European Distance and E-Learning Network (EDEN) Conference Proceedings
EDEN 2015 ANNUAL Conference
Expanding Learning Scenarios
Opening Out the Educational Landscape
EDEN 2015 Annual Conference
Barcelona, Spain9-12 June 2015
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Edited by
António Moreira Teixeira, András Szűcs and Ildikó Mázár on behalf of the European Distance and E-Learning Network
European Distance and E-Learning Network (EDEN) Conference Proceedings
EDEN 2015 Annual Conference Barcelona, Spain
Published by the European Distance and E-Learning Network Editors:
António Moreira Teixeira András Szűcs
lldikó Mázár
Editorial co-ordination: Anna Wagner
EDEN Secretariat, c/o Budapest University of Technology and Economics H-1111 Budapest, Egry J. u. 1, Hungary
Tel: (36) 1 463 1628, 463 2537 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.eden-online.org
Conference organised in collaboration with
Universitat Oberta de Catalunya
Copyright Notice 2015 European Distance and E-Learning Network and the Authors
This publication contributes to the Open Access movement by offering free access to its articles and permitting any users to read, download, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software. The copyright is shared by authors and EDEN to control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit
http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
Introduction – Expanded learning scenarios:
What Society Would Expect – What Digital Pedagogy can Offer?
The landscape of learning has changed substantially over the past few years. The ever-improving performance of mobile devices and the development of networking infrastructure continue to increase the appeal of new powerful educational tools. The rapid spread of technologies, reflected in their untameable demand and use, the momentous development of research as well as practices inevitably transform the information society – mostly outside of institutional settings and often along unexpected pathways.
The increased amount, improved quality and open accessibility of digital learning content are furthering rapid transformation of user habits and the social impact of new technologies in education. The re-interpretation of the terms ‘openness’ and ‘resource management’ have altered socio-economic and cultural aspects considerably. New educational business models and stakeholder alliances emerge, supported by fresh social and economic demands, scale, and clusters of interest.
All of this places new challenges on the educational system. The education and training sector needs to improve its efficiency by scaling up innovative solutions to better meet the current requirements of society. Research and innovative projects often deal with systematic data analysis, smart observations and validation. New functions and interactions between learners, teachers, researchers and managers emerge and shape the processes more than ever before. How can the progressive and innovative academic and professional international community contribute in 2015 to a better understanding of the above expansion of the educational landscape? The traditional classroom is no longer an ideal place for education. We are living in a time when a collaborative learning culture blends with an ever more hybrid technological environment. There are great opportunities for, and availabilities of, modern solutions. Meanwhile, we are missing achievements in the burning issues of employment, corporate co-operations, anticipating and preparing for the jobs of the future, and strengthening vocational and in-company learning.
For Europe, as the focus of the new educational programme Erasmus+ indicates, priorities include serious enhancement of mobility in the education and training sector. This implies an impact for the increased and better use of ICTs (virtual mobility), which is a challenge for the field of learning innovation.
Conference themes help to understand and exploit the stimulating progress in the field, like: Multiculturality in the classroom – Intersection between higher education and MOOCs – Users as creators and curators of learning resources – Sharing open activities between higher educational institutions – Sustainable business models for openness in education – Learning analytics from learners’ perspective – Data-driven learning personalisation – Empowering learners: Promoting self assessment and reflection – Tools for crowd participation and peer
iv
support – Scaling up pedagogies for crowd learning – Changing leadership models and practices – Challenges of diversity to learning and teaching.
The Conference Host and Partner is the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), a truly innovative institution. Rooted in Catalonia and open to the world, the world’s first online university is sensitive to the diversity of the global environment and committed to empowering development and social change through education. UOC at the Conference celebrates its 20th Anniversary with special sessions, reflecting on the contemporary challenges in our field.
András Szűcs António Moreira Teixeira Secretary General EDEN President
v
Acknowledgement and thanks are given to the
Programme and Evaluation Committee
António Moreira Teixeira, EDEN President, Open University, Lisbon, Portugal Josep Planell, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Diana Andone, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania
Julia Minguillon Alfonso, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya – UOC, Spain Christine Appel, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya – UOC, Spain
Deborah Arnold, University of Burgundy, France Ari-Matti Auvinen, HCI Productions Ltd., Finland
Ulrich Bernath, Ulrich Bernath Foundation for Research in ODL, Germany Lisa Marie Blaschke, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany Mark Brown, Dublin City University, Ireland
Alan Bruce, Universal Learning Systems, Ireland Cristobal Cobo, University of Oxford, UK Grainne Conole, Bath Spa University, UK
Helga Dorner, Central European University, Hungary
Josep M. Duart, Chief Editor, RUSC, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya – UOC, Spain Thomas Fischer, MENON Network EEIG, Belgium
Anne Gaskell, St Edmund’s College Cambridge, United Kingdom
Inés Gil-Jaurena, Editor for Open Praxis, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain Lurdes Guardia, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya – UOC, Spain
Mehmet Kesim, Anadolu University, Turkey
Ene Koitla, Estonian Information Technology Foundation, Estonia Sandra Kucina Softic, University of Zagreb, Croatia
Gila Kurtz, The Center for Academic Studies Or Yehuda, Israel Michael Grahame Moore, The Pennsylvania State University, USA Rory McGreal, Athabasca University, Canada
Som Naidu, The University of Melbourne, Australia Fabio Nascimbeni, MENON Network, Belgium
Don Olcott, Universtiy of Maryland University College, USA Ebba Ossiannilsson, Lund University, Sweden
Antonella Poce, University Roma III, Italy Serge Ravet, ADPIOS, France
Albert Sangra, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya – UOC, Spain
Christian-Andreas Schumann, University of Applied Sciences Zwickau, Germany Alfredo Soeiro, University of Porto, Portugal
Sofoklis Sotiriou, Ellinogermaniki Agogi, Greece Andras Szucs, Secretary General, EDEN, UK Alan Tait, The Open University, UK
Costas Tsolakidis, University of the Aegean, Greece Belinda Tynan, The Open University, UK
vi
Wim Van Petegem, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
Airina Volungeviciene, Vytautas Magnus University, Lithuania Erwin Wagner, University of Hildesheim, Germany
Steve Wheeler, Chair of EDEN NAP Steering Committee, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom Denes Zarka, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
UOC Conference Co-ordination: Christine Appel Marcelo Fabian Maina Aina Villalonga John Zvereff
