RESUmo
Os objeivos deste estudo foram caracteri
-zar os idosos residentes em uma Insituição de Longa Permanência quanto ao uso de medicamentos e veriicar a existência de polifarmácia. Trata-se de estudo descriivo e quanitaivo, realizado por meio de dados de um banco originado da pesquisa Peril de idosos residentes numa Insituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPIs): propos
-ta de ação de enfermagem/saúde. Foram selecionados 39 idosos que faziam uso de medicação. Os achados evidenciaram pre
-dominância de mulheres, com idade entre 80 e 89 anos, que sabem ler e são viúvas. As doenças do aparelho circulatório foram as mais frequentes. Os idosos usavam em média 3,7 medicamentos e 30,8% deles uilizavam polifarmácia. Os medicamentos mais usados foram para as intercorrências do sistema cardiovascular. Veriicou-se a presença de medicamentos considerados impróprios para idosos. Espera-se sensibili
-zar os proissionais de saúde a promoverem o uso racional e cuidadoso de medicamen
-tos para os idosos insitucionalizados.
dEScRiToRES
Idoso
Insituição de longa permanência para idosos Uso de medicamentos
Enfermagem geriátrica
The characterization of elderly medication
users living in long-term care facilities
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le
AbSTRAcT
The objecives of this study were to char
-acterize the elderly living in a long-term care facility in terms of their medicaion use and verify the existence of polyphar
-macy. This descripive quanitaive study was performed using a database from the research: The proile of the elderly living in a long-term care insituion for the aged: a proposal for nursing/health acion. A total of 39 elderly individuals who used medi
-caions were selected. It was found that most were women, aged between 80-89 years, who were literate and widowed. Circulatory system diseases were the most frequent. The elderly used a mean of 3.7 medicaions, and 30.8% took muliple medicaions. The most commonly used medicaions were for the cardiovascular system. It was found that some individuals used medicaions considered inappropri
-ate for the elderly populaion. We hope to sensiize health professionals to promote a raional and careful use of medicaions among insituionalized elderly individuals.
dEScRiPToRS
Aged
Homes for the Aged Drug uilizaion Geriatric nursing
RESUmEn
El estudio objeivó caracterizar a los ancia
-nos residentes en un hogar geriátrico res
-pecto del uso de medicamentos y veriicar la existencia de polifarmacia. Estudio des
-cripivo, cuanitaivo, uilizando banco de datos recopilados para la invesigación
Per-il de ancianos residentes en una residencia geriátrica (ILPI): propuesta de acción de enfermería/salud. Fueron seleccionados 39 ancianos usuarios de medicación. Los ha
-llazgos evidencian predominancia de muje
-res con edad entre 80-89 años, alfabeiza
-das y viu-das. Las enfermedades del aparato circulatorio fueron las más frecuentes. Los ancianos uilizaban en promedio 3,7 me
-dicamentos, 30,8% de ellos era usuario de polifarmacia. Los medicamentos de mayor uilización fueron aquellos para las compli
-caciones del sistema cardiovascular. Se ve
-riicó la presencia de medicamentos consi
-derados improcedentes para ancianos. Se espera sensibilizar a los profesionales de salud para promover el uso racional y cui
-dadoso de medicamentos para los ancia
-nos insitucionalizados.
dEScRiPToRES
Anciano
Hogares para Ancianos Uilización de medicamentos Enfermería geriátrica
daiane Porto Gautério1, Silvana Sidney costa Santos2, marlene Teda Pelzer3,
Edaiane Joana barros4, Larissa baumgarten5
CaraCterização dos idosos usuários de mediCação residentes em instituição de longa permanênCia
CaraCterizaCión de anCianos usuarios de mediCaCión residentes en hogar geriátriCo
*extracted from the dissertation “proposta de diagnósticos de enfermagem para idosos institucionalizados que fazem uso de medicamentos”, graduate studies program, Federal university of rio grande, 2011. 1rn. master in nursing. doctoral student of the nursing graduate program at Federal university of
rio grande. rio grande, rs, Brazil. daianeporto@bol.com.br 2rn. ph.d. in nursing. professor at the school of nursing, Federal university of rio grande.
rio grande. rs. Brazil. silvanasidney@pesquisador.cnpq.br 3rn. ph.d. in nursing. professor at the school of nursing, Federal university of rio grande.
rio grande. rs. Brazil. pmarleneteda@yahoo.com.br 4rn. master in nursing. rn at the dr. miguel riet Correa Jr. university hospital, Federal university
of rio grande. rio grande, rs, Brazil. edaiane_barros@yahoo.com.br 5master in nursing. doctoral student of the nursing graduate program at Federal
inTRodUcTion
Populaion aging is a current worldwide phenomenon. This means a more elevated increase in the elderly popu
-laion compared to other age groups(1).In Brazil, populaion aging is a relex of the age expectaion increase due to ad
-vancements in the health ield and the reducion in the birth rate; in addiion, it is followed by changes in family struc
-tures and roles and in work paterns and immigraion(2-3).
