RADIATION ON MINING GROUNDS – CASE STUDY FORECASTING THE HAZARD LEVEL OF IONISING

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Production Engineering

, No , pp - 7

A st a t:

Whe a al zi g i e se ies e a ote o se e that the ha e pe iodi os illaio s li , seaso al . O e of the et-hods hi h a e applied to i esigate su h a phe o e o a d hi h elo gs to the g oup of pe iodi o po e ts

odels is the ethod of ha o i a al sis. The ethod o sists i a al zi g the os illaio s a ou d the ediu le el a0 a d uildi g a odel as the su of so alled ha o i s. The pape p ese ts the appli a ilit pote ial of ha o i a a-l sis i the fo e asi g p o ess of adiaio haza d o post- i i g g ou ds i e ate s ith aised o te t of adiu Ra a d Ra- d ai ed of to the su fa e , usi g fo that pu pose the easu e e t esults of adiu o e t aio f o the a ea of i e ate at h e t f o the ea s - .

RADIATION ON MINING GROUND“ – CA“E “TUDY FORECA“TING

THE HA)ARD LEVEL OF IONI“ING

INTRODUCTION

Io izi g adiaio is o e of the ost ha a te isi phe-o e phe-o phe-o e ted ith atphe-o i t a siiphe-o s taki g pla e i ato s a d i the ato i u leus. The phe o e o o -sists i the sepa aio of ele e ta egai e ha ges

ele t o s f o ato s, hi h i gs a out the fo aio of the pai s of posii e io s a d ele t o s. The o u e e of io izi g adiaio haza ds is at i uted to the p ese e of atu al adioa i e isotopes a d os i adiaio adiaio ge e ated the su a d gala i adiaio [ , ]. Ge e al-l , e a disi guish th ee asi haza d sou es:

 atu al adioa i e isotopes p ese t i the Ea th’s ust,

 se o da os i adiaio ,

 ado a d its de o posiio p odu ts.

It is esi ated that, staisi all , ithi o e ea e e -od is e posed to the adiaio doze of a ou d . “ i the e e ou t ies of the Eu opea U io the a e age doze ge e ated atu al sou es is at the le el of a ou d

. “ , a d i Pola d – . “ [ ].

The adiaio haza d posed atu al adioa i e su -sta es is lassiied i to a g oup of atu al haza ds, he e-of the sou es a e as follo s:

 sho t-li ed de o posiio p odu ts of ado ,  ga a adiaio o tai i g adiu ,

 i e ate s o tai i g adiu isotopes,

 sedi e ts o tai i g adiu isotopes p e ipitated f o i e ate s o tai i g adiu .

The o e t aio of the pote ial e e g of sho t-li ed de o posiio p odu ts of ado depe ds p i ipall o the ae aio ethod a d e t a io of the deposit. The o e t aio of adiu i ate s is i easi g ith depth

the sali it of ate s is i easi g the , hi h is a de isi e fa to , a d the o u e e of adioa i e sedi e ts is o e ted ith the p ese e of a iu f o su h ate s, adioa i e sedi e ts a p e ipitate at pla es he e adiu ate s of the A t pe a e gei g i ed ith ate s o tai i g sulphates [ ]. Due to the spe ii o k e i o e t e losed spa e, li ited e ilaio , et . the o e -t aio of adiu iso-topes u de g ou d a se e al i es su pass the o e t aio of adiu i the ope spa e kB/ i the oal i es of the Lo e “ilesia Coal Basi , kB / i the oal i es of the Uppe “ilesia Coal Basi a d o a e age B/ i the ope spa es [9] .

A o di g to the e e ui e egulaio s of the Geologi al a d Mi i g La , all u de g ou d i i g pla ts i Pola d a e supposed to a out pe iodi easu e e ts of adia-io haza d posed atu al adadia-ioa i e su sta es. O l i 7, oal i es a ied out o e 9 easu e e ts i ol i g the o e t aio of pote ial e e g of sho t-li ed de o posiio p odu ts of ado , easu e e ts of i di idual dozes of ga a adiaio , 9 a al ses i

-ol i g the adioa i it of i e ate s a d a al ses of i e sedi e t sa ples. I o plia e ith the Regulaio of the Mi iste of E o o o the o upaio al health a d safet , i i g a i it a d spe ialist i e p ote io e

uip-e t at u duip-e g ou d i i g pla ts, it is ot a uip-epta luip-e that i a gi e ea the haza d efe ted atu al adioa -i e su sta es -i a oal -i e should e h-ighe tha

“ : u de g ou d o ki gs ei g i the adiaio haza d lass B o ki gs i hi h the o k e i o e t eates pote ial haza d of ei g e posed to a ea l efe i e doze highe tha “ a d ot highe tha “ a e t eated as supe ised o ki gs, a d the o ki gs assig ed

Zyg u t KORBAN Silesia U i ersity of Tech ology

Key o ds: hazard of io izi g radiaio , har o ic a alysis

DOI . 9 /M“PE- -

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to lass A o ki gs i hi h o k e i o e t eates pote ial haza d of ei g e posed to a ea l efe i e dose highe tha “ – as o t olled o ki gs.