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LEARNING THEORY, POLICY, GOVERNANCE AND THE IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICE
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education ... 1
Lina Xue, Gaëlle Le Bot, Wim Van Petegem, KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Astrid Van Wieringen, KU Leuven, Departement of Neurosciences, Research Group Experimental ORL, Belgium
Micro-Innovations and Stakeholders Engagement as Drivers for Systemic Change in ICT-Supported Learning ... 10
Fabio Nascimbeni, Edison Spina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
Visuality as a Tool for Expanding Learning ... 18
András Benedek, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
In Search of Leadership: Innovative Approaches to Building Adaptive Learning Communities ... 24
Don Olcott, Jr., Charles Sturt University, Australia, Lisa Marie Blaschke, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
Learners – Not Systems – Are the Value Creators ... 30
Ari-Matti Auvinen, HCI Productions Oy, Finland
Digital Learning in Irish Higher Education: Integrating Strategic and Leadership Perspectives into a Roadmap for Digital Capacity ... 37
Jim Devine, DEVINE Policy | Projects | Innovation, Terry Maguire, National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, Ireland
Strategies of Technology Usage in Lifelong Learning Programs ... 46
Helge Fischer, Matthias Heinz, Thomas Koehler, Media Center of Dresden University of Technology, Germany
The Impact of an Ethics of Care on the Iron Triangle in ODL ... 55
Paul Prinsloo, University of South Africa (Unisa), South Africa
Pedagogy as a Techné: Meaningful ICT Integration in Formal Learning Scenarios ... 64
Ana Mouta, Ana Paulino, João Ferreira, Filipe Couto, JP-inspiring knowledge, Portugal
E-Learning via Synchronous Communication – Experiences from a Learning Study Course in Higher Education ... 73
Eva Edman Stålbrandt, Kajsa Falkner, Stockholm Uninversity, Sweden
Coherence of Accelerated Transformations and Expanded Learning Scenarios ... 83
Christian-Andreas Schumann, Claudia Tittmann, Helge Gerischer, Anne Götze, West Saxon University of Zwickau, Germany, Feng Xiao, Tongji Universty Shanghai, China, Frederic Litto, ABED Sao Paulo, Brazil, Jana Weber, Technische Universittät Berlin, Germany
Digital, Material and Networked: Some Emerging Themes for SET Education ... 91
Sarah Davies, Elaine Thomas, Steve Walker, The Open University, United Kingdom
Online Digital Games and Education for Sustainable Development: A Controversial Relationship? ... 100
Antonia Boniati, Georgia Liarakou, University of the Aegean, Costas Gavrilakis, University of Ioannina, Costas Tsolakidis, University of the Aegean, Greece
viii
MOOCS: ENRICHING AND CONSOLIDATING THE EXPERIENCE
The Online Learners in MOOC Social Environments ... 111
Udi Shimony, Anat Cohen, Rafi Nachmias, Tal Soffer, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Building Better MOOCs: Using Design Patterns for Massive Open Online Course Development ... 121
Steven Warburton, University of Surrey, United Kingdom, Yishay Mor, 2PAU Education, Spain
The Boot Camp Module in Massive Open Online Courses: Experiences in Two European Initiatives ... 129
Diana Morais, Maria João Leal, Maria João Spilker, Lina Morgado, Laboratório de Educação a Distância e eLearning / Universidade Aberta, Portugal
MOOCs and Open Education in Canada 2015 ... 138
Rory McGreal, Terry Anderson, Diana Quirk, Athabasca University, Canada
A Peer-Mentoring Approach for the Continuous Professional Development of Educators in a MOOC Setting ... 149
Muriel Garreta, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Gemma Aguado, Consultant, Spain, Yishay Mor,
Consultant, United Kingdom, Carles Fernandez, Consultant, Spain, Katerina Riviou, Ellinogermaniki Agogi, Greece
What to Do About MOOCs? Beyond the Fear of Missing Out ... 159
Mark Brown, Eamon Costello, National Institute for Digital Learning, Dublin City University, Enda Donlon, Mater Dei Institute of Education, Mairéad Nic Giolla Mhichíl, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dublin City University, Colette Kirwan, National Institute for Digital Learning, Dublin City University, Ireland
Gamifying Massive Open Online Courses with Elgg: An Experimental Strategy Designed for the ECO Project ... 169
Antonio Garcia-Cabot, Eva Garcia-Lopez, University of Alcala, Spain, António Moreira Teixeira,
Universidade Aberta and University of Lisbon, Portugal, Luis de-Marcos, University of Alcala, Spain, José Mota, LEaD, Portugal
OpenSNH – Developing an OER Open Repository towards MOOC ... 178
Mats Brenner, University of Gävle, J. Ola Lindberg, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Extending MOOC Capabilities with Dedicated Networks: The e-Portfolio Training Case ... 183
Marcelo Maina, Loudes Guàrdia, Ivan Alsina, Univesitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
The Potential and the Challenges of the Open Web in the Doctoral Journey: The Goal Orientations of Italian and UK PhD Students ... 191
Antonella Esposito, University of Milan, Italy, Albert Sangrà, Marcelo Maina, Open University of Catalonia, Spain
LEARNING DATA AND ANALYTICS
Evaluating Weekly Predictions of At-Risk Students at the Open University: Results and Issues ... 200
Drahomira Herrmannova, Martin Hlosta, The Open University, United Kingdom, Jakub Kuzilek, Zdenek Zdrahal, The Open University, United Kingdom, and CIIRC, Czech Technical University, Czech Republic
Student Vulnerability and Agency in Networked, Digital Learning ... 209
Paul Prinsloo, University of South Africa, South Africa, Sharon Slade, The Open University, United Kingdom
Stemming the Flow: Improving Retention for Distance Learning Students... 219
Sharon Slade, The Open University, United Kingdom, Paul Prinsloo, University of South Africa, South Africa
Contribution of Normative Stakeholder Theory to an Educational Data Warehousing Project ... 228
ix
Learning Analytics of a MOOC with a Terminal Efficiency of 22.35% ... 237
Lorena Yadira Alemán de la Garza, Tecnológico de Monterrey, México, Teresa Sancho Vinuesa, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, España, Marcela Georgina Gómez Zermeño, Tecnológico de Monterrey, México
Web-based Analysis of Student Activity for Predicting Dropout ... 246
Anat Cohen, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Win, Win, Win – An Assessment System that Works for Students, Staff and the Academy ... 256
Daniel Carroll, University of New South Wales, UNSW Business School, Australia EVALUATION AND ASSESSMENT
10 Key Criteria to Manage and Sustain e-Feedback in Written Assignments ... 264
Teresa Guasch, Anna Espasa, Rosa M. Mayordomo, Open University of Catalonia, Spain
360º e-Assessment: an Online Collaborative Process in the Scenario of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) ... 270
Montse Guitert, Teresa Romeu, Marc Romero, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Measuring a Critical Impact on Technology in Education: A Tool for OERs Evaluation ... 277
Antonella Poce, Francesco Agrusti, Università Roma TRE, Italy
Realizing the Potential of Competency-Based Learning and Badges ... 286
Deborah Everhart, Georgetown University and Blackboard, United States of America
PDPIE Framework: Online Course Development Quality Cycle ... 295
Afsaneh Sharif, University of British Columbia, Canada, Merce Gisbert, Universitat Rovira I Virgil, Spain
A Quality Scorecard for the Administration of Online Learning Programs in Higher Education ... 302
Kaye Shelton, Lamar University and Online Learning Consortium, United States of America
How Assessment Technology can Develop to Address the Current Challenges of Academic Integrity . 311
William Dorman, Kryterion Inc., Rick Shearer, Penn State University, United States of America LEARNING FOR AND AT THE WORKPLACE
Using MOOCs to Train the Next Generation of Web Entrepreneurs: Challenges and Opportunities ... 313
Eulalia Canals, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain, Yishay Mor, P.A.U.Education, United Kingdom
