REVISTA
BRASILEIRA
DE
Entomologia
AJournalonInsectDiversityandEvolutionw w w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m
Systematics,
Morphology
and
Biogeography
Diolcogaster
flammeus
sp.
nov.
from
Brazil,
a
new
Microgastrinae
wasp
(Hymenoptera:
Braconidae)
of
importance
in
biological
control
Geraldo
Salgado-Neto
a,
José
L.
Fernández-Triana
b,
Wagner
de
Souza
Tavares
c,
José
Cola
Zanuncio
d,∗aUniversidadeFederaldeSantaMaria,DepartamentodeDefesaFitossanitária,Pós-Graduac¸ãoemAgronomia,SantaMaria,RS,Brazil
bCanadianNationalCollectionofInsects,Arachnids,andNematodes,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
cUniversidadeFederaldeVic¸osa,DepartamentodeFitotecnia/InstitutodeBiotecnologiaAplicadaàAgropecuária,Vic¸osa,MG,Brazil
dUniversidadeFederaldeVic¸osa,DepartamentodeEntomologia/InstitutodeBiotecnologiaAplicadaàAgropecuária,Vic¸osa,MG,Brazil
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
Articlehistory:
Received7March2018
Accepted5June2018
Availableonline15June2018
AssociateEditor:BernardoSantos
Keywords: Agaraeaminuta Costaceae Costus Erebidae Ichneumonoidea
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
AnewspeciesofDiolcogaster(Ashmead,1900)(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)isdescribedandillustrated. Additionally,akeytoallNewWorldspeciesformallypublishedofthexanthaspisspecies-group(towhich thenewspeciesbelongs)isprovided.ThesolitarylarvalparasitoidDiolcogasterflammeussp.nov.was collectedinVic¸osa,MinasGeraisState,Brazil.ThisnaturalenemywasrearedfromcaterpillarsofAgaraea minuta(Schaus,1892)(Lepidoptera:Erebidae)feedingonplantsofspikedspiralflagginger,Costus spi-catus(Jacq.)Sw.andgingerspiral,Costusspiralis(Jacq.)Roscoevar.spiralis(Costaceae).Thefaunaofthe xanthaspisgroupintheNewWorldincludedjustthreepublishedspeciespriortothispublication. Diolco-gasterflammeussp.nov.istheonlyyellow-orangespeciesofthexanthaspisgrouprecordedintheNew Worldthusfar.
©2018SociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisisanopen accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
ThesubfamilyMicrogastrinae(Hymenoptera:Braconidae) com-prises2700+describedspecies (Yuet al.,2016; Whitfieldetal., 2018)andmanythousandadditionalundescribedones(Rodriguez etal.,2013;Fernández-TrianaandBoudreault,2016;Moghaddam and Mokhtari, 2017). Microgastrinae is the singlemost impor-tantgroupofparasitoidwaspsattackingcaterpillars(Avilaetal., 2013;Fiaboeetal.,2017),withmanyspeciesusedorbeing consid-eredasbiocontrolagentsagainstlepidopteranpestsinagriculture and forestry (Smith et al., 2013; Pintoet al., 2014).The genus Diolcogaster(Ashmead,1900)iscurrentlythesixthlargestof Micro-gastrinae,with98speciesdescribedworldwide(Zengetal.,2011; Fernández-Triana,2015)andhundredsawaitingdescription.This genushas17speciesrecordedfromtheNewWorld,10beingfrom theNeotropicalregion,andfourinBrazil(Guptaand Fernández-Triana,2014,2015;Yuetal.,2016).
Nixon(1965)includedsixDiolcogasterspeciesinthexanthaspis species-group:Diolcogasterxanthaspis(Ashmead,1900)fromthe WestIndies(Saint Vincentand Grenada)andfive otherspecies fromtheOldWorldtropics (thePhilippines).Later,Choi(2005)
also considered two additional species from the New World: Diolcogasterbakeri(Muesebeck,1922)andDiolcogasteriridescens (Cresson,1865)tobelongtothatgroup.Basedonspecimensseen
∗ Correspondingauthor.