While i u de g ou d o ki gs the ai haza d sou e of io izi g adiaio is ade up sho t-li ed de o posi-io p odu ts of ado , ith espe t to su fa e a eas lo at-ed a ou d oal i es, the said haza d is ade up p i ipal-l i e ate s ith the aised o te t of adiu a d, to lesse deg ee – solid i e astes [7, ].

I the oal i es of Uppe “ilesia Coal Basi the e a e st o gl i e alized i e ate s ith the o te t of salt e eedi g kg/ ha i g di e siied o e t aio of adiu isotopes. Fo e a ple, i the south- este pa t of the Basi the o te t of adiu isotope ea hes o e a doze kB / , a d i the o th-easte pa t the o te t of adiu isotope is ithi the a ge f o to . kB /

. The total load of adiu Ra isotope e te i g dail the o ki gs is a ou d 7 MB a d that of the Ra iso-tope – 7 MB . Ho e e , o l a out % of adiu p e-se t i i e ate s sta s i the u de g ou d o ki gs i the fo of sedi e ts, a d the e ai i g % of adiu i ds its a to the su fa e a d the to i e s, i gi g out

o ta i aio of the atu al e i o e t [ ].

“i e the oal i es a e lo ated i the uppe ou se of the i e s Vistula a d Od a, the sali ii aio of these ai i e s i Pola d sta ts al ead i the i iial se io s of thei ou se. The oal i es of Uppe “ilesia Coal Basi dis-ha ge e e da to the i e s Vistula a d Od a al ost 9 thousa d of ate a d the dail dis ha ge of salt a ou ts to thousa d to s. The a ied out esea h studies [9] e phasize also the i pa t of li ate o diio s seaso of ea o the o e t aio of adiu isotopes p ese t i su fa e ate s, hi h, pa i ula l i the pe iod of o t asi g eathe o diio s d aught pe iods, hea ai fall , o t i utes to pe iodi lu tuaio s i the su

-a o e t -aio of R-a- a d Ra- isotopes i i e ate s Ra .

The ai o je i e of the pape is to p ese t the ap-pli a ilit of o e of the esea h ethods used to i esi-gate the phe o e a of pe iodi it i i e se ies ethods of ha o i a al sis i the p edi io p o ess i ol i g the o te t of adiu isotope i the su fa e ate s of i i g a eas. The al ulaio e a ple de elop e t of the odel is p e eded the dis ussio of the ha o i a al-sis itself the ethod o al-sists i uildi g a odel of pe iodi o po e t as the su of so alled ha o i s . As i -put data fo the dete i aio of the odel, e applied the easu e e t esults i ol i g the o e t aio of

e o ded i the ea s - i o e of ate ou s-es lo ated i the a ea of the Uppe “ils-esia Coal Basi .

HARMONIC ANALYSIS AS AN EXAMPLE OF PERIODIC COMPONENT MODEL

The ethod of ha o i a al sis [ ], apa t f o the ethod of i di ato s [ ], o the Klei ethod [ ] is o e of a ethods allo i g fo seaso al os illaio s i the u of a i esigated phe o e o . The ethod of ha o i a al sis o sists i uildi g a odel ei g a su of so alled ha o i s – si usoidal o osi usoidal fu io s i the a epted pe iod, ith the i st ha o i i = ha i g the pe iod e ual to the le gth of the i esigated pe iod a d the se o d i = ei g e ual to a half of this pe iod, et . I the ase of o se aio s, the u e of all ha

-o i s -o esp-o ds t-o the alue /2. The pe iodi o po-e t odpo-el of thpo-e spo-e ipo-es has thpo-e follo i g fo :

he e:

i – u e of ha o i , α , αi, βi – pa a ete s.

The alues of pa a ete s α , αi, βi a e esi ated ea s of the least s ua e ethod a . to the follo i g elaio s:

he e:

a , ai, i – assess e ts of pa a ete s α , αi, βi . Fo the ha o i of the u e

Fo ea h of the ha o i s, e dete i e the a plitude i

a d the alue of phase shit

he e:

The p o edu es applied i the p o ess of ha o i a al-sis a e p ese ted i Fig. .

CASE STUDY

The easu e e t esults fo o e of the ate ou ses lo ated i the a ea of Uppe “ilesia Coal Basi is p ese ted i Fig. .

The alues of staisi s easu es sele ted a do posiio easu es fo the a al zed i e pe posiiod a d fo pa i -ula ua te s a e p ese ted i Ta le .