Competences and Skills for 21st Century Digital Media Professionals ... 321
Mathy Vanbuel, Frauke Hein, ATiT, K.U. Leuven, Belgium
The ‘Boomerang Effect’: How Outsourcing Impacts on the Workload of Academics ... 330
Thomas Hülsmann, Britta Zawada, University of South Africa, South Africa
Teaching 21st Century Entrepreneurial Competences Using a Problem Based Approach ... 343
Ingrid le Roux, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Designing Applications to Support Mobile Work Based Learning in the Construction Industry ... 353
Graham Attwell, Pontydysgu, United Kingdom, Joanna Burchert, Bremen University, Germany, Raymond Elferink, Raycom, the Netherlands, Gilbert Peffer, CINME, Spain
Building and Maintaining Operational Skills during Complex Change – A World Bank Group Staff
Learning Case Study ... 362
Darlene Christopher, World Bank, East Asia Region, Jennifer Ross Gildee, World Bank, Europe & Central Asia Region, Jeanette Murry, World Bank, South Asia Region, United States of America
x
ICT ENHANCED LEARNING METHODOLOGY
Teachers’ CPD Programme in Fostering Competences – Communities of Practice Support Mechanisms371
Katerina Riviou, Sofoklis Sotiriou, Ellinogermaniki Agogi, R&D Department, Lamprini Kolovou, Antonis Ramfos, Intrasoft International, Greece
Inclusion’s Final Frontier: Universal Design for Learning – ICT and Innovation in Transformative
Education ... 382
Alan Bruce, Universal Learning Systems, Ireland
Distance Education in European Higher Education Institutions – Analysing Mechanisms for Increasing Participation of Adult Learners ... 390
Angela Owusu-Boampong, UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, Germany, Carl Holmberg, ICDE, Sweden, Monique Udnæs, ICDE, Norway
Video-based Learning in Higher Education: The Flipped or the Hands-on Classroom? ... 400
Laia Albó, Davinia Hernández-Leo, Jaume Barcelo, Luis Sanabria-Russo, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
Mastering the Blend: Students’ Value of Classroom and Online Components in a Blended Accounting Course ... 409
Lynette Nagel, Louwtjie Venter, University of Pretoria, South Africa
Evaluating the Quality of Students Actions in a Distance Learning Programming Language Academic Discipline ... 418
Elizabeth S. Carvalho, Adérito F. Marcos, Universidade Aberta/CIAC, Portugal LEARNER NEEDS AND PERCEPTIONS
The Urban Game MobiGeo: Students Perceptions on Potential and Constraints of an Mobile Outdoor Education ... 430
Liliana Vieira, Clara Coutinho, Minho University, Portugal
Types of Participants’ Behaviours in a Massive Open Online Course ... 438
Tali Kahan, Tal Soffer, Rafi Nachmias, Tel Aviv University, Israel
An Approach to Digital Learners in a Catalonian Public Face-to-Face University ... 447
Eliana E. Gallardo-Echenique, Luis Marqués-Molías, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain, Mark Bullen, University of British Columbia, Canada
Learners’ Behaviours and Autonomy in Livemocha and Busuu Online Communities ... 456
Maria Luisa Malerba, Open University of Catalonia, Spain
Mobile Technologies and Changing Learner Characteristics and Preferences: Teachers’ Perceptions ... 465
Kwok-Wing Lai, Lee Smith, University of Otago, New Zealand
Flipped Learning: the Gateway to Learner Autonomy ... 474
Amany Atef, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, United Arab Emirates
Empowering Students by Co-Designing Expanded Learning Scenarios ... 483
Iolanda Garcia, Elena Barbera, Ingrid Noguera, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Making it Mobile: Changing Approaches to Clinical Learning Environments ... 493
Daniel Puntis, Laura Delgaty, Newcastle University, United Kingdom
Medical Students’ Perceptions of Social Media – Sample of Hacettepe University ... 505
Baris Sezer, Sukriye Ece Abay, Hacettepe University, Nezaket Bilge Basusta, Mersin University, Turkey
Student Voices: Innovative Pedagogical Models for Course Design ... 513
xi
Lecture vs Webinar: Engagement and Distraction in Distance Learning Adult Teachers ... 521
Maria Elisabetta Cigognini, INDIRE, Gisella Paoletti, Riccardo Fattorini, Maurizio Boscarol, University of Trieste, Italy
Teacher’s Technology Use and Attitude Towards E-Learning in Higher Education ... 531
Sandra Kučina Softić, University of Zagreb University Computing Centre, Croatia
Expanding Blended Learning Scenarios: How to Empower Adult Learners to Persist? ... 540
Ellen Van Twembeke, Katie Goeman, Luc De Grez, Jan Elen, KU Leuven, Belgium
User Perceptions on Relevance of a Learning Management System: An Evaluation of Behavioural
Intention and Usage of SciPro System at University of Rwanda ... 548
Jean Claude Byungura, Henrik Hansson, Thashmee Kharunaratne, Stockholm University, DSV, Sweden SOCIAL MEDIA, DIGITAL COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
Exploring Causal Relationships among Teaching, Cognitive and Social Presence in International
Collaborative Seminars: Initial Findings Using the Community of Inquiry Survey ... 563
Helga Dorner, Central European University, Hungary
Towards a Collaborative Space for Learning Digital Systems ... 569
David Baneres, Open University of Catalonia, Spain
Constructing the Digital University – Open, Collaborative Models for Strategic Pedagogic and Technical Change ... 579
Sheila MacNeill, Glasgow Caledonian University, Keith Smyth, University of the Highlands and Islands, Bill Johnston, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom
Telepresence with Ipads: Learning and Collaboration in Lower Secondary Schools ... 584
Bente Meyer, Aalborg University, Denmark
Creative Collaboration in Online Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning ... 593
Margarida Romero, Université Laval, Canada, Elena Barberà, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Added Values and Challenges Social Media Represent in the Hybridisation of Teacher Training ... 599
Anders Grov Nilsen, Aslaug Grov Almås, Stord/Haugesund University College, Norway
Open Source Learning Streams in Social Media in Year 11 Math Teaching ... 608
Thomas Kjærgaard, Elsebeth Korsgaard Sorensen, Aalborg University, Denmark
What do Students Say about ePortfolios: Utilizing Social Media to Expand Learning Scenarios ... 618
Lori L. Hager, University of Oregon, United States of America
Digital Identity and Personal Learning Networks (PLN) in a PhD Researchers Community ... 625
Nuno Ricardo Oliveira, Laboratory of Distance Education and Elearning, Universidade Aberta, Lina Morgado, Universidade Aberta, Portugal
DIGITAL LEARNING CASES IN INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION
ICT Integration in Education: The Greek and Spain perspectives Amidst an Economic Crisis ... 635
Munir Abbasi, Georgios Xydopoulos, Masoud Fakhimi, Lampros Stergioulas, Maria Fragkaki, University of Surrey, United Kingdom, Luis Anido, Manuel Fernandez, University of Vigo, Spain, Panayiota
Vassilopoulou, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
From Distance Learning to Open Education: A Changing Landscape ... 649
xii
Boldic – Open Learning Resources Online... 654
Ulf Sandström, Swedish Association Distance Education, Ebba Ossiannilsson, Lund University Sweden, Thorild Slåtto, Flexible Education Norway, Norway
OER, Open Access and Scholarship in Portuguese Higher Education ... 662
Paula Cardoso, Lina Morgado, António Teixeira, Laboratory of Distance Education and eLearning, Universidade Aberta, Protugal
The Implementation of ICT in Secondary Schools in Catalonia ... 671
Jordi Serarols, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Learner Support in Distance Education: Unlocking the Potential of Public Libraries in Supporting
Teaching and Learning in Open and Distance Learning ... 679
Harriet Nabushawo, Jessica Norah Aguti, Makerere University, Uganda, Mark Winterbottom, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
Higher Education in Brazil: Academy and Operation, a Challenge or a Paradox? ... 690
Susane Garrido, Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná (UTP), Brazil
