5 5 Esta é um versão gerada unicamente para visualização dentro do SGP. A versão a ser impressa utilizará outros padrões de formatação. This is a version generated only for visualization inside of SGP. The version to be printed will use other formatting patterns. Para visualizar as alterações do conteúdo do manuscrito é necessário fazer o download da versão no formato DOC. To view the changes in the content of the manuscript is necessary the download in DOC format. DOC http://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/sgp/versaoDoc.asp?Cod_fluxo=3915&cod_versao=13286&ObjSubmissao=1 Artigo Original Código de Fluxo: 3915 ASSOCIAÇÃO ENTRE OS NÍVEIS DE SELÊNIO SÉRICO E A CONVERSÃO DE TESTES BACTERIOLÓGICOS DURANTE O TRATAMENTO ANTITUBERCULOSE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SERUM SELENIUM LEVELS AND THE CONVERSION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL TESTS DURING ANTITUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT Autores (Authors)
Milena Lima de Moraes: Doutora em Ciências Pósdoutoranda em McGill University Nome para citação: Moraes, ML
Daniela Maria de Paula Ramalho: Mestre em Ciências Doutoranda em Ciências, Programa de Pósgraduação em Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Nome para citação: Ramalho, DMP
Karina Neves Delogo: Nutricionista Mestranda em Ciências, Programa de Pósgraduação em Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Nome para citação: Delogo, KN
Pryscila Fernandes Campino Miranda: Mestre em nutrição Humana Doutoranda em Ciências, Programa de Pósgraduação em Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
Nome para citação: Miranda, PFC
Eliene Denites Duarte Mesquita: Médico Centro de Pesquisa em Tuberculose, Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Nome para citação: Mesquita, EDD
Hedi Marinho de Melo Guedes de Oliveira: Médico Centro de Pesquisa em Tuberculose, Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Nome para citação: Oliveira, HMMG
Antônio Ruffino Netto: Doutor Professor Titular, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo Nome para citação: Ruffino Netto, A
Paulo César de Almeida: Doutor Professor Adjunto, Curso de Graduação em Nutrição, Universidade Estadual do Ceará Nome para citação: Almeida, PC
Raquel Ann HauserDavis: Mestre em Química Ambiental Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro Nome para citação: HauserDavis, RA
Reinaldo Calixto Campos: Doutor Professor Associado, Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro Nome para citação: Campos, RC
Afrânio Lineu Kritski: Doutor Professor Titular, Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
Nome para citação: Kritski, AL
Martha Maria de Oliveira: Doutora Biomédica Pesquisadora, Centro de Pesquisa em Tuberculose, Programa Acadêmico de Tuberculose, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Nome para citação: Oliveira, MM Descritores (Palavraschave) Keywords Selênio; Estado Nutricional; Tuberculose; Imunidade Selenium; Nutritional Status; Tuberculosis; Immunity Resumo Abstract
Objetivo: O presente estudo teve o objetivo de investigar a associação entre os níveis séricos de selênio e a conversão da baciloscopia e cultura da Mycobacterium tuberculosis durante 60 dias de tratamento antiTB. Materiais e métodos: 35 pacientes do sexo masculino com TB pulmonar (TBP) foram avaliados ao arrolamento no estudo, 30 e 60 dias de tratamento antiTB. Os seguintes parâmetros foram analisados: variáveis antropométricas [IMC, dobra cutânea tricipital (DCT) and área muscular de braço (AMB)] e variáveis bioquímicas: proteína C reativa (PCR), razão PCR/albumina, níveis de selênio sérico e baciloscopia e cultura negativa para M. tuberculosis em amostras de escarro. Os níveis de selênio sérico de 35 indivíduos saudáveis foram usados como ponte de corte devido a ausência de valores de referência estabelecida para população brasileira. Resultados: Entre os 35 homens incluídos no estudo, media de idade foi 38,4 (+ 11.4) anos, 25 (71,0%) referiam alcoolismo, 20 (57,0%) eram fumantes, 12 (39.2%) com magreza grave ou moderada, 21 (60%) depleção da DCT, 32 (91.4%) depleção da AMB e, perda de peso (> 10%) foi observada em 63%. Os níveis de selênio sérico foram menores em pacientes com TBP ao arrolamento em comparação ao indivíduos saudáveis. Uma associação foi observada entre a conversão dos testes bacteriológicos, razão PCR/albumina e níveis de selênio sérico60 dias após o início do tratamento antiTB. Conclusão: Maiores níveis de selênio sérico após 60 dias de tratamento está associado com melhor resultado bacteriológico no tratamento antiTB. Objective: The present study aims to investigate the associations between serum selenium levels and the conversion of smear and cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis during 60 days of antiTB treatment. Materials and methods: Thirty five male patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) were evaluated at baseline and at 30 and 60 days of antiTB treatment. The following parameters were analysed: anthropometric variables [BMI, triceps skinfold (TSF) and arm muscle area (AMA)] and biochemical variables: Creactive protein (CRP), CRP/albumin ratio, serum selenium levels (SSLs) and negative smear and cultures for M. tuberculosis in sputum samples. SSLs of 35 healthy subjects were used a cutpoint due to the absence of reference values established for Brazilian population. Results: Among the 35 male study subjects included in the study, mean age was 38.4 (+ 11.4) years, 25 (71%) referred alcohoolism, 20 (57.0%) were smokers, 12 (39.2%) with severe and moderate thinness, 21 (60%) depletion to TSF, 32 (91.4%) depletion to AMA and, weight loss (> 10%) was observed in 63%. Serum selenium levels were lower in the PTB at baseline comparing to healthy subjects. An association was observed between the conversion of bacteriological tests, the CRP/albumin ratio and serum selenium levels 60 days after the antiTB treatment. Conclusions: Higher serum selenium levels after 60 days of treatment are associated with better bacteriological results in antiTB treatment. Trabalho submetido em (Article's submission in): 8/5/2013 23:07:26 Instituição (Affiliation): Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Clínica Médica. Correspondência (Correspondence): Milena Lima de Moraes. Rua Professor Rodolpho Paulo Rocco 255, Centro de Pesquisa em Tuberculsoe 4ºandar, Ilha do Fundão. CEP: 21941913 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil Telefone: (21) 25622426 Fax: (21) 25500693 Suporte Financeiro (Financial support): National Council of Research CNPq / MCT process CNPq / INCT 573548/20080 and Process: 478033/20095, State Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro; process: E: 26/110974 / 2011 Submetido para (Submited for): Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia Artigo numerado no SGP sob código de fluxo (The Article was numbered in SGP for the flux code): 3915 1 2 1. Introduction 3 The World Health Organization (WHO) considers tuberculosis (TB) a serious public health problem. In 2010, 9.4 million new TB cases occurred,
with 1.7 million associated deaths, among which 500 000 were HIV positive. In Brazil, TB is the leading cause of mortality among patients with HIV/AIDS, a result arising from late diagnosis [1]. Since 2006, the Global Plan to Stop TB prioritized the critical points in the TB area, especially the development of new diagnostic tests, vaccines, drugs and biomarkers of therapeutic response, healing and disease recurrence [2]. 4 Among the risk factors associated with the occurrence of TB are precarious working conditions and changes in host defense against infection by M.tuberculosis, such as malnutrition, smoking, Diabetes Mellitus and alcohol abuse [3]. 5 The degree of malnutrition is associated with the severity of pulmonary TB in adults, patients coinfected with HIV, and TB infected subjects usually present malnutrition and a decrease in micronutrient levels [4]. 6 Recently, Seyedrezazadeh et al.[5] reported that a 2month intervention with vitamin E and selenium reduced oxidative stress and increased total antioxidant capacity in patients with pulmonary TB undergoing standard treatment. A similar improvement in the immune status of patients with TB who received selenium supplementation was also reported by Villamor [6]. 7 In the present study, the aim was to evaluate the relationship between serum selenium levels and the amount of pulmonary TB patients with negative cultures after eight weeks of treatment with state of the art drugs. Eightweek sputum has been used as a useful marker of sterilizing activity of tuberculosis treatment [7] and a substantial improvement in this outcome would indicate that selenium is a biomarker of therapeutic response. 8
9 2. Methods 10 2.1. Study subjects 11 Pulmonary tuberculosis male patients were included in the study if they were admitted to two referral hospitals in the treatment of tuberculosis, the Santa Maria State Hospital and the State Institute of Chest Diseases Ary Parreiras, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during March 2007 and March 2008. Only male patients were admitted because they were the largest proportion of patients treated in these hospitals and if we had admitted only a few female patients could be a confounding factor in the study results. The patients enrolled were hospitalized for clinic reasons but in the most cases the hospital stay was prolonged for at least 60 days due to social reasons. Inclusion criteria incorporated the following: a) ages between 19 and 60, b) positive culture for M. tuberculosis and/or positive smear microscopy of spontaneous sputum associated to xray and symptoms indicative of TB