E-mail:zanuncio@ufv.br(J.C.Zanuncio).
incollectionsworldwide,manymorespeciesremainundescribed (infact,Choi,2005describedsixadditionalNewWorldspeciesfor thegroup,butunfortunatelyhisPh.D.thesishasneverbeen pub-lishedandthusthosespeciesnamesarenotvalid–andarenot consideredhere).
Diolcogaster parasitizes early larval stages of Lepidoptera (Yeargan and Braman, 1986)including Agaraeaminuta(Schaus, 1892)(Lepidoptera:Erebidae)(synonym=AgoraeaminutaSchaus, 1892), a major pest of spiked spiralflag ginger, Costus spicatus (Jacq.) Sw. and ginger spiral, Costus spiralis (Jacq.) Roscoe var. spiralis (Costaceae) plants (Tavares et al., 2012).It is unknown otherhostplantspeciesofA.minuta.Costusspicatusisnativeto theCaribbean,includingDominica,Guadeloupe,Hispaniola, Mar-tinique,and PuertoRico(Kelleretal.,2009), whileC. spiralisis presentintropicalSouthAmerica(deAraújoandOliveira,2007). CostusspicatusandC.spiralisareeconomicallysignificantdueto theirpharmacologicalandmedicinalproperties(Sulakshanaetal., 2013;PawarandPawar,2014;Alonso-Castroetal.,2016)aswell asornamentalvalue(Castroetal.,2011;Skinner,2016).Agaraea minutaisfoundfromMexicotoBrazil(VincentandLaguerre,2014). ThisstudyaimstodescribeanewspeciesofDiolcogasterfrom Brazil.Thispreviouslyundescribedspecieshadalreadybeenfound inastudyonbiologicalinteractions,whereitwasfoundtoattackA. minuta(accordingtoTavaresetal.,2012,parasitismofDiolcogaster sp.onA.minutawas90.0%inthemunicipalityofVic¸osa,Minas GeraisState,Brazil).Hereinwedescribethenewtaxonandplace
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.06.001
0085-5626/©2018SociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisis anopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://
Fig.1.GeographicallocationoftheBrazilianmunicipalityofVic¸osa(MinasGerais
State,Brazil).
itintoataxonomiccontextbyprovidingakeytoallNewWorld speciesformallypublishedofthexanthaspisspecies-group.
Materialsandmethods
AplantofC.spicatusandanotherofC.spiralisvar.spiraliswere sampledin May2011.Plantssampled wereapproximatelyfive yearsoldintheherbariumoftheFederalUniversityofVic¸osa(UFV) inVic¸osa,MinasGeraisState,Brazil(20◦45S×42◦ 51W,651m abovesealevel)(Fig.1).OnehundredlastinstarcaterpillarsofA. minutawerecollected,50fromC.spicatusandanother50fromC. spiralis.
TheoccurrenceofdefoliatingcaterpillarsofA.minutawas mon-itoredintheplantsofC.spicatusandC.spiralisvar.spiralisinMay 2011duetotheoccurrenceoftheseinsectsduringthatmonthin 2009and2010(Tavaresetal.,2012).
Thecaterpillarswerecollectedwithafine-tippedbrush,placed in500mLplasticcontainerslinedwithfilterpaperandwiththe lidaerated(20caterpillarsperplasticcontainerintwocontainers andanotheronewith10caterpillars)withleavesadlibitumofthe respectivehostplantssuppliedasfoodandsubstrateforpupation (Tavaresetal.,2012).TheywerebroughttotheLaboratoryof Bio-logicalControlofInsects–UFVinVic¸osa,MinasGeraisState,Brazil wheretheywerekeptat25±1◦C,12:12h(L:D)photoperiodand 70±10%RH.Theplasticcontainerswereopenedandcleanedwhen needed(Tavaresetal.,2012).Theleafpetiolesweremoistenedto avoiddesiccation(Tavaresetal.,2012).