DISTANCE AND E-LEARNING: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASPECTS
E-STEP – Supporting Teachers’ and Parents’ Partnerships Social-Networking Technologies ... 702
Christian Reimers, Laura Rauscher, Federal Ministry of Education and Women’s Affairs, Austria
ILBES: An Innovative ICT-Enabled Intergenerational Learning Approach Implemented across EU ... 711
Gabriel Rissola, D-O-T Research and Consulting, Andrea Diaz Mattei, University of Barcelona and D-O-T Research and Consulting, Spain
Technology as a Vehicle for Inclusion of Learners with Attention Deficits in Mainstream Schools ... 720
Hanne Voldborg Andersen, Elsebeth K. Sorensen, Aalborg University, Denmark
Educommunication Practices: How to Plan and Implement Communication Management Processes for Educational Projects Mediated by Communication Technologies ... 731
Luci Ferraz de Mello, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, Universal Learning Systems, Ireland
Open Universities and the Social Agenda of Distance Education ... 741
Adnan Qayyum, Pennsylvania State University, United States of America, Mark Bullen, University of British Columbia, Canada
The Influence of the Sex Variable on How Participants in A MOOC Perceive Emotions ... 746
Urtza Garay Ruiz, Inmaculada Maiz Olazabalaga, Carlos Castaño Garrido, Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU), Spain
“I am Different from Other Women in the World” The Experiences of Saudi Women Studying Online in International Master Programmes ... 752
Anna Szilagyi, Laureate Online Education, Netherlands
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES AND PRACTICE
A Case Study of Polysynchronous Learning in University Bioscience Education ... 763
Barney Dalgarno, Lucy Webster, Charles Sturt University, Australia
Defining a Pedagogical Model: The TU Delft Online Learning Experience ... 771
Nelson Jorge, Sofia Dopper, Willem van Valkenburg, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Augmented Reality in Online Educational Contexts: The UOC Case Study ... 780
xiii
Bazaar: Informal Language Learning and Exchange at Market Places ... 788
Thomas Fischer, Walter F. Kugemann, Ulrike Mangwa, New Technologies and Learning in Europe (NTL), Germany, Corinna Bartoletti, Elena Zecchetto, Borgorete, Italy, Julide Inozu, Cem Can, Cukurova University, Turkey, Roy Smith, The MRS Consultancy, United Kingdom, Raffaela Pascucci, Claudio Crispoltoni, Commune di Perugia, Italy, José Luiz Fernandes, E-VIA / Palco de Sombras, Portugal, Tatiana Velitchkova, DIA-SPORT Association, Bulgaria
Online Training of Trainers from the Open University, Portugal ... 798
Susana Henriques, Jose Antonio Moreira, Maria de Fatime Goulão, Daniela Melare Vieira Barros, Universidade Aberta, Portugal
Embedding Digital Competences in the Curriculum: A Case Study on Student-Experience of an Online Technology-Enhanced, Activity-Based Learning Design ... 805
George Evangelinos, Debbie Holley, Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom POSTERS
Methods for e-Evaluation of Bulgarian Distance Students in Library and Information Sciences ... 814
Marina Encheva, State University of Library Studies and Information Technologies, Bulgaria
Teachers’ IT Training as an Important Element in Educational Process ... 822
Olga Grishina, Marina Melamud, Elena Sidorova, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Russia
Using Smartphones in Active Learning: Entrepreneurship Behavior Taught Differently ... 828
Isabella Chinelato Sacramento, Sandra Regina Holanda Mariano, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Pericles or How to Assess and to Improve Quality In Higher Education ... 833
Anne Boyer, LORIA laboratory, Université de Lorraine, Gerard Casanova, Université de Lorraine, Azim Roussalany LORIA laboratory, Université de Lorraine, Florence Ducreau, Université de Lorraine, France
The Manager is Blogging: Blog Making as a Teaching/Learning Method ... 837
Sidinei Rocha-de-Oliveira, Bibiana Volkmer, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sandra R.H Mariano, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
Gamification of a Social Learning Network in a Virtual University: Implementation Proposal an Academic Network ... 841
Fernando Bacelar, Lina Morgado, Universidade Aberta, Portugal
Student Owned E-Portfolio P3 (Portfolio – Process – Product) Empowering Students for Professional and Personal Development Using Systematic Reflection as a Pedagogical Method, in the Health Guidance Program, Luleå University of Technology ... 851
Martin Karlsson, Lotta Berglund, Institution of Health Science, Sweden
Learning to Learn Competency Development with Information and Communications Technology Use: Multiple Case Study at Secondary Schools ... 854
Balbina Rocosa, Albert Sangrà, Nati Cabrera, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya – UOC, Spain
Rapid Development of an Electronic Logbook to Satisfy Student Practicum on Placement in Audiology860
Pearse Murphy, Athlone Institute of Technology, Ireland
Expanding the Environment of Adult Higher Education by Promoting Workplace/University
Partnerships and the Use of Information and Communication Technologies and Social Media ... 868
Pamela Luckett, Judith O. Brown, Barry University School of Professional and Career Education, United States of America
Assuring Graduate Capabilities: A University-wide Strategy to Exploit Technologies for Graduate
Employability ... 872
xiv
21st Century Citizen Skills: Digital Competences in Education. Cases in Catalonia. ... 882
Azucena Vázquez Gutiérrez, Montse Guitert Catasús, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Spain
Developing Professional Identity in an Online Learning Environment: Perspectives of Peer Interaction888
Line Helverskov Horn, Aalborg University, Denmark
Perceptions Regarding Student workload for Lifelong Learning Skills in a Random Online Short term Environment (ROSE) ... 896
Keren Levy, Elaine Hoter, Ohalo College of Education, David Burg, Ohalo College of Education and Golan Research Institute, Israel
The Integration of Information Literacy Skills into the Curriculum ... 903
Luis Guadarrama, Marc Cels, Athabasca University, Canada
Citizen Envolvement via Smartphone – A Development Project by Students in Public Administration 913
Jakob Djurhuus Albrechtsen, Linda Hauschildt Nielsen, University College Lillebaelt, Denmark
UISEL – Ubiquitous Information for Seniors Life through Mobile Devices ... 917
Licia Boccaletti, Serena D’Angelo, Anziani e Non Solo Soc. Coop., Italy, Pedro Cano, José Maria Roa, APFA, Spain, L’Ubica Gasilova, FPPS, Slovakia, Denisa Lombrea, Maria Toia, IREA, Romania, Carlos Carvalho, Claudia Azevedo, Virtual Campus, Portugal, Oldrich Stanek, Zivot90, Czech Republic
ICT for Lifelong Learning in Armenia and Georgia ... 921
Arusyak Abrahamyan, Harutyun Gzraryan, State Engineering University of Armenia, Armenia, Eva Szalma, European Distance and E-Learning Network, United Kingdom, Tamar Lominadze, Georgian Technical University, Georgia, Paata Gogishvili, St. Andrew the First-Called Georgian University, Georgia, Edita Gzoyan, Aram Mirzoyan, Institute for Informatics and Automation Problems, Armenia
Educational Apps for High School Education at National Autonomous University of Mexico ... 928
Jorge León Martínez, Edith Tapia Rangel, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico
Research and Role in Educational Policies and Practices in Distance Education and elearning in Portugal935
Angelina Costa, Lina Morgado, Universidade Aberta, Portugal
Languages for Specific Purposes – Language Centres for Cultural Heritage Preservation ... 945
Walter Zeller, astyle, linguistic competence, Austria, Evangelia Varella, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Edmondo: Immersive Teaching/Learning Experiences in Italy ... 951
Andrea Benassi, Letizia Cinganotto, INDIRE, Italy
Math Formula Edition in LMS, Present and Future ... 955
Ramon Eixarch, Albert Creus, Carles Aguiló, WIRIS team, Spain