followed by the use of first line antiTB drugs, c) without diabetes mellitus and renal insufficiency (undergoing peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis), d) negative for HIV, e) no comorbidities reported . The study group had 6 patients with previous TB. In response to the absence of reference serum selenium values established for Brazilian population, we evaluated selenium values of 35 HIV seronegative healthy subjects, located in Rio de Janeiro City with similar inclusion criteria in order to be used a cutpoint. All subjects provided written consent to participate in the study. This study was approved in April 28, 2005 by the ethics committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, protocol number 004/ 05. The patients who were enrolled in pilot study were not enrolled in this study. 12
13 2.2. Data collection 14 Before the beginning of this study a pilot study was conducted, leading to the adequacy of the questionnaire applied to the study subjects. Interviewers were trained regarding data collection and the same anthropometric measurements evaluations performed by different interviewers showed over 95% agreement between each other. 15 Pulmonary TB patients answered a questionnaire regarding personal and socioeconomic data, including the CAGE criteria (cut downannoyed guiltyeye opener) [8] and tobacco use. They underwent anthropometric assessments at baseline and at 30 and 60 days of antiTB treatment. Blood and sputum samples were also collected during these three moments. During the 30 and 60 days sample collection, some individuals no longer presented sputum production, preventing sputum smear and cultures for M. tuberculosis. The healthy subjects also answered the questionnaire, underwent anthropometric assessments and had blood collected. 16 The anthropometric evaluation consisted of two body weight measurement, using a calibrated platform scale with a stadiometer (Filizola, São Paulo, Brazil), with a sensitivity of 100 g and maximum weight of 150 kg. Pulmonary TB subjects were weighed barefooted and wearing light clothing. Height was measured twice, with a sensitivity of 0.5 cm and maximum height measurement of 191 cm. 17 The body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight/height2, and classified according to the WHO recommendations: less than 18.5 is underweight, 18.5 to 24,9 is normal and equal or higher than 25 is overweight [9]. Measurements of weight and height were collected by interviewers following the techniques recommended by Gibson [10], in order to avoid possible bias. Pulmonary TB subjects also reported their
usual weight (in the last 6 months) in order to calculate the weight loss until the beginning of the study. 18 The triceps skinfold (TSF) was measured three times with an adipometer (Lange Beta Technology Incorporated, Cambridge, Maryland) of 0.5 mm accuracy at the midpoint of the nondominant arm between the acromion and olecranon, at the back of the arm, with subjects standing with their arms relaxed and extended alongside the body. 19 The measurement of arm circumference (AC) was performed twice, with a flexible and inelastic millimeter tape at the same height as the mid point used for the TSF measurement. After that, the arm muscle area was calculated (AMA) using the following equation [11]: 20 AMA (cm²) = {[AC (cm)π TSF X (mm) ÷ 10]² 10} / 4 π. 21 The TSF and AMA values obtained had as cutoffs the recommendations of Frisancho [12]. The mean measurements of each indicator obtained in the same assessment were calculated. 22 Peripheral blood samples were collected in the morning with subjects fasting for 12 hours. The samples were collected in metal and EDTAfree tubes in order to obtain serum, where samples were centrifuged at 3000g for 15 minutes for further quantification of albumin, Creactive protein, and selenium. All quantifications were performed immediately after sample collection, except for selenium levels. In this case, a portion of serum was stored frozen at 70 °C until selenium determination. 23 Albumin quantification was colorimetrically (Advia®, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Eschborn, Germany) performed. According to the manufacturer, normal albumin values should range from 3.4 to 4.8 g/dL. CRP was measured by nephelometry using a CardioPhase hsCRP standard
