:0$+7(! lz! 5(! F%'0%$(! k9fbbB! <+'(2! 5%@.+5(!;2%!(!'20#(!5%!65(.$(/(7+-!$%0+-!$0X#!-.(#!5%!520-C>(9! :#!5+#'+1/+.-#!#%0+-&!5+#$0+)2G5-#!5-!#%72+.$%!<(0&- !

No primeiro ano deveriam constar: SG#+'-!"/%&%.$-0B! p2G&+'-!I+.%0-/B!%!"/%&%.$-0B! :.-$(&+-!F%#'0+$+,-B K(1(70-@-!5-!S-'%q 6!#%72.5(!-.(!#%0+-&!'(.$%&1/-5-#!-#!#%72+.$%#!&-$U0+-# J+#$(/(7+-!F%.$?0+-B! S+#+(/(7+-!F%.$?0+-B O-$(/(7+-!F%.$?0+-B J+7+%.%!5-!8('-q "B!@.-/&%.$%B!(!$%0'%+0(!-.(!'(.#$-0+-!5%!2&-!E.+'-!5+#'+1/+.- K%0-1X2$+'-!F%.$?0+-9 i(.<(0&%! ()#%0,-5(B! .>(! %0-&! ()0+7-$40+-#! 5+#'+1/+.-#! '/G.+'-#B!.%&!%0-&!'(.$%&1/-5-#!&-$U0+-#!5%!<(0&-C>(!$%40+'(R 10?$+'-9! S(+! .%'%##?0+(! -/$%0-0! (! %#$-$2$(! 5-#! <-'2/5-5%#! 5%! I%5+'+.-!1-0-!1(##+)+/+$-0!-!'0+-C>(!5%!'20#(#!5%!65(.$(/(7+- @'(2!'(.3%'+5-!1%/(!.(&%!5%!a%<(0&-!Y-)(+-B!5%,+5(!H!-$2-C>(!5(! %.$>(!5+0%$(0!5-!S-'2/5-5%!5%!I%5+'+.-!5(!a+(!5%!n-.%+0(B!\+'%.$%! 29 _{Esta data foi instituída como o Dia da Saúde Dentária, pela Lei nº 3.504, de} 24 de dezembro de 1958. Mais recentemente foi criado também em 25 de outubro o dia Nacional da Saúde Bucal também no dia 25 de outubro, pela Lei nº 10.465, de 27 de maio de 2002.

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Cândido Figueira de Saboia (1881-1889). Cada Faculdade deveria ministrar um curso de Ciências Médicas e Cirúrgicas e mais três '20#(#!-.%A(#B!(!5%!S-0&?'+-B!-+.5-!%&!$0X#!-.(#B!(!5%!6)#$%$0G'+-! %!`+.%'(/(7+-B!%&!5(+#!-.(#B!%!(!5%!65(.$(/(7+-!%&!$0X#!-.(#930

6! -/2.(! <(0&-5(! 1%/(! i20#(! 5%! 65(.$(/(7+-! -.%A(! H#! <-'2/5-5%#!5%!I%5+'+.-!5(!a+(!5%!n-.%+0(!%!5-!8-3+-!0%'%)+-!(! $G$2/(!5%!5%.$+#$-B!-1%#-0!5%!.>(!$%0!#%2!5+1/(&-!-##+.-5(9!:##+&B! (!80-#+/!1-##(2!-!<(0&-0!#%2#!10410+(#!5%.$+#$-#9 :!0%<(0&-!%52'-'+(.-/!8%.*-&+.!i(.#$-.$B31 _{%&!blkbB!0%52=+2!} -!520-C>(!5(!'20#(!5%!65(.$(/(7+-!5%!$0X#!1-0-!5(+#!-.(#9!"##-! 0%<(0&-!0%#2/$(2!.(!F%'0%$(!.z!b9jleB!5%!ej!5%!*2/3(!5%!blkf32_!;2%B! %.$0%!(2$0-#!&25-.C-#!.-!S-'2/5-5%!5%!I%5+'+.-B!5%$%0&+.(2!;2%! (!-/2.(!5%!65(.$(/(7+-!0%'%)%##%!(!$G$2/(!5%!'+0207+>(R5%.$+#$-9! 6!$G$2/(!'(&!%##-!5%.(&+.-C>(!1%0&-.%'%!-$U!(#!5+-#!-$2-+#9 ].E&%0-#! <(0-&! -#! 5+@'2/5-5%#! 1-0-! (! '20#(! #21%0+(0! 5%! 65(.$(/(7+-!'(.;2+#$-0!-2$(.(&+-!%&!0%/-C>(!H!I%5+'+.-9!"&! bkbbB!('(00%2!-!a%<(0&-!a+,-5?,+-B33_{que aboliu o privilégio do}

5+1/(&-!%!'0+(2!-!'-5%+0-!$U'.+'-!.-!65(.$(/(7+-9!

:##+&B! .>(! #%0+-! &-+#! .%'%##?0+(! 1(##2+0! 5+1/(&-! 1-0-! %A%0'%0!-!65(.$(/(7+-B!(2!#%*-B!1%##(-#!'(&!(2!#%&!<(0&-C>(! #21%0+(0! 1(5%0+-&! -$%.5%09! i(.$25(B! -1%#-0! 5(! -1-0%.$%! 0%$0('%##(!'(&(!0-&(!'+%.$G@'(!-2$o.(&(B!.%##-!<-#%!('(00%2!

30_{[:\]"aB!:.50U-! m%&(#. 7#0#)+3/#)' -#$%./#0)89#)2/340)' (&$' :#;+0#&$' (&'} Saúde no Brasil (1932-1930). !"!#$%#&"'!($)# *+,- Fiocruz. Disponível

%./# 01223/44'''56)657)6*+,58*4)8"%*9!2)*:)1:"2)*:!49%*8%2%"4# %"6!;6:.%*<5 3$=>. Acesso em: 25 nov. 2011.

31_{# >%6*%2)#;?#@5ABCD#$%#@C#$%#)+2+8*)#$%#@EF@5#Reforma Educacional Ministro} Benjamin Constant5#>:"3);G9%(#%./#01223/44'''5(%H.(5I)958*4+*;4+*;/(%H/8*/= %$%*!(/$%6*%2)/@EF@JC@J@C-@ABCK5#L6%"")#%./#@#.!:5#AC@A5

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decret/1824-1899/decreto-1482-24-julho-1893-519353-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html>. Acesso em: 1 mai. 2012.

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Recebido em: 14/3/2012 Aprovado em: 9/5/2012