Needs for Electronic Development of Module-Level Course Content at Budapest Business School ... 961
Éva Sándor-Kriszt, Anita Csesznák, Budapest Business School, Hungary
Expanding Learning Spaces in Higher Education – Understanding a HyFlex Model ... 964
Marie Leijon, Björn Lundgren, Malmo University, Sweden
Blended Learning Design – The Potentials and Pitfalls Designing Blended Learning Courses in a
Professional Bachelor Context ... 971
Lise Lau Pedersen, University College Lillebaelt, Denmark
Designing and Developing Courses on Literacy and Computer Information Literacy Skills ... 978
xv
International Virtual Mobilities for Opening up Education ... 985
Diana Andone, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania, Mark Frydenberg, Bentley University, United States of America
Flipped Classroom: Advantages and Disadvantages of Application of the Flipped Classroom ... 991
Ramon Palau, Josep G. Rovira, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, F. Seritjol, Escola l’Agulla, X. Suñé, Departament d’Ensenyament, Spain
Capacity Development for E-learning – Educational Strategies at Mid Sweden Universities ... 994
Laura Brander, J. Ola Lindberg, Learning Resource Centre, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
Effective Learning Strategies: Making Sense of and with Learning by Means of B2R2SDL3 and S2S ... 1001
Ignatius G.P. Gous, University of South Africa, South Africa
Enhancing 21st Century Skills and Promoting Self Assessment and Reflection in a Blended Learning Setting ... 1007
Sofie Vanmaercke, Wouter Vandekerckhove, VIVES University College, Belgium
Stories for Learning: An Unchartered Territory in the Fields of Education ... 1013
Patricia Huion, Marleen Mesotten, UC Leuven Limburg, Belgium
Competence Frameworks in Agriculture – PACT ... 1020
Thomas Kretschmer, Christian M. Stracke, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany, Cleo Sgouropoulou, Elisa Ninou, Technical Educational Institute of Athens, Greece, Carmen Müller, DLG-Academy, Germany
A Value Creation Framework for an Online Professional Learning Community ... 1025
Gaëlle Le Bot, Lina Xue, Wim Van Petegem, Astrid Van Wieringen, KU Leuven, Belgium
Transforming, Expanding and Enriching Learning Scenarios with Cooperative Learning in Self-Paced Courses ... 1029
Luis Guadarrama, Josh Evans, Athabasca University, Canada
Distance Learning for Adult Learners – Needs and Considerations ... 1036
Khalil Alsaadat, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia DEMONSTRATIONS
Empowering Learners and Educators – Video Feedback to Written Assignments ... 1039
Ann-Sofie Karlsson, Tobias Ruhtenberg, The University of Borås, Sweden
Time to Assess Learning Outcomes in E-Learning – TALOE Web Tool ... 1045
Sandra Kučina Softić, University of Zagreb – University Computing Centre, Croatia, Inés Gil-Jaurena, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain, Alfredo Soeiro, Rita Falcão, Universidade do Porto, Portugal, Jüri Lõssenko, Information Technology Foundation for Education, Estonia
Expanding Learning Scenarios
Opening Out the Educational Landscape
Proceedings of the European Distance and E-Learning Network 2015 Annual Conference Barcelona, 9-12 June, 2015
ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
APPLYING BIGGS CONSTRUCTIVE ALIGNMENTS TO ONLINE
INTERDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION
Lina Xue, Gaëlle Le Bot, Wim Van Petegem, KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Astrid Van Wieringen, KU Leuven, Departement of Neurosciences, Research Group
Experimental ORL, Belgium
Introduction
Today’s world is facing complex and dynamic challenges including climate change, sustainability, energy and public health. These challenges call for collaboration and complex solutions which are often demonstrated in interdisciplinary approaches (Lawson, 2010; NSF, 2006; NIH, 2004). More and more scientists are encouraged to work across disciplines (NSF, 2006).
Interdisciplinary education has been emphasized by many academic and scientific institutions, because of being facilitative to holistic understanding of complex situations, humans, contexts and issues, (CFIR, 2005; Holley, 2009; Fischer, Tobi & Ronteltap, 2011; Zarin, Kainer, Putz, Schmink & Jacobson, 2003). Especially in the field of health care, due to the complexity in health-related problems, interdisciplinary education has become a phenomenon since 1960s.
At the same time researchers and practitioners have become increasingly interested in the potential of online learning, as economic constraints leave fewer resources available for professional development (Friesen, 2009). Online technologies are developed to improve learning activities and professional development opportunities with the benefits of connectivity, flexibility and interactivity (Knight, 2004) between members with different perspectives and levels of expertise in a wide variety of contexts.
Facing with these actual challenges, our European FP7 training network, iCARE (improving
Children’s Auditory Rehabilitation) aims at providing interdisciplinary training for 16 junior
researchers from different disciplines in 9 institutions in Europe, with the objective to create a new generation of researchers capable of working cross disciplines for the ultimate aim of improving the inclusion of children (4-12 years old) with hearing impairment (HI) in an oral society.
Communication through language is vital to develop and maintain everything around us. By 15 years of age, about 5 out of 1000 children suffer from a moderate, severe or profound HI that can potentially affect communication, learning, psychosocial development and academic
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
2 Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2 achievement if not handled appropriately. The EU promotes the active inclusion and full participation of disabled people in society. However, full active inclusion in an oral society can only be achieved through interdisciplinary involvements and collaboration between researchers with different approaches and expertise in different research fields and specializations (medicine, neurology, acoustics, psychology, audiology, engineering, speech therapy, special education, etc.).
Unique and challenging about the iCARE network is the wide training consortium that ranges from academia, industry and socio-economic agencies, while the 9 full partners and 7 associated partners are located in different countries in Europe. Training is provided in a blended mode, both face to face and on-line. Besides traditional training in local host institutes and a few occasions of face to face interdisciplinary training at winter schools and seminars, the researchers need to receive interdisciplinary education from different geographical locations. Online learning appears as the learning scenario which permits in iCARE to reach is main goal: providing an online interdisciplinary education training focusing on the auditory rehabilitation of children with hearing impairment.
Our current research aims at designing an interdisciplinary educational model to support iCARE interdisciplinary training. In this paper, we will first present the literature review of interdisciplinary education, then propose our online interdisciplinary model, and discuss the methodologies to evaluate the model including the limitations of the research.
Literature review: the landscape of interdisciplinary education
Despite increasing publications on the developments and deliveries of interdisciplinary education programs in higher education, the understanding of interdisciplinary education is still limited and the challenges remain high, such as how the interdisciplinary training should be organized and facilitated (Hall & Weaver, 2001; Morse, Nielsen-Pincus, Force & Wulfhorst , 2007; Rhoten & Paker, 2004). The areas that draw more attention from researchers are the interdisciplinary educational model design, evaluation and methodologies.