SomepupaeofA.minutawereobtainedandindividualizedina 50mLplasticcontaineruntiltheemergenceofadultsofthisinsect, whichweremountedwithentomologicalpinsandfour individu-als(twomalesandtwofemales)senttoDr.VitorOsmarBecker, ofthe Uirac¸u InstituteinCamacan,Bahia State,Brazil,to iden-tifythespecies.Adultsoftheparasitoid,obtainedfromA.minuta caterpillars,weretransferredtoplasticEppendorfTMvialswith70%
ethanolandmountedwithentomologicalpins.Fourmaleandfour femaleoftheparasitoidweredepositedintheRegional Entomolog-icalMuseum–UFV.Adultsoftheparasitoidwereidentifiedbythe secondauthorofthisstudy(JLF-T).Thespecimensusedtodescribe theparasitoidinthepresentstudywerepartoftheonesusedfor thebiologicalstudybyTavaresetal.(2012).
AwealthofinformationonA.minuta,includingadditional pic-tures(eggs,larvae,pupae,cocoons,andadultsofA.minutaaswellas damagecausedbyitslarvae)wasprovidedbyTavaresetal.(2012).
PhotoswerepreparedusingaKeyenceVHX-1000Digital Micro-scope(KeyenceCorporationofAmerica;Illinois,UnitedStatesof America),usingalenswitharangeof10–130×.Multipleimages weretakenofastructurethroughthefocalplaneandthen com-bined to produce a single in-focus image using the software associatedwiththeKeyenceSystem.Plateswerepreparedusing MicrosoftPowerPoint2010.
Results
DiolcogasterflammeusSalgado-Neto&Fernández-Trianasp. nov.
Description.Diagnosis.Thisistheonlyyellow-orangespecies
of thexanthaspisgrouprecordedin theNew Worldthus far.It ispossiblethatmore yellow-orangeNewWorldspecies willbe discoveredina nearfuture.Female(Fig.2).Bodycolorentirely yellowtoorangeyellow,exceptfordarkbrowntoblackon flag-ellomeres,parts ofthescape,andmostoftheinterocellararea, andmostofT2–T4brown.Forewingwithpterostigmaandveins brown. Headmostly with striatesculptureon face,frons, gena andvertex;occiputstronglyconcaveandsmooth.Mesosomawith anteromesoscutumand scutellardiskrugose-punctate,scutellar diskposteriorlywithakeel;propodeumwithstrongandcomplete mediancarina,andadditionaltransverserugosityonposterior0.6 ofpropodeum.MetasomawithT1slightlywideningtoward pos-teriormarginand withstrongand deepmediansulcusrunning throughout the entire tergite; T2 subtriangular, withrelatively strongsulcusdelimitinglateralmarginsandacentralareathatis slightlyraisedanddelimitedlaterallybypunctures;T3+smooth; ovipositorsheathswithafewsetaeonapical0.3.Metacoxa rela-tivelylarge,morethanhalfthelengthofmetasoma.Measurements (allin mm).Bodylength:3.50.Forewinglength:3.4.Metacoxa length:0.96.Metafemurlength/width:1.12/0.31.Metatibialength: 1.22.Lengthofinner/outerspursofmetatibia:0.53/0.30.Length of first segment of metatarsus: 0.70. Ovipositor sheath length: 0.25. T1 length: 0.60; T1 width at anterior margin/maximum width0.20/0.28.T2length/widthatposteriormargin:0.24/0.50. T3 length: 0.36. Lengthof flagellomeres:F1/F2/F3/F14/F15/F16: 0.26/0.26/0.26/0.15/0.15/0.16.
Male(Fig.3).Identicaltofemale.
Remarks. Accountingfor the newspecies fromBrazil being
describedinthisstudy,thefaunaofthexanthaspisgroupinthe NewWorldnowincludesfourspecies(Table1).AkeytoallNew Worldspeciesisprovidedbelow.
1-Bodyalmostentirelyyellowtoorange-yellow(exceptforflagellomeres,
partofscapeandmostofinterocellarareablack,andmostofT2–T4partially
brown)...DiolcogasterflammeusSalgado-Neto&Fernández-Trianasp.nov.