Along with changes in the age structure of the popula
-ion, epidemiologic changes are observed, with a change of the main causes of death, from acute parasiic diseases to chronic non-communicable non-communicable diseas
-es (CNCD)(4). These diseases can become long term issues
and require, for a suitable care, a great amount of mate
-rial and human resources. The high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases makes elderly people great medicaion consumers.
For the elderly, the risks involved in consuming medi
-caion are higher when compared to the rest of the popu
-laion due to the fact that they present diferent responses to medicaion compared to younger people.
This situaion emerges from pharmacoki
-neic and pharmacodynamic alteraions that are paricular to the aging process, making this populaion more vulnerable to medica
-ion interac-ions, side efects and adverse medicaion reacions(5).
Another factor that may increase the risks of medicaion use is non-adherence to the therapeuic regime, due to cogniive and funcional deicit that may hinder one’s ability to recognize and memorizethe infor
-maion involved. Also, self-medicaion and the inappropriate indicaion by the health
care professional are also reported, as in cases of complex therapeuic regime prescripions, non jusiied polyphar
-macotherapy, among others(4,6-7).
The consumpion of muliple medicaions, among the elderly, although needed in many occasions, when inap
-propriate, may trigger serious complicaions, oten lead
-ing to polypharmacy, which is characterized by the simul
-taneous use of ive or more medicaions(8-9). Some authors
also deine polypharmacy as the use of more medicaions than what is clinically indicated(6-8). Moreover, problems
related to medicaions may emerge as negaive clinical results, derived from pharmacotherapy and produced by many diferent causes that lead to the impossibility of reaching therapeuic objecives or the emergence of un
-wanted efects(10).
The number of medicaions is the main risk factor for iatrogenisis and the adverse reacions. There is an expo
-nenial relaionship between polypharmacy and the prob
-ability for adverse reacions, medicaion interacions and the use of inappropriate medicaions among the elderly (11).
Some factors have been correlated to polypharmacy, with a view to idenifying the more suscepible group to iat
-rogenisis, as for example, age, funcionality and the pres
-ence of chronic non-communicable diseases(12).
Older people, living in long-term care insituions would, therefore, be at a higher risk, since they present more limiing diseases, and a tendency for frailness and low funcionality. he main factors associated with poly
-pharmacy in insituionalized people include demenia, the number of diagnoses and ime of insituionalizaion. Among the elderly living in the community, age and gen
-der are the main factors related to the use of muliple medicaions(13).
Studies show that the proporion of elderly people living in long-term care insituions, in advanced demo
-graphic transiion countries reaches 11.0%, while in Brazil, it reaches 1.5%(14). There is a trend for a demand increase in Brazil, although policies prioriize the family as being assigned to take care of the elderly. Demographic, social and health factors are composed of causes that tend to lead the elderly to live in long-term care faciliites. Among other reasons, the female paricipaion in the working market is believed to take away from home the person who tradiionally assumes the care of parents and in-laws. Changes in marital status and new family ar
-rangements reduce the perspecive of aging amongst the family environment(15).
Many studies have researched the use of medicaions and polypharmacy in com
-munity and hospitalized elderly(4-5,12-13). On
the other hand, there is a lack of studies that demonstrate the use of medicaions in the insituionalized elderly populaion, as a way to explore risk factors and promote the means for in
-tervenions to prevent polypharmacy.
The objecive of the present study was to characterize the elderly living in long-term care insituions regarding their use of medicaions and the existence of polypharmacy.
mETHod
This descripive study was performed using a quanita
-ive approach and secondary data from a database from the research named: Peril de idosos residentes numa In -situição de Longa Permanência para Idosos: proposta de ação de enfermagem/saúde, (The proile of the elderly living in a long-term care insituion: a health/nursing in -tervenion proposal, developed by for the Study and Re
-search Group on Geronto-geriatrics, Nursing/Health and Educaion(Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Gerontogeria -tria, Enfermagem/Saúde e Educação - GEP-GERON).