The highest o e t aio alues of adiu isotope i ate s e e e o ded i the d_{ua te of} _{a d} 7 – . 7 [kB / ]. Also the e t highest alues . [kB / ] a d . [kB / ] e e e o ded i the d_ua -te s of 9 a d espe i el .

The dife e e i the populaio of esults alues of a ia ilit i di es fo the i st a d thi d ua te s is o pa-a le pa-a d is o side pa-a l lo e thpa-a thpa-at fo the se o d a d fou th ua te s.



                        2 1 2 cos 2 sin 0 n i it n i it n i t

y     



  n t t y n a 1 1 0



        n t it n t y n i a 1 2 sin 2



1 2 ,..., 2 , 1   n i



        n t it n t y n i b 1 2 cos 2



: 2

n

_{ }

. 1 cos 1 2



  n t t t y n n b



, 0 2  n a i i





2

2 i

b

i

a

i

c





         i b i a arctg i  i n i 

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Fig. Ha o i a alysis – algo ith to follo “ou e [ ]

“ele t a o je t fo hi h pe iodi it phe o e a ill e i esigated

Dei e the u e of o se aio s

Usi g the least s ua es ethod al ulate

, ,

the a ia e of the fo e ast a ia le Si, a plitude ci a d the o e ts of its o u e e as ell as the sha es of the ha o i s’ a ia es i the total a ia e

fo i = , …, a d fo i =

i = ?

Esi ate the pa a ete s of the i st ha o i i=

Esi ate the pa a ete s i+ of

the ha o i

Appl i g the depe de e

uild the odel of pe iodi o po e t of i e se ies des i i g the i esigated phe o e o



 

 

 

             

 2

1 0

2 cos 2

sin

n

i

i i

t it

n it

n

y     

“TART

“TOP

NO YES





 _n

t t

y n a

1 0

1





     

 n

t t

i it

n y n a

1

2 sin

2 





     

 n

t t

i it

n y n b

1

2 cos

2 

2 2

2

_i i

S

c

₁

2

n

2 2

i i

S

c

2 n

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Ta le

Co e t aio of adiu isotopes i ate s [kB / ] i a ate ou se – a set of sele ted a do posiio easu es

Measu es of staisi s

Ti e pe iod

Yea s

-st ua te s i the ea s

-d ua te s i the ea s

-th ua te s i the ea s

-Ma i u value a [kB / ] . . . . 7 .

Mi i u value i [kB / ] . . . . 7 .

Media Me [kB / ] . 9 . . . .

Sta da d deviaio S [kB / ] . . . 7

Va ia ilit i de V [%] . . . 9. .

Fig. Cha ges of adiu isotopes o e t aio alues i ate s dis ha ged to the e i o e t i the d_{ua te s i the yea s}

-Yea

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-The ha gi g te de ies of adiu isotopes o e t a-io alues i the ate s dis ha ged to the e i o e t,

oke do i to pa i ula ua te s a e p ese ted i Fig. - . Basi g o the easu e e t esults, the pa a ete

a0= . 7 as dete i ed.

I o de to dete i e a odel des i i g the pe iodi it of a phe o e o , the pa a ete s of su essi e ha o i s e e dete i ed Ta le . Agg egate alues of pa i ula ha o i pa a ete s a e p ese ted i Ta le .

Basi g o the al ulated alues, e a o se e that the iggest pa ts of seaso al os illaio s i ol e the th

ha o i it o e s 9. % of seaso al os illaio s , a d i this ase the des i i g odel has the follo i g fo :

Whe e allo fo the ha o i s I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, X a d XX, the o e . % of seaso al os illaio s, a d the odel des i i g the u of the phe o e o assu es the follo i g fo :

-Ta le Values of pa a ete s fo su essi e ha o i s

fo i =

t t si os t si t os

. Π/ . .9 . . 79

. Π/ . 9 .9 . .

. 7 Π/ . . 9 . 77 .

. Π/ . . 9 . 7 .

. Π/ .7 7 .7 7 . .

… … … …

7 . 7Π/ - . . 9 - . .

. 9Π/ - . 9 .9 - . .

9 . 9Π/ - . .9 - . 7 . 9

. Π . , . .

fo i =

. Π/ . 9 .9 . . 7

. Π/ . . 9 . . 9

. 7 Π/ . 9 . . .

… … … …

… fo i =

. Π . - . . - .

. Π . . . .

. 7 Π . - . . - . 7

… … … …

. Π . . . .

9 . 9Π . - . . - .

. Π . . . .

7

       

       

 

t t

t y

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The agg egate list of os illaio a plitudes fo the a o e ha o i s a d the alues of thei phase shit a e p ese ted i Ta le .