With regard to interdisciplinary educational model design, there is not a widely accepted model yet. Critics of the educational model design rise from the following aspects: i) Lack of theoretical support from learning and psychological background (Cooper, Carlisle, Gibbs & Watkins, 2001); ii) Poor instructional design such as lack of assessment methods or constructive alignment (Biggs, 1996; Cooper et al., 2001; Thistlethwaite, 2012) and iii) Lack of information to guide designing interventions (Remington, Foulk & Williams, 2006).
Evaluation remains one of the least-understood factors, despite a large number of publications on interdisciplinary practice (Klein, 2008). Lattuca, Voigt and Fath (2004) suggested that besides the need to evaluate the effectiveness of interdisciplinarity, the evaluation of learning and teaching process are also needed. Many researchers (e.g. MacDonald, Walton & Sun, 2008; Thistlethwaite, 2012) stated that the development of valid, reliable and feasible assessment is a major challenge for interdisciplinary education.
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona 3 ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
As for the evidence of interdisciplinary education, students were found to benefit from interdisciplinary education through change of attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge, but fewer studies reported changes in behavioural level. And primarily short-term effects were represented (Cooper et al., 2001; Thistlethwaite, 2012). The methodologies of interdisciplinary education studies are often accused of being unrigged, such as: limited outcome measurement, little evidence from controlled trials, controlled before and after studies, and interrupted time series studies (Cooper et al., 2001; Thistlethwaite, 2012).
Although the challenges for interdisciplinary education are high, as Thistlethwaite (2012) stated, the interest to develop best practice models based on evidence of effectiveness in interdisciplinary education is increasing both in education and research. Learning from the lessons of previous studies, we designed the interdisciplinary education model for iCARE.
Conceptual framework: an interdisciplinary educational model in the
context of iCARE
Fundamentals of the interdisciplinary educational model design
As the expected iCARE model requests integration of instructional design, interdisciplinary education and online learning, our design of the iCARE interdisciplinary educational model is based on: the instructional design framework ADDIE (Analysis-Design-Development-Implementation-Evaluation), the literature review on interdisciplinary education, and the potential of Biggs constructive alignment in interdisciplinary and online education.
The ADDIE model is commonly used for guiding instructional designs. The ADDIE concept is being applied in our research for incorporating fundamental elements of instructional design principles into a manageable process (Moellem, 2001), as well as for constructing performance-based learning. The analysis phase involves the investigation of learner, content, task, learning platform and the consequent influence on the design. We started with analysing the learning needs from the participants including learning styles, E-learning experience and expectations through surveys and interviews. The design phase addresses how instructional objectives shape strategies. The development phase addresses the creation of instructional materials, the learning environment and platform. The implementation phase addresses the educational interventions that executing the programs. The evaluation phase addresses both formative and summative assessment of iCARE interdisciplinary education.
Literature review in interdisciplinary education is scarce with generalized educational models because of the diversity of learning goals, learning activities, length of intervention and amounts of disciplines involved. Being aware of the critics on the model design in interdisciplinary education reviews, we try to build the model taking into account the drawbacks that were often reported in studies. For instance, the model design is underpinned by social constructivism because firstly it emphasizes how social encounters influence learners’ meanings and understanding (Atherton, 2013), and it is often used in collaborative and interprofessional learning (Hean, Craddock & O’Halloran, 2009). Furthermore, the
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
4 Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2 model will provide toolkits, modules and process templates for instructors to easily develop other interdisciplinary interventions.
Biggs’ ‘Constructive alignment’ (1996), turns out to be very instrumental for our iCARE interdisciplinary educational model, because of its multiple orientation. Constructive alignment combines both the constructivist learning theory and the instructional design. The curriculum objectives represented as “performances of understanding” are used to systematically align the teaching/learning activities which are judged to elicit those performances and the assessment of the performances. Being student-centred and outcome based, Biggs’ Constructive alignment is influential in higher education. Furthermore, it has shown its influence not only in traditional disciplinary higher education, but also in interdisciplinary and online instructional design (e.g. Bennett et al. 2012, Borrego & Newswander, 2008; Slaouti, 2007). Because of the multiple orientations to learning theory, instructional design, interdisciplinary education, and online learning, Biggs constructive alignment appears to be a suitable framework for us to build our iCARE interdisciplinary education model.
Therefore, following the processing guidelines of ADDIE and guided by the literature review, we design the iCARE interdisciplinary model based on Biggs constructive alignment and adjusted it into online interdisciplinary learning context.
Description of the iCARE interdisciplinary educational model
The iCARE interdisciplinary educational model (Figure 1) is composed of four parts: learning needs analysis, curriculum objectives, teaching/learning activities and assessment tasks. The curriculum objectives functioning as the central part of the model, are used to systematically align the teaching/learning activities and the assessment tasks.
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona 5 ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
Figure 1. iCARE online interdisciplinary educational model Analysis of learning needs
Learning needs analysis forms the origin of curriculum objectives. Data from different parties including learners, instructors, professional bodies, and educational researchers are to be collected to define the curriculum objectives.
Curriculum objectives
Constructive alignment starts with clearly stating, not what the teacher is going to teach, but what the learner is supposed to be able to do and at what standard (Biggs & Tang, 2007). Due to the complexity and the initiation of iCARE interdisciplinary education, the expected outcomes of learners need to be identified first. A four-step cycle is designed to accomplish the goal of defining the curriculum objectives: i) analysing learning needs; ii) deciding the domains of the desired interdisciplinary outcomes; iii) formulating objectives in levels, which is to complete the writing of “performances of understanding” in different levels including unsatisfactory, barely satisfactory, moderately satisfactory, very satisfactory and most
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
6 Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2 desirable. The objectives should be described in verbs that represent the levels of performance of understanding, iv) evaluating to adjust the result.
The teaching/learning activities
The teaching/learning activities are designed to require students to apply, invent, generate new ideas, diagnose and solve problems (Biggs & Tang, 2007). Two steps are identified in the iCARE model to design teaching/learning activities. The first step is to select the appropriate learning method, and the second step is to complete the three parts activity design (pre, main and post).
Various teaching/learning methods are provided in the iCARE model, including lecture, flipped classroom, problem-based learning, concept mapping, seminar, group discussion, etc. Both teacher controlled and peer controlled activities are available in the choices. The provision of the methods is based on research in enhanced learning, blended learning and interdisciplinary learning.
Based on the studies of acquisition of intellectual skills and development of expertise (Van Lehn,1996; Ericsson & Smith, 1991), as well as the fact that students engagement is often absent in online learning, the teaching/learning activities are designed in three parts: preliminary activity, main activity and post activity to enhance the online learning experience. According to different teaching/learning methods, various web-based technologies are used to support the teaching/learning activities. For example, the videos could be used for the main activity in a lecture, or for the preliminary activity in a flipped classroom, or for the post activity in a seminar.
The feedback of teaching/learning activities goes back to the curriculum objectives to make necessary adjustment.
The assessment tasks
Three steps are listed to design the assessment tasks: selecting the assessment type, developing grading criteria of desired learning outcomes, and holistically grading.
The assessment tasks will tell not how well students have received knowledge, but how well they can use it, such as in solving problems, designing experiments, or communicating with different audiences (Biggs & Tang, 2007). Different types of assessment tasks are provided with examples in the model, including writing tasks, objective tests, various performance assessments such as case studies, problem solving, projects, etc.
In order to judge how well the desired learning outcomes have been met on the basis of the students’ performance on various tasks and thereafter to provide information to students by the assessments, qualitatively and holistically assessment methods are used in the second and third steps.