The database was composed of the informaion col
-lected through the Mulidimensional Elderly Evaluaion
older people, living in long-term care institutions would,
therefore, be at a higher risk, since they
present more limiting diseases, and a tendency for frailness
form, applied to 53 residents of a long-term care insitu
-ion located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
The referred long-term care institution was home to 80 elderly individuals, 53 of which took part in this study. The inclusion criteria for the elderly were: 60 years of age or older, being cognitively able to an
-swer the instrument, and be willing to take part in the study. Fifteen elderly individuals did not participate in the study because they presented cognitive issues and were not able to answer the instrument, ten refused to answer the evaluation instrument and two were young
-er than 60 years old.
A note guide was created to collect any data of in
-terest from the database. This guide was composed of: gender, age, marital status and educaion level – literate or not; signs and symptoms, as deining characterisics; diseases; medicaion prescripion. From the total, 39 elderly individuals were selected, only those who used medicaion.
Diseases were grouped according to the Internaional Classiicaion of Diseases (ICD-10)(16). Medicaions were
classiied according to the Anatomical Therapeuic Chemi -cal Code (ATCC), adopted by the World Health Organiza
-ion(17). In this classiicaion, they are divided according
to the anatomic group or the system in which they act and its chemical, therapeuic and pharmacologic proper
-ies. The substances were ideniied based on their com
-mercial names according to the Brazilian Dicionary of Pharmaceuical Specialies (Dicionário de Especialidades Farmacêuica- DEF) (2010/2011)(18). Polypharmacy was considered as the simultaneous use of ive or more medi
-caions(9) for a minimum of one week.
The research that originated the database used in this study was authorized by the president of the long-term care insituion for the elderly and was approved by the Research and Ethics Commitee in the local health area under number 42/2005.
Data were tabulated and processed in an electronic database in the Microsot ® Excel 97 sotware (Windows XP OS, Microsot Corporaion, Inc.), subjected to descrip
-ive staisics and then presented as tables, under a simple percentage frequency, followed by a descripive and com
-paraive analysis with other studies performed in other ciies and regions.
RESULTS
Table 1 shows that 29 (74.4%) interviewees were fe
-male and there was a predominance of elderly within the age bracket of 80 and 89 years, corresponding to 17 (43.6%). Regarding their marital status, 22 (56.3%) were widowed and 12 (30.8%) were single. Regarding literacy, 29 (74.4%) answered they could read.
Table 1 – Elderly interviewees according to their social-demo-graphic characterization – Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011
Social -demographic variables N %
Gender
Female 29 74.4
Male 10 25.6
Age Bracket (years)
60-69 7 17.9
70-79 12 30.8
80-89 17 43.6
>=90 3 7.7
Marital Status
Widowed 22 56.3
Divorced 1 2.6
Single 12 30.8
Married 1 2.6
Not informed 3 7.7
Literate
Yes 29 74.4
No 10 25.6
Total 39 100.0
Table 2 lists the medical diagnoses menioned by the elderly, grouped according to the Internaional Clas
-siicaion of Diseases (ICD-10)(16). Of all 39 subjects, four
presented no diagnosis. The remaining 35 menioned 16 medical diagnoses, with an average of 2.1 diagnosis/ elderly and the most menioned diseases were those re
-lated to the cardiovascular system: 35 (89.7%); followed by endocrine, nutriional and metabolic diseases in 13 (33.3%), and osteomuscular system and conjuncive is
-sue diseases in 11 (28.2%).
Table 2 – Distribution of medical diagnoses mentioned by the elderly interviewees, grouped according to the International
Clas-siication of Diseases (ICD-10) - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011
Diagnoses N %
Cardiovascular system diseases 35 89.7
Metabolic, endocrine and nutritional
diseases 13 33.3
Osteomuscular and conjunctive tissue
diseases 11 28.2
Mental and behavioral disorders 6 15.4
Eye and eye-related diseases 1 2.6
Genitourinary system diseases 1 2.6
Respiratory system diseases 1 2.6
Nervous system diseases 1 2.6
Others 1 2.6
Total 70 100.0
The total number of medicaions used by the elderly was 143. The elderly populaion in this study used an average of 3.7 medicaions/elderly. Regarding polyphar
Table 3 – Distribution of the elderly subjects according to the
number of medication they used - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011
Number of medications N %
1 4 10.3
2 7 17.9
3 9 23.1
4 7 17.9
5 6 15.4
6 3 7.7
7 2 5.1
8 1 2.6
Total 39 100.0
Among medicaions used by the subjects, some did not have suicient informaion in literature for their iden
-iicaion and/or class-iicaion. Table 4 lists as examples personalized formulas, phytotherapy medicaion as the Nut of India and Ginkgo Biloba, in addiion to some com
-mercial names included in others.