-Bodymostlytopartiallydarkbrowntoblack...2
2(1)Femaleantennarelativelyshort,aslongasforewinglength,andwith
apical8–9flagellomereswithonlyoneplacoderank;metacoxayellowor
white-yellow...Diolcogasteriridescens(Cresson,1865)
-Femaleantennalongerthanforewing,mostflagellomereswithtworanksof
placodes;metacoxablacktodarkbrown...3
3(2)Secondsubmarginalcellofforewingtriangularandrelativelylargein
size,withoutdefinedveinRS+r−m;tergite20.5×aslongastergite3....
Diolcogasterbakeri(Muesebeck,1922)
-Secondsubmarginalcellofforewingrelativelysmallinsize,slit-like,with
shortveinRS+r−m;tergite20.6–0.7×aslongastergite3...Diolcogaster
xanthaspis(Ashmead,1900)
Typematerial. Holotype.Female,“MuseuRegional de
Ento-mologia – UFV, 20◦ 45S×42◦ 51W, 651m above sea level, 18.V.2011,WagnerdeSouzaTavares&JoséColaZanuncio. Holo-type locality: Vic¸osa,MinasGerais State,Brazil.Holotypelabel: WAG01.18.05.2011.Hostplants:C.spicatusandC.spiralisvar. spi-ralis.Hostcaterpillar:A. minuta.Paratypes.Samelocalityasfor holotype,fivefemalesandfivemales(allin“MuseuRegionalde Entomologia–UFV”,exceptonefemaleandonemaleinCanadian NationalCollectionofInsects,Arachnids,andNematodes(CNC),
Fig.2.(A)Femaleparatype.(B)Head,ventralview.(C)Head,frontalview.(D)Foreandhindwings.(E)Propodeumandmetasomaltergites,dorsalview.(F)Mesosoma,dorsal
view.(G)Miasma,lateralview.(H)Metasoma,dorsalviewofDiolcogasterflammeussp.nov.(Hymenoptera:Braconidae).
Ottawa,Ontario.Labels:Brazil,MinasGerais,Vic¸osa-MinasGerais, 2012, ex. Agarea minuta, coll. G. Salgado-Neto, voucher codes: CNC649489,CNC649490).
Etymology.Thespecificepithet,flammeus,comesfromLatin,
referringtothespeciescolorandmeans“flame”.
Biology.Asolitaryparasitoid,rearedfromA.minuta.The infor-mationavailablesuggeststhatitisextremelyefficientasanatural enemy.LastlarvalinstaroftheparasitoidemergedfromA.minuta caterpillarsandpupatedatthebottomoftheplasticcontaineron filterpaperinthelaboratory.Parasitoidlarvaeproducedacocoon madeofwhitecoloredsilk.Thesilkwaswrappedaroundtheleaves causingthemtofoldandbecomecone-shaped.Parasitized cater-pillarssurvivedonlylongenoughtobuildanextraprotectionlayer fortheparasitoidsandthendied.Caterpillarsofdifferentageswere foundinasamesamplingwhichsuggestsovipositionsatdifferent timesandoverlappinggenerations.
Distribution.SofaronlyfoundinVic¸osa,MinasGeraisState,
Brazil;themunicipalityisinland,300kmnorthofRiodeJaneiro Stateandwestofthecoastby250km.