The feedback of assessment tasks will go back to the curriculum objectives to make necessary adjustment.
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona 7 ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
Future directions
The research aim is to further design, develop, implement and evaluate the iCARE interdisciplinary educational model. The model could be used for both PhD and Master students training, and will scaffold teachers in future interdisciplinary educational design. Our hypothesis is that iCARE partners perform better in (developing) interdisciplinary competencies when learning happens according to the iCARE interdisciplinary learning model. Experiments with control groups and analysis within and between groups will be conducted to testify our hypothesis. The fact that learners with different backgrounds have different requests for interdisciplinary training makes the measurement of experiment delicate.
The expected result is a testified educational model which can be used for online interdisciplinary learning in the field of auditory rehabilitation. At the time of the conference we hope to present some preliminary results of how the model is used in interdisciplinary learning (both face to face and on-line) by the iCARE community of researchers.
References
1. Atherton, J.S. (2013). Learning and Teaching; Constructivism in learning. Retrieved from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/constructivism.htm
2. Bennett, S.; Bishop, A.; Dalgarno, B.; Waycott, J. and Kennedy, G. (2012). Implementing Web 2.0 technologies in higher education: A collective case study. In Computers & Education, 59(2), (pp. 524-534).
3. Biggs, J. (1996). Enhancing Teaching through Constructive Alignment Enhancing teaching through constructive alignment. In Higher Education, 32(3), (pp. 347–364). 4. Biggs, J. and Tang, C. (2007). Teaching for Quality Learning at University Maidenhead.
Open University Press/McGraw Hill.
5. Borrego, M. and Newswander, L.K. (2008). Characteristics of successful cross-disciplinary engineering education collaborations. In Journal of Engineering Education, 97, (pp. 123– 134).
6. CFIR – Committee on Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine (2005). Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research in National Academies Press.
7. Cooper, H.; Carlisle, C.; Gibbs, T. and Watkins, C. (2001). Developing an evidence base for interdisciplinary learning: a systematic review. In Journal of Advanced Nurses, (pp. 228–237).
8. Dufrene, C. (2012). Health Care Partnerships: A Literature Review of Interdisciplinary Education. In Journal of Nursing Education.
9. Fischer, A.R.H.; Tobi, H. and Ronteltap, A. (2011). When Natural met Social: A Review of Collaboration between the Natural and Social Sciences. In Interdisciplinary Science
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
8 Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2 10. Friesen, N. (2009). Rethinking E-Learning Research: Foundations, Methods and Practices
(Vol.333). Peter Lang.
11. Hall, P. and Weaver, L. (2001). Interdisciplinary education and teamwork: A long and winding road. In Medical Education, 35(9), (pp. 867-875).
12. Hean, S.; Craddock, D. and O’Halloran, C. (2009). Learning theories and interprofessional education: A user’s guide. In Learning in Health Social Care, 8(4), (pp. 250–262).
13. Klein, J.T. (2008). Evaluation of Interdisciplinary and Transdisciplinary Research. A Literature Review. In American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, (pp. 116–123). 14. Knight, S. (2004). Effective Practice with e-Learning. Bristol: JISC.
15. Lattuca, L.R.; Voigt, L.J. and Fath, K.Q. (2004). Does Interdisciplinarity Promote Learning? Theoretical Support and Researchable Questions. In The Review of Higher Education, 28(1), (pp. 23–48).
16. Lawson, H.A. (2010). An appreciation and a selective enhancement of the developing model for university-assisted community schools. In University and Community Schools, 8(1-2), (pp. 5-20).
17. MacDonald, C.J.; Walton, R. and Sun, R. (2008). Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative: Evaluation Sub- Committee Interim Report. In CIHC, Health Canada. 18. Morse, W.C.; Nielsen-Pincus, M.; Force, J.E. and Wulfhorst, J.D. (2007). Bridges and
barriers to developing and conducting interdisciplinary graduate-student team research. In Ecology and Society, 12, (pp. 578–591).
19. Moellem, M. (2001). Applying constructivist and objectivist learning theories in the design of a web-based course: Implications for practice. In Educational Technology & Society, 4(3), (pp. 113-125).
20. NIH – National Institutes of Health (2004). NIH roadmap for medical research In Environmental Health Perspectives, (p. A165).
21. NSF – National Science Foundation (2006). National Science Foundation investing in America’s future strategic plan FY 2006–2011 (No. NSF 06-48).
22. Remington, T.L.; Foulk, M.A. and Williams, B.C. (2006). Evaluation of Evidence for Interprofessional Education. In American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 70(3), (p. 66).
23. Rhoten, D. and Parker, A. (2004). Risks and rewards of an interdisciplinary research path. In Science, 306, (p. 2046).
24. Slaouti, D. (2007). Teacher learning about online learning: experiences of a situated approach. In European Journal of Teacher Education, 30(3), (pp. 285-304).
25. Thistlethwaite, J. (2012). Interprofessional education: a review of context, learning and the research agenda. In Medical Education, 46(1), (pp. 58–70).
Applying Biggs Constructive Alignments to Online Interdisciplinary Education
Lina Xue et al.
Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona 9 ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
26. Van Lehn, K. (1996). Cognitive skill acquisition. In Annual Review of Psychology, 47, (pp. 513-539).
27. Zarin, D.J.; Kainer, K.A.; Putz, F.E.; Schmink, M. and Jacobson, S.K. (2003). Integrated graduate education and research in neotropical working forests. In Journal of Forestry, 101, (pp. 31–37).
Expanding Learning Scenarios
Opening Out the Educational Landscape
Proceedings of the European Distance and E-Learning Network 2015 Annual Conference Barcelona, 9-12 June, 2015
ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
MICRO-INNOVATIONS AND STAKEHOLDERS ENGAGEMENT AS
DRIVERS FOR SYSTEMIC CHANGE IN ICT-SUPPORTED LEARNING
Fabio Nascimbeni, Edison Spina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
The paper discusses the findings and the lessons learnt of two research projects that have worked to understand how to support mainstreaming and scalability of ICT for learning in Europe. These are the VISIR project, which explored how scouting grassroots micro-innovation practices can help to successfully mainstream the potential of ICT to contribute to change in education, and the HoTEL project, which worked on how to appropriately engage stakeholders in supporting innovation in the field of ICT for learning. Building on the main findings of these projects as well as on other recent attempts to valorise innovation in education, the paper presents some ideas targeted to decision makers, researchers and practitioners, as possible starting points for future bottom-up efforts of innovation valorisation in the field of ICT-supported learning.
The time has come to scale-up ICT-supported learning
A number of recent studies show that ICT is increasingly used in learning settings throughout Europe form school education to higher education to vocational training and adult learning, with different degrees of penetration in different sectors of E&T and in different countries (Aceto et al., 2014). At the same time, some national ICT-for-learning policies are having an impact on the level of innovation that the Lisbon strategy and the ET2020 strategy have set as one of the main targets for the European society in 2020. The evolution of the concept of ICT for learning in the European policy discourse, mainly brought forward by the European Commission, shows how the official “narrative” has moved from a strongly technology-driven experimental-like niche at the time of the DELTA and ESPRIT programmes in the late 90s, to a more mature phase where the main aim was to develop new solutions able to reach as much learners as possible – during the period 2002-2010 with the eLearning Action Plan – to the present phase, where the key policy objective is scalability.