for a BNII nephelometer (Dade Behring Holding GmbH, Liederbach, Germany). According to the manufacturer, normal values lay below 0.3 mg/dL 24 In this study, we evaluated the CRP/albumin ratio as a substitute for the prognostic inflammatory nutritional index (PINI) because it maintains the same diagnostic sensitivity regarding the degrees of risk of complications (Correa et al, 2002), classified as no risk if > 0.4, low risk from 0.4 to <1.2, medium risk from 1.2 to <2.0 and high risk from > 2.0 [13]. 25 Selenium determination was performed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, using a model ZEEnit 60 spectrometer (Analytik Jena, Jena, Germany) equipped with a selenium hollow cathode lamp, operating at a wavelength of 196.0 nm. After thawing and homogenization of the serum samples, 200 mL aliquots were transferred to polyethylene tubes, free of trace elements, and 1 mL of a 0.1% v/v Triton X100 solution was added. This solution (10 mL) was used for the instrumental analysis, together with a mixture (10mL) containing Pd (0.15% m/v) and Mg (0.10% m/v) as matrix modifier. External calibration was performed with calibration solutions prepared in the bank medium, and the temperature program is shown in Table 1. All measurements were conducted in triplicate, at least. 26 27 28 Table 1. Temperature program used to determine selenium levels in serum. Caso não esteja visualizando a tabela corretamente acesse a versão online clicando no link a seguir:
http://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/sgp/detalhe_simples.asp?cod_fluxo=3915&cod_versao=13286&ObjSubmissao=1&cache=21151 29 30 * Measurement 31 32 Sputum samples of the subjects included in the study were collected in disposable vials. Smear microscopy and cultures exams for mycobacteria were performed, according to the Guidebook for Tuberculosis Bacteriology from the National Health Foundation [14]. After processing by the Kubica method, cultivation was carried out in a Löwentein Jensen medium. Temperature (°C) Ramp (°C/s) Permanence (s) Drying 90 10 10 Drying 120 15 20 Pyrolysis 500 10 20 Pyrolysis 1100 30 30 Auto zero 1100 0 6 Atomization* 2200 2000 3 Cleaning 2300 1000 3
33 Cultures contaminated by other microorganisms were designated as contaminated and considered negative in the data analysis. The strains were identified as M. tuberculosis, based on the characteristics of the colonies (rough, opaque and creamy), on the ability to produce niacin, nitrate reductase and catalase termoinactivation [14]. In the present study individuals were considered TB positive at baseline when cultures were positive for M. tuberculosis or based on smear positive associate to xray and symptoms indicative of TB. A sensitivity test was performed on clinical specimens from 28 patients that were culturepositive using the Canetti and Grosset method of proportions, which is considered the gold standard. M. tuberculosis sensitivity to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), streptomycin (SM), and ethambutol (EMB) was evaluated using the indirect proportion method (one strain/patient). All of the tested strains were sensitive to these drugs. 34 After 30 and 60 days new smear test and culture for mycobacteria were performed. Then, individuals were considered TB positive when smears and/or cultures were positive for M. tuberculosis; and TB negative when smears and cultures were negative for M. tuberculosis. The individuals who do not presented production of sputum after 30 and 60 days were not classified in TB positive and negative. 35 Thirtyfive patients were included in study group at baseline. After 30 days of treatment, only 29 patients presented spontaneous sputum production and after 60 days of treatment, 34 patients showed spontaneous sputum production (from 35 patients who were enrolled at baseline) (Figure 1). Patients with xray and symptoms indicative of TB but without culture or smear results at baseline were not enrolled in the study. 36
37 Figure 1. Study and control groups at baseline, 30 and 60 days after (during antiTB treatment). 38 39 2.4. Statistical analysis 40 The KolmogorovSmirnov test was used to verify the normality of the variables and the Levene test was used to compare the equality of variances. For variables whose distributions were not normal a logarithmic transformation was used. The Tukey test was performed to compare pairs of groups with equal variances and the GamesHowell test was used for comparing pairs of groups with different variances. ANOVA and Student t tests were also used to estimate differences between quantitative variables when appropriate. To evaluate the association between categorical variables, we used the χ2 coefficient with a continuity correction when indicated. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. SPSS for Windows version 16.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. 41 42 3. Results 43 General characteristics of the pulmonary TB patients are presented in Table 2. Among the 35 male study subjects included in the study, mean age was 38.4 (+ 11.4) years, 25 (71%) referred alcoholism, 20 (57.0%) were smokers, 12 (39.2%) had severe and moderate thinness, 21 (60%) depletion to TSF, 32 (91.4%) depletion to AMA and, weight loss (> 10%) was observed in 63%. Statistically significant differences were observed between the pulmonary TB patients and health subjects at baseline.