Discussion
Thefaunaof thexanthaspisgroupin theNewWorldnow is representedbyfourspecies,includingD.bakeri.Astudyrecording theD.bakeri fromPeruisquestionable(sensuFernández-Triana etal.,2009)becauseitwasreportedpreviouslyasaNorth Ameri-canparasitoidspecies(Muesebeck,1922).Diolcogasterhasbeenat timesdividedinspecies-groups(e.g.,Saeedetal.,1999;Whitfield etal.,2009;Zengetal.,2011).Oneofsuchgroups,the xanthap-sisgroup (sensuSaeed et al., 1999), is characterizedbyhaving thehead,anteromesoscutumandscutellardiskrugose-punctate, mediotergite1parallel-sidedand2.0–3.0×aslongasmaximum width,mediotergite2withmoreorlessdistinctmedianfield indi-catedbygrooves(ifnot,thenmedianfield smoothand convex, distinguishedbylongitudinalpits),vannallobeofhindwing con-vexwithmarginalsetae,andpostocellarvertexconcaveindorsal view(Nixon,1965;Mason,1981).Thisgroupwasoriginallyerected byNixon(1965:240),whoconsideredit“anartificialsegregation withinalargecomplexofspecies”.Morphologicaldifferencesand
Fig.3.(A)Maleparatype.(B)Head,frontalview.(C)Habitus,dorsalview.(D)Propodeumandmetasomaltergite,dorsalview.(E)Forewing.(F)Metasoma,dorsalviewof
Diolcogasterflammeussp.nov.(Hymenoptera:Braconidae).
Table1
Hostcaterpillar(Lepidoptera)(author;family)anditsgeographicaldistribution,hostplant(author;family),andreferenceofspeciesofDiolcogaster(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)
(author).
SpeciesofDiolcogaster Hostcaterpillar Geographicaldistribution Hostplant Reference
D.flammeusSalgado-Neto& Fernández-Trianasp.nov.
Agaraeaminuta(Schaus,1892; Erebidae)
MexicotoBrazil Costusspicatus(Jacq.)Sw.and
C.spiralis(Jacq.)Roscoevar. spiralis;Costaceae
Presentstudy
D.iridescens(Cresson,1865) AsciodesgordialisGuenée, 1854;Crambidae
CubaandsouthernUSA (Florida)
SpeciesofBougainvillea; Nyctaginaceae
Patton(1958)
D.bakeri(Muesebeck,1922) Ponometiacandefacta(Hübner,
[1831])andP.erastrioides
(Guenée,1852;Noctuidae)
Canada(Ontario,Quebecand
Saskatchewan),USA(Arkansas,
Florida,Georgia,Illinois,Iowa,
Kansas,Louisiana,andTexas)
Asteraceaeincludingspeciesof
AsterandAmbrosia
Pogue(2010)and
Stojanovi ´cetal.(2011)
D.xanthaspis(Ashmead,1900) Unknown SaintVincentandthe
Grenadines
Unknown Ashmead(1900)
thedisparatearrangeofhosts knownfor thedescribed species, indeedsuggestthatthisgroupisfarfrommonophyletic(Whitfield etal.,2009),anditisverylikelythatitwillbesplitinthefuture whenmorestudiesoftheworldfaunaofDiolcogasteraredone. Diolcogasterflammeussp.nov.isextremelyefficientasanatural enemy,asitwasrecordedparasitizing90%oftheA.minuta cater-pillarpestscollectedin2010and2011(Tavaresetal.,2012).Inthe field,pupationoftheparasitoidoccurredontheabaxialsurfaces
oftheleavesofC.spicatusandC.spiralisvar.spiralis(Tavaresetal., 2012).AgareaminutaisaseverepestofCostusspeciesbecauseit canreduceplantbiomass(stemheights,leavesperstem,largest widthandgreaterlengthofleaves)(Tavaresetal.,2012).
Conflictsofinterest
Acknowledgements
WearegratefultoDr.PaulusJohannesMariaMaas(Wageningen University,TheNetherlands)foridentifyingthevarietyofCostus spiralisandDr.AlexandreIgordeAzevedoPereiraforpreparing
Fig.1.Thisstudywassupportedby“ConselhoNacionalde Desen-volvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)”, “Coordenac¸ão de Aperfeic¸oamentodePessoaldeNívelSuperior(CAPES)”,“Fundac¸ão deAmparoàPesquisadoEstadodeMinasGerais(FAPEMIG)”,and “ProgramaCooperativosobreProtec¸ãoFlorestal(PROTEF)”ofthe “InstitutodePesquisaseEstudosFlorestais(IPEF)”.
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