The European Commission policy priority is clear: “Evidence indicates that the EU-wide experiences on innovative learning need to be scaled up into all classrooms, reach all learners and teachers/trainers at all levels of education and training. A full uptake of new technologies and OER requires more than boosting experimentations across Europe” (European Commission, 2013a, 2013b). Clearly, the European Commission wants to go beyond experimentations, and to put in place the conditions for mainstreaming the meaningful and
Micro-Innovations and Stakeholders Engagement as Drivers for Systemic Change in ICT-Supported Learning
Fabio Nascimbeni, Edison Spina
Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona 11 ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
high-impact use of ICT for learning in all possible lifelong learning settings. This focus on scalability clearly responds to a recognised mismatch between the potential of ICT to support the desired change in education and the reality in most European countries, where education is in fact far from having fully embedded the potential of new technologies, to improve the efficiency, accessibility and equity of training and learning systems.
The VISIR lesson: micro-innovation matters
The rationale of the VISIR project (www.visir-network.eu), which was supported by the European Commission under the LLP Programme, is that in order to uncap the potential of ICT for learning as a driver of change for our economies and societies, we need to move from fragmentation and piloting to effective systematic adoption. To address this need, the project has addressed three major gaps: the “understanding gap”, the “networking gap”, and the “mainstreaming gap” of ICT for learning in Europe. In this light, VISIR represents a rather unprecedented networking effort, bringing together seven European networks and one research institution: the MENON Network, the European Association for Adult Learning (EADL), the European Distance and E-learning Network (EDEN), the European Foundation for Management Development (EFMD), the European Learning Industry Group (ELIG), the European Interest Group on Creativity and Innovation (EICI), The European Foundation for Quality in e-Learning (EFQUEL), and K.U. Leuven.
In its three years of work, VISIR has produced and validated a long-term vision on the contribution of ICT for transforming education and training systems towards 2020, though the analysis of the following eleven “domains of change”: Aims of Learning Systems, Content and Competences, Orchestration of learning, Valuing Learning, Assessment, Funding and Governance, Integration, Inclusiveness, Teaching, Quality and Learning spaces. Further, four broad stakeholders consultations have been run, collecting more than 7,000 opinion, where the project findings have been validated with the broad community of e-learning practitioners in Europe. Finally, two mainstreaming seminars were organised in 2013 and 2014, in collaboration with other projects working in the field of ICT for learning, in the Committee of the Regions in Brussels, reaching more than 200 participants and engaging a different range of stakeholders, from policy makers to researchers to grassroots innovators.
The “grand challenge” that VISIR has tackled is the mainstreaming gap of ICT-for-learning innovation in Europe: on the one side a lot of spontaneous innovation exists in Europe at different levels, on the other the cases of successful large-scale adoption are extremely limited. To better understand this gap, the VISIR consortium has been discussing together with flesh-and-bone innovators – during all the project events and online – the underlying conditions for scalability and mainstreaming, focussing on the needed incentive to change from both a policy and an institutional perspective and on the limits of current innovation approaches in the field of education, the increasing massive availability of ICT tools, with an increase usability.
Micro-Innovations and Stakeholders Engagement as Drivers for Systemic Change in ICT-Supported Learning
Fabio Nascimbeni, Edison Spina
12 Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2 VISIR has tackled the above problem from a rather new standpoint, that is by focussing on micro-innovation practices: in a nutshell, innovative experience that are micro in terms of implementation scope, size of idea-generator, and degree of actual change, but that bear a very high impact potential. The project has first identified and mapped – according to emerging trends – some 120 practices, to then select the most promising and representative 23 cases. These cases, which can be browsed in the www.visir-network.eu site, span from school education to adult and informal learning, including cases with a high degree of ICT use and other that use technology in a very simple – but smart – way. Target groups are as varied as possible: from school pupils having to learn biology, to medical doctors dealing with particular problems, to software development students working collaboratively and cross-assessing each other, to truck drivers learning just what they need to know in a particular moment, to elderly citizens being socially included through blogging, just to make some examples.
If we look at the 23 most representative cases selected by VISIR, some development patterns seem to emerge, that tell us something on what characterises micro innovation ideas with high potential. First, successful micro-innovators are not replicating current approaches, on the contrary they are typically proposing something genuinely new in terms of pedagogy and use of technology. Second, innovators seem to be prizing interactive and collaborative approaches: almost all the selected cases are built on some kind of collaboration scheme, and have a high degree of interactivity. Third, in all the cases technology works as an enabler, that is to say a means to an end: in some cases the technology used is absolutely simple and affordable, what is innovative is not the ICT solution but the use that the cases is making of it. Fourth, it clearly appears that Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) encourage innovation: even if the VISIR research team was not looking specifically for PPP-based cases, we found that a high degree of the selected cases are built on these kinds of partnerships. This finding is in line with the conclusions of a number of recent reports (UNESCO, 2014; United Nations, 2014), which converge on the fact that encouraging stable, long-term private investment can have a positive impact on sustaining innovation in education and that sustainable projects are searching for capital, but new channels and innovative financial instruments are needed to link the two.
The HoTEL lesson: Stakeholders matter
Similarly to VISIR, the HoTEL project (www.hotel-project.eu, supported by the Seventh Framework Programme of the EU) aimed to design and test a mechanism to support innovations – and innovators – in the field of Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) to move from the pilot and experimental phase to broader mainstream and adoption.
One of the starting points of HoTEL is that ICT for learning does not need an “innovation model”, since – as it appears from the heterogeneity of the VISIR micro innovation cases – trying to codify all the possible innovation paths in a sector such as education would only bring additional rigidity to the system. What is needed – in the HoTEL view – is an attempt to design an “Innovation support model”. While an innovation model conceptualises the
Micro-Innovations and Stakeholders Engagement as Drivers for Systemic Change in ICT-Supported Learning
Fabio Nascimbeni, Edison Spina
Expanding Learning Scenarios – EDEN Annual Conference Proceedings, 2015, Barcelona 13 ISBN 978-615-5511-04-2
different steps and processes that bring innovations to be generated, adopted, incorporated in use, scaled up and eventually exploited in commercial or institutional ways, an Innovation Support Model refers to the way a “professional body” of analysts and stakeholders representing users categories, advisors, fund raisers, institutional and private investors, etc. can help innovators to succeed, or to succeed more quickly than they could do without this support. In the field of TEL, innovation may frequently start in a classroom or in a community of practice, or may be the result of massive use of a technology not born for educational purpose: this means that any “innovation support model” must fit into the variety of modes and contexts in which innovation may emerge, and have different, adaptable ways to support it.
The main purpose of HoTEL has therefore been to design, test and improve an effective way to support innovators using ICT in learning settings, which may correspond to different innovation models co-existing in the TEL field. In order to do this the project selected a set of innovators and innovations to be accompanied, for a period of time, through a series of interactions with experts, stakeholders’ representatives and other critical colleagues who have concretely contributed to strengthen the success prospective of these innovations and contextually reflect on the proposed support in terms of content, process, outcomes and potential impact.
The HoTEL Innovation Support Model (ISM), a well-codified process capable of i) providing decision makers with an analytical framework to classify TEL innovations and properly understand their advantage/contribution and potential within their action context, ii) helping innovators to properly formulate their ideas in a way which aids a possible innovation uptake and iii) assisting innovators in developing strategies to improve their innovation’s diffusion/adoption potential. The proposed IEM is not composed of prescriptive actions, but rather of a set of three adaptable phases, which can be implemented through a set of eight practical steps, as in the picture below.