The medicaions most used by the elderly were those for the cardiovascular system, in a frequency of 50 (35.0%), mainly ani-hypertensive drugs 24 (16.8%); di
-ureics 13(9.1%); anianginal drugs 7 (4.9%). Medicaions related to the central nervous system, corresponded to 25 (17.5%) of the medicaions used. Medicaions for the digesive system and for the metabolism represent 15 (10.5%) and aniplatelet agents for the hematopoieic system, 13 (9.1%) of the total. Phytotherapy medicaions were used by eight elderly subjects, corresponding to 5.6% of the total.
Table 4 – Medication classes, by anatomic group, prescribed in
the medical iles of the 39 elderly subjects living in a long-term
care institution - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2011
Classiication N %
Cardiovascular system 50 35.0
Central nervous system 25 17.5
Metabolism and digestive system 15 10.5
Haematopoietic system 13 9.1
Systemic use 7 4.9
Respiratory system 2 1.4
Bones system 1 0.7
Phytotherapy 8 5.6
Others 22 15.3
Total 143 100.0
diScUSSion
Regarding the gender of the present study subjects, data confirm there were more females: 29, accounting for 74.4% of the study population, which agrees with other studies(4,6,12). Women’s higher longevity compared
to men has been attributed to lower exposure to certain work risk factors, lower tobacco and alcohol consump
-tion rates; differences in attitudes regarding diseases and incapability, and higher gynecology-obstetrics care coverage(14).
The higher number of women living at the long-term care insituion in this study may be explained by the fact that they comprise the main parcel of the elderly popula
-ion. Another possible explanaion would be the fact that women are the main informal care providers, but they might not have caretakers for themselves. In the present study, 22 (56.3%) elderly were widowers and 12 (30.8%) were single. In general, women become the caretakers of their parents and also of their husbands if they are mar
-ried. When they become widows, they do not usually get married again, as opposed to men, who usually do. There
-fore, when they are exposed to the typical frailness of ag
-ing, and their children do not take responsibility for their care, or when they are childless, being insituionalized is maybe the only alternaive for these elderly ladies(15).
There was a predominance of elderly of ages between 80 and 89 years, corresponding to 17 (43.6%) of the total. This populaion subgroup represented, in 2010, approxi
-mately 14.0% of the elderly populaion and 1.5% of the Brazilian populaion. Populaion projecions point to a peak in the older populaion (80 years or more) growth for the next decades. It is esimated that by 2040, this very elderly populaions will correspond to one fourth of the elderly populaion and around 7.0% of the total popu
-laion, represening 13.7 million elderly persons.
Studies have demonstrated that gender (females) and age (advanced age) are the most consistent social-demographic characterisics associated to medicaion consumpion(6,8,12). The explanaion for this posiive asso
-ciaion between age and higher medicaion consumpion resides in higher occurrences of health problems in more advanced ages, generally long lasing and with higher se
-verity degree, in which treatment and symptoms relief de
-mand pharmacology therapy(6,15).
Most elderly in this study, 29 (74.4%), airmed being literate, however their educaion level was not inquired. A study performed in São Paulo, with elderly subjects liv
-ing in the community, demonstrated that two thirds, ac
-couning for 68.1%, were illiterate or had an incomplete primary educaion level(4).
The elderly in this study presented an average of 2.1 referred medical diagnoses, demonstraing the need for a closer atenion from caretakers in the long-term care insituion, as the associaion between pathologies may increase the number of daily used medicaions. As in other studies, blood system diseases were the most men
-ioned by interviewees followed by endocrine, nutriional and metabolic diseases, in addiion to the osteomuscular system and the conjuncive issue diseases(4,12). Many dis
-eases menioned here, due to their chronic feature, de
-mand high cost health care and propiiate the appearance of complicaions, with a strong efect on the dependence degree and quality of life of the elderly.
As a consequence to chronic non-communicable dis
interviewed subjects used, in average, 3.7 medicaions/ elderly individual. Regarding polypharmacy, 12 (30.8 %) used ive or more medicaions. These numbers agree with those found in a study performed with an elderly popu
-laion in Porto Alegre/RS, where the average between medicaions/elderly was of 3.2, with 27.0% of them using polypharmacy(19). A study performed in insituionalized
elderly demonstrated that 46.4% of them used polyphar
-macy(13), a number above that found in this study.