44 Table 2. General characteristics of the Pulmonary TB patients. Caso não esteja visualizando a tabela corretamente acesse a versão online clicando no link a seguir: http://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/sgp/detalhe_simples.asp?cod_fluxo=3915&cod_versao=13286&ObjSubmissao=1&cache=21151 Characteristics Study group n (%) Age Mean±SD 38.43±11.42 CAGE criteria Positive 25 (71) Negative 10 (29) Smoking habits Smokers 20 (57) Exsmokers 7 (20) Nonsmokers 8 (23) Loss of weight until the beginning of the study
Mean±SD 11.03±9.69 min – max 31.5 – 6.3 ≥10% 15 (63) 10 – 5 % 4 (17) <5% 2 (8) No loss 3 (12) Classification according to BMI Severe thinness 6 (19.4) Moderate thinness 6(19.4) Mild thinness 6 (19.4) Eutrophy 12 (38.7) Preobese or obese 1 (3.2) Classification according to TSF Depletion 21 (60.0) Normal 14 (40.0)
45 46 * Statistically significant (p <0.05), χ² coefficient 47 a Student's t test 48 BMI: body mass index; TSF: triceps skinfold; AMA: arm muscle area; CAGE for alcoholism: criteria that evaluate a suspicion to alcoholism 49 50 When comparing the three periods in the pulmonary TB study subjects (baseline, 30 and 60 days) the negative culture results seem to be associated with the CRP and CRP/albumin results at 30 and 60 days, and the albumin and selenium levels at 60 days. (table 3) No difference was observed between the TB positive and TB negative study group after 30 days for any of these variables. 51 52 53 54 Classification according to AMA Depletion 32 (91.4) Normal 3 (8.6)
55 Table 3. Anthropometric variables, biochemical tests results and serum selenium level in the study group according to bacteriological tests (smears and cultures) and the control group. Caso não esteja visualizando a tabela corretamente acesse a versão online clicando no link a seguir: http://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/sgp/detalhe_simples.asp?cod_fluxo=3915&cod_versao=13286&ObjSubmissao=1&cache=21151 Beginning After 30 days Control n=35 Mean±SD (CI 95%) Total TB Positive at baseline n=35 Mean±SD (CI 95%) TB Negative n=15 Mean±SD (CI 95%) TB Positive n=14 Mean±SD (CI 95%) Total TB Positive at baseline n=35 Mean (CI 95%) BMI (Kg/m2) 25.27±3.59 (24.01– 26.52) 18.21±2.53* (17.28– 19.14) 19.60±2.18* (18.28– 20.92) 19.40±2.46* (17.98– 20.82) 19.49 (18.54 TSF (mm) 12.71±4.99 (10.97– 14.45) 5.11±2.51* (4.25–5.98) 6.28±2.48* (4.91–7.65) 5.87±1.82* (4.82–6.92) 6.13± (5.27 AMA 55.15±12.11 26.10±7.92* 28.54±9.86* 29.07±9.24* 28.74
56 TB: tuberculosis; BMI: Body mass index; TSF: triceps skinfold; AMA: arm muscle area; Alb: albumin; CRP: Creactive protein.; Se: selenium 57 * p<0.05 versus control. 58 † p<0.05 versus Total TB positive in the beginning 59 ‡ p<0.05 positive versus negative 60 †† p<0.05 positive versus Total TB positive in the beginning 61 Tukey test (equal variances), GamesHowell test (different variance) (cm2) (50.98– 59.31) (23.81– 28.82) (23.08– 34.00) (23.74– 34.40) (25.52 Alb (g/dL) 4.86±0.19 (4.79–4.92) 3.64±0.62* (3.43–3.86) 3.99±0.38* (3.78–4.21) 4.02±0.60* (3.65–4.38) 4.02± (3.87 CRP (mg/dL) 0.16±0.16 (0.10–0.22) 6.35±4.12* (4.91–7.79) 2.31±1.88*.† (1.22–3.39) 4.33±3.36* (2.30–6.36) 3.66± (2.49 CRP/alb 0.03±0.03 (0.02–0.05) 1.93±1.58* (1.38–2.48) 0.60±0.52*.† (0.30–0.90) 1.22±1.20* (0.50–1.94) 0.99± (0.64 Se (μg/L) 100.12±12.11 (96.02– 104.22) 80.13±46.92* (64.02– 96.25) 93.55±56.40* (62.32– 124.79) 77.31±40.64* (53.85– 100.78) 88.26 (70.18 106.33)
62 63 Table 4 presents the percentage distribution and results of the biochemical tests results and serum selenium levels according to the bacteriological tests in order to assess the existence of any association. To evaluate the association between the results of bacteriological tests (culture and smear) and serum selenium levels, the pulmonary TB patients were subdivided into subjects with values of selenium ≥ median of the control group and <median of the control group (median = 97.8 mg/L). An association of CRP/albumin and serum selenium levels was observed with negative cultures in the study group at 60 days of antiTB treatment. 64 65 Table 4. Distribution of serum selenium and biochemical tests results of the study group at the beginning of the study and after 30 and 60 days according to the results of bacteriological tests (cultures and smears). Caso não esteja visualizando a tabela corretamente acesse a versão online clicando no link a seguir: http://www.jornaldepneumologia.com.br/sgp/detalhe_simples.asp?cod_fluxo=3915&cod_versao=13286&ObjSubmissao=1&cache=21151
Beginning After 30 days After 60 days
Negative n=0 n (%) Positive n=35 n (%) p value Negative n=15 n (%) Positive n=14 n (%) p value Negative n=23 n (%)