Basi g o the dete i ed odel, e a p edi t the o e t aio of adiu Ra- i su fa e ate s of the i esigated ate ou se, assu i g espe i el : fo the i st ua te of – t = , fo the se o d ua te of – t = , et . a e e pla p edi io of the o e t aio of adiu isotopes i ate s fo the d ua te of is

. .

CONCLUSIONS

Due to the o u i g adiaio haza ds posed atu al adioa i e su sta es, i i g pla ts a e o liged to a out a seaso al o t ol of fou pa a ete s des i i g this haza d: the o e t aio of pote ial e e g alpha i the ai of sho t-li ed de o posiio p odu ts of ado , e posi-io to the e te al ga a adiaio , su a o e t a-io of adiu Ra- a d Ra- isotopes i i e ate s a d su a spe ii a i it of adiu Ra- 7 a d Ra-isotopes p ese t i i e sedi e ts. The esults of these

easu e e ts sho that o e a d o e f e ue tl , atu-al adioa i e su sta es a e atu-also fou d o the su fa e side efe ts of the a ied out e a aio p o ess . While i the ase of u de g ou d i i g o ki gs the ai haza d sou e of io izi g adiaio is at i uted to sho t-li ed

de-o pde-osiide-o p de-odu ts de-of adde-o , de-o the su fa e a ea the highest haza d is o e ted ith the o u e e of i e ate s of the aised o te t of adiu Ra- , Ra- . I the ase of the late , ha a te isi is the pe iodi it i ol -i g the o e t a-io ha ges of the o te t of ad-iu isotopes.

 

t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t y                cos 011 , 0 2 cos 007 , 0 2 sin 035 , 0 5 2 0,001cos 5 2 0,012sin -4 0,015cos 4 0,002sin -5 0,009cos -5 0,012sin 20 3 0,004cos 20 3 0,014sin 10 0,011cos 10 sin 009 , 0 20 cos 010 , 0 20 sin 009 , 0 072 , 0                                                                                                   

i = i = i = i = i =

ai . 9 . 9 . . - .

i . . . - . 9 .

i/ s . . . . 9 . 7

i= i=7 i= i=9 i=

ai . . - . - . - .

i - . - . . - . 9 . 7

i/ s . . . 9

i= i= i= i= i=

ai . . 9 - . . - .

i . . . . 7 .

i/ s . 7 . . . .

i= i= 7 i= i= 9 i=

ai . . - . - . .

i - . 7 - . . . - .

i/ s . . 7 . 7 . . 7

Ta le Agg egate alues of ha o i pa a ete s

Ta le Os illaio a plitudes fo the ha o i s I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, X a d XX a d thei phase shit alues

Ha o i a Os illaio a plitudes Values of phase shit

I . .

II . .

III . .7

IV . - . 7

V . - . 9

VIII . - .

X . - . 7

XX . .

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d i ż. ) g u t Ko a

“ilesia U i e sit of Te h olog , Fa ult of Mi i g a d Geolog ul. Akade i ka a, - Gli i e, POLAND

e- ail: z g u t.ko a @polsl.pl

The seaso al g o ths o d ops of adiu isotopes o -e t aio a -e -ef-e t-ed a o g oth-e s li ai ph-e o - e-a he-a e-a te isi fo pe-a i ule-a ee-a see-aso s: d e-aught

ai l i su e a d i te si e ai fall ai l i sp i g, autu a d i te – the o elaio oei ie t et ee the alues of adiu isotope o e t aio s p ese t i the ate s of the i esigated ate ou se a d the a e age at osphe i ai fall alues fo the to s of Żo , Mu ki a d Bie uń “ta i the ea s a d is disi t a d has the alue of – . .

The pape p ese ts p a i al appli a ilit of the ha -o i a al sis i the f-o e asi g -of the is-ot-opes -of adiu Ra- i su fa e ate s. The ethod of ha o i a al sis elo gs to a g oup of ethods hi h a e applied to a a-l ze i e se ies a d hi h is ased o the odea-l uia-lt i the fo of so alled ha o i s – si usoidal o osi usoidal fu io s i the a epted i e pe iod. Although the u

-e of ha o i s should -e possi l th-e la g-est th-e lo g-e the i e se ies the la ge the u e of ha o i s , et he uildi g the odels, e appl o l the ha o i s hose sha e i the e pla aio of the a ia e of the i es-igated a ia le is the highest. I the e a ple p ese ted i the pape , ha o i s e e dei ed the easu e e t esults e e a al zed f o Ja ua to De e e , ut o l eight of the e e applied fo the fo e-asi g p o ess, i.e. the ha o i s I, II, III, IV, V, VIII, X a d XX. The ha o i s a e e plai i g i total o e % of a i-a es of the fo e i-ast i-a ii-a le, ith the hi-a o i X o e i g as u h as 9. % of seaso al os illaio s.

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