Factors related to polypharmacy in insituionalized paients were described as follows: lack of cogniive deicit (demenia); consumpion of cardiovascular medicaions; use of gastrointesinal and metabolism medicaions; more than ive diagnosed diseases; ime in the insituion; and greater funcional dependency, according to the Katz(13)
scale. Many studies found that the use of muliple medi
-caions by the elderly is associated to negaive health re
-sults and demonstrate that further studies are needed in order to determine the consequences associated to this use(20).
The most used therapeuic class was cardiovascular system drugs (35.0%), similar to previous indings(4,6,12-13)
and they are in agreement with the referred diseases, since the diseases in the blood system were most preva
-lent in this sample.
Clinically, the combinaion of medicaions is used as a therapeuic strategy for many diseases, which were preva
-lent in the sample, whether to reach the therapeuic ob
-jecive, whether to treat comorbidiies. However, these combinaions can result in an adverse event to medicaion and trigger hospitalizaion or death, mainly when associ
-ated to potenially interacive and unsuitable medicaion for the elderly(21).
Considering the medicaions used by the elderly in this study, eight are considered potenially interacive and unsuitable for the use by elderly people, they are: diclof
-enac, digoxin, clorpropramide, amiodarone, diazepam, lo
-razepam, amitriptyline, luoxeine.
Since in the long-term care insituion there is no use of medicaion without a medical prescripion, the profes
-sionals who work with the elderly in the insituion need to review the therapeuic systems they are performing. Some strategies may help to prevent and minimize adverse events from medicaions, among which: not prescribing unsuitable medicaions for the elderly, avoid prescribing medicaions that might interact among them, monitoring adverse reacions resuling in negaive outcomes.
The use of medicaions, although beneiial in many occasions, may require special care. Medicaions used in complicaions of the cardiovascular system were the most prevalent, especially the hypotensive. These drugs are considered responsible for most interacion frequencies and, consequently for the possible adverse reacions to medicaions(9).
Amiodarone and digoxin, drugs used by many elderly people who have cardiovascular diseases can cause severe medicaion interacion, consituing in highly frequent im
-plicaions in polypharmacy cases because they can cause, respecively, cardiotoxicity and intoxicaion digitalis(9,21).
Non-steroidal ani-inlammatory drugs, represented by the elderly in this study as diclofenac and meloxicam present high plasmaic protein bonding, and they may dis
-locate other medicaions form their bonding sites, conse
-quently elevaing the blood level in the later. Moreover, they are unsuitable for the elderly, as their risks are higher than their beneits, and they can cause adverse reacions such as irritaion, gastric ulcers and nephrotoxicity, result
-ing in hemorrhage, anemia, renal insuiciency and sodi
-um retenion(9,21).
The use of oral hypoglycemic efect drugs is also not free of risks. Clorpropramide predispose hypoglycemia, which can be disguised in the elderly, especially when there is a confusion condiion, increasing the number of falls(4,9,21).
The use of medicaions that are acive in the central nervous system, as the anxiolyic, ani-depressive and an
-i-psychoic drugs can cause adverse reacions with crii
-cal clinic outcomes for the elderly as falls, hip fractures, memory lost, confusion and social isolaion. The idenii
-caion of adverse reacions to these medi-caions or their interacions with other drugs may make it diicult, since it is possible that some manifestaions will imitate geriatric syndromes, confusion, inconinence and falls, a fact that, for many professionals and family members, can be inter
-preted as an elderly medical proile evoluion and not as a consequence of the therapeuic regime(9,21).
Many drug interacions present great magnitude and they can result even in the death of the subject, hospital
-izaion, permanent injury or therapeuic failure. However, there are the cases that cause apparent damages to the elderly; however, with a silent, late impact, which is some
-imes irreversible(9).
concLUSion
This study characterized the elderly living in a long-term care insituion regarding the use of medicaions, and veriied the existence of polypharmacy in 30.8% of them. The quanitaive approach favored reaching its objecives.
One of the limitaions of this study regards the fact of not verifying more issues related to the use of medica
-ions. As a favorable point, the recovery of one quesion stands out, emerging from a great research and that is sill to be analyzed.
blood system were more frequent. The elderly used an av
-erage of 3.7 drugs. The most used were for cardiovascular system complicaions. Many medicaions that are consid
-ered as unsuitable for the elderly were present among the medicaions they used.
Vulnerability of the elderly to adverse events related to the use of medicaions is high due to the complexity of clin
-ical problems, the need for muliple agents and the phar
-macokineic and pharmacodynamic alteraions inherent to aging. Studies as this one demonstrate the insituionalized elderly populaion reality and tend to sensiize health pro
-fessionals, mainly nurses, to promote the raional and care
-ful use of medicaions for the analyzed populaion.
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