Albumin Below 0 (0.0) 11 (100) 1 (33.3) 2 (66.7) 0.792 2 (100) Normal 0 (0.0) 24 (100) 13 (54.2) 11 (45.8) 19 (63.3) Above 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (50) 1 (50) 2 (100) CRP Normal 0 (0.0) 1 (100) 2 (100) 0 (0.0) 0.617 2 (100) Above 0 (0.0) 34 (100) 13 (50.0) 13 (50.0) 21 (65.6) CRP/alb No risk 0 (0.0) 2 (100) 3 (30.0) 7 (70.0) 0.206 12 (75.0) Low risk 0 (0.0) 11 (100) 5 (50.0) 5 (50.0) 9 (81.8) Medium risk 0 (0.0) 8 (100) 2 (50.0) 2 (50.0) 2 (50.0) High risk 0 (0.0) 13 (100) 3 (100) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) Selenium
66 67 * Statistically significant (p <0.05), χ ²coefficient 68 69 70 71 72 4. Discussion 73 In the present study the clinical characteristics are similar to those described in TB hospitals in developing nations with high rate of alcoholism, smoking habits [15]. 74 The relationship between tuberculosis and malnutrition has been revisited, as malnutrition may predispose to the development of tuberculosis disease and tuberculosis can contribute to malnutrition [16]. In assessing the weight loss of the study group at the beginning of the antiTB treatment an average of 11.03 ± 9.69 kg weight loss was observed, considered even more significant when categorized by percentage of body weight, with 63% of the pulmonary TB patients presenting weight loss ≥ 10%, considered a predisposing factor for tuberculosis [17]. <Median 0 (0.0) 24 (100) 9 (47.4) 10 (52.6) 0.518 12 (54.5) ≥Median 0(0.0) 11 (100) 6 (60.0) 4 (40.0) 11 (91.7)
75 In the present study, the assessment of the nutritional status performed by anthropometric parameters, BMI, TSF and AMA confirmed the depleted nutritional status of the study group as described in the literature [18]. For any infection, there is a complex interplay between host response and microorganism virulence, which modulates the metabolic response and the degree and pattern of tissue loss. In TB patients, reduced appetite, malabsorption of macro and micronutrients, and altered metabolism lead to cachexia [16]. However, no association between nutritional parameters and culture conversion at the end of the 60 days of antiTB treatment was observed. However, we observed that in the pulmonary TB patients low BMI, TSF and AMA persisted after the 60 days of study, even for individuals who had negative culture for mycobacteria. 76 BMI is an indicator of nutrition that has been used regarding the association between nutritional status and TB [19]. The evaluation of the TSF and AMA in patients with TB, however, is less described in the literature. Nevertheless, Schwenk et al. [20] observed differences in lean body mass and fat mass gain after six months of antiTB treatment, thus pointing to the importance of, along with evaluating the overall weight gain, assess whether it is from lean and/or fat body mass. 77 Regarding the biochemical tests conducted, in the pulmonary TB patients an improvement of albumin levels during treatment was observed. The patients with newly diagnosed TB presented lower albumin levels compared to healthy control groups [18]. The same occurred in the present study, with patients during the 60 days of study. In a study in Tanzania, albumin levels of patients with TB also increased significantly after 60 days of antiTB treatment, however equaling themselves to levels found in the control group, at odds with our findings [21]. In another study, conducted in Brazil, TB patients were followedafter for 6 months
and no improvement in albumin levels throughout the study was observed [22]. 78 Higher levels of albumin have been considered predictors of better outcomes in patients with PTB. Albumin has also been identified as an indicator of protein status when TB diagnosis occurs [23]. However, cytokines present during the acute phase response (APR) infection can suppress the synthesis of albumin, thereby reducing circulating levels. Therefore, low albumin levels in patients with active TB is of difficult interpretation without other parameters to assess APR and malnutrition, since low albumin levels may reflect both APR infection and protein deficiency. Thus, the discrepancy between the results of these studies may be due to different nutritional status, intensity of APR presented by the studied populations or to the small number of patients included. 79 Once CRP synthesis is increased in the host systemic response to infection, statistically significant differences were observed between the TBpositive and TB negative study group at baseline, 30 and 60 days, , confirming the association of negative TB results and the reduced CRP levels. 80 Peresi e cols evaluated CRP in a longer length, which carried out an assessment at the baseline of the antiTB treatment, and at 3 and 6 months in patients with PTB. At 3 and 6 months a significant reduction in CRP levels was observed [22]. CRP has been identified as an important indicator in the diagnosis of individuals with suspected TB and smear positive tests [24]. 81 A statistically significant association was also observed in our study between lower CRP/albumin ratio values and negative cultures for mycobacteria. The CRP/albumin ratio was also increased in patients with other APR diseases [14].
82 TB infection is a condition known to induce oxidative substances in the infected organism, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from free radicals. These ROS are associated with dysfunction in pulmonary TB. A way of suppressing these ROS is through the use of antioxidant enzymes, which scavenge free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage. Several of these enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, have selenium as an essential element [25]. Thus, the reduction of micronutrient intake (i.e. vitamins, zinc, selenium) leads to impaired immune responses. 83 Studies show that patients with active TB have depressed blood concentrations of several micronutrients, including selenium [27]. In present study as for selenium, the health subjects showed higher levels compared to the study group at baseline. Among pulmonary TB patients an association was observed between positive mycobacteria cultures in subjects with lower selenium levels, even after 60 days of treatment. Micronutrient deficiency is frequent cause of secondary immunodeficiency and morbidity by related infections, including TB. This trace element has an important role in the maintenance of immune processes and, therefore, may have a fundamental role in defense against mycobacteria. Selenium has been indicated as a significant risk factor for the development of mycobacterial disease in HIVpositive patients [27]. In the study by Ciftci et al. [28] with 22 patients with newly diagnosed smearpositive PTB, a significant difference between selenium in the control and study groups at baseline was described, as we observed in the present study. However, no bacteriological tests were performed 60 days later. In the present study, it is noteworthy that the levels of selenium levels remained lower in the TB positive individuals. In a study conducted in India, Reddy et al. [29] evaluated the circulating concentrations of antioxidant enzymes that have selenium as an essential component and are markers of oxidative stress in patients with PTB. The results showed lower antioxidant potential by
means of low levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione and increased lipid peroxidation (malonaldehyde) in patients with TB. However, the antioxidant potential and selenoenzymes increased with the treatment, as observed in the present study. 84 In another study, conducted in Malawi [30], regarding micronutrient status and anemia among 500 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients (including 370 coinfected with HIV) it was observed that micronutrient deficiencies were common in all patients, with 88% deficient in selenium. These decreased selenium concentrations were also associated with increasing degree of anemia, common in TBpositive individuals. It is thus suggested that selenium deficiency may contribute to anemia via increased oxidative stress, in a TBrelated condition. According to Seyedrezazadeh et al. [5], a 2month intervention with vitamin E and selenium reduces oxidative stress and increases the total antioxidant capacity in patients with treated pulmonary tuberculosis. However, in this study there was no report on the association between selenium supplementation and negative smears or cultures at the end of 2 months of treatment. 85 In summary, in our study, it was observed worse nutritional status according to BMI, TSF and AMA in individuals with PTB but these parameters were not associated with negative cultures at 60 days of anti TB treatment. The relationship between CRP and albumin may be a useful tool for assessing the bacteriological conversion of patients with TB. Besides this, low serum selenium levels after 60 days of treatment are associated with positive results of bacteriological TB tests. These results corroborate studies showing improvement of immune status of TB patients who received selenium supplementation [27,30]. Thus, despite the limitations of small number of TB subjects evaluated, the inclusion of only male patients, these results may suggest that selenium and CRP/albumin ratios can be used as biomarkers of therapeutic response in antiTB
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