Adavigachina Vennela

J_»qQÍz# "≥<≥flÅ

~°K«# :

Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑

`≥Å∞QÆ∞ :

"≥xQÆà◊§ HÀ=∞Å

(K≥·<å =x`«Å "≥`«Å∞)

ADAVI GAACHINA VENNELA (WILD SWANS)

English : JUNG CHANG

Translation into Telugu

VENIGALLA KOMALA

Published : 2007

Rationalist Voice Publications 3-14, A.P. Housing Board Colony, Hyderabad - 500 040. INDIA. Ph : 040-65222712.

Price : Rs. 295/- $20 £10 • 15

© Global Flair Ltd., 1991, 2003 (English Original)

„Ǩ`Œ∞ÅHõ∞ : „Ǩ`Œ∞ÅHõ∞ :„Ǩ`Œ∞ÅHõ∞ : „Ǩ`Œ∞ÅHõ∞ : „Ǩ`Œ∞ÅHõ∞ :

1. JHõ∆O°, N#QõO∑ HßÅh, ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü. á¶È<ü : 23736262. Hß=Ói Ç≤ÏÖòû, Ñí∂^®Ñ¨ÓO∑.

Ñí∂OÕ_ü Ǩe¡, ã≤H˜~„^®ÉÏ^ü.

2. Jâ’H± |∞H± Ãã~@O∑, á¶È<ü : 2476966 Çı∞sÃãìÖÏ¡ HßÖËl Z^°∞O°∞, q[Ü«µÇÍ_». [Qõ^®~| [~Hõ∆<ü, qâÍYǨ@fl~.

3. |∞H±e~H±û, <®O®Ü«µ}Qõ¥_», ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü. á¶È<ü : 27611582 4. #Ç’^°Ü«µ, HßzQõ¥_» „Hßãπ O’_üû, ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü.

5. #=Ü«µ∞Qõ, ã¨∞ÖÏÎ<ü |*ÏO∑, ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü.

6. [#q*Ï˝# ÇıkHõ, z~`ŒÖò |ã‘Î, Mˇ·O°`ÍÉÏ^ü, ÃÇÏ·^°O®ÉÏ^ü. á¶È<ü : 23390460. 7. 2 Hawlings Count, Brookville, MD, USA - 20833.

D.T.P. :

By D. Naga Lakshmi at Center for Inquiry India, Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad. INDIA Printed at :

Kala Jyothi Process Pvt. Ltd., Iftekar Mansion Lane, RTC X Roads, Hyderabad - 500 020. A.P., INDIA.

q+¨Ü«∞ã¨∂zHõ

=¸_»OQÆ∞àÏÅ |OQÍ~°∞ eb¡ ѨÙëêÊÅ∞ ... 01

=∂=¸Å∞ hàı§ ZO`À fÜ«∞QÍ JxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú ... 15

=∞OK«∂HÀ ZO`À PǨ¡^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# „Ѩ^Õâ◊O Jx JO^Œi Jaè„áêÜ«∞O ... 30

"åiHõO@∂ XHõ ^Õâ◊O ÖËx ÉÏxã¨Å∞ ... 46

Ѩk H˜Ö’Å aÜ«∂ºxH˜ J=∂‡~Úx J=Ú‡`åO ... 65

„¿Ñ=∞ QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_»@O ... 86

S^Œ∞ H˘O_» =∂~åæÅ∞ ^•@∞`«∂ ... 117

ZO„ÉÏ~Ú_»s ã≤Å∞¯ ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÖ’¡ WO\˜H˜ uiy~åHõ ... 129

ѨÙ~°∞+¨µ_»∞ JkèHÍ~°OÖ’ LO>Ë, J`«x HÀà◊√§, ‰õΩHõ¯Å∞ ‰õÄ_® ã¨fi~åæxÔHQÆ∞~°∞`å~Ú ... 151 ÉÏ^èŒÅ∞ x#∞fl XHõ =∞Oz Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìQÍ =∂~°∞™êÎ~Ú ... 176 q∞`«"å^Œ∞ʼnõΩ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# „ѨKå~°O `«~°∞"å`« Z=~°∂ <À~°∞ qÑ≤Ê =∂\Ï¡_»ÖË^Œ∞ ... 191 ã¨=∞~°∞÷Öˇ·# P_»"å~°∞ Jxfl Ѩ^•~åúÅ∂ ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å =∞Oz Éè’[#O `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ~°∞ ... 212 "≥~Úº |OQÍ~°∞ lÅ∞QÆ∞Å z#flk ... 240

J=∂‡, <å#fl W^ŒÌ~°∂ ^ŒQÆæ~° "åàı§, Kè≥·~°‡<£ =∂"À =∞s ^ŒQÆæ~°"å_»∞ ... 261 "≥Ú^Œ@ Ѩ_»Q˘@∞ì, uiy x~å‡}O ^•#O`«@ J^Õ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok ... 284 Éèí∂q∞x |^ŒÌÅ∞ KÕã≤ PHÍâßxH˜ Zyã≤Ѩ_»∞ ... 298 =∞# Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ 'ÉÏ¡H±û— J=@O hH˜+¨ì=∂ ? ... 319 Jxfl\˜H© q∞Oz# â◊√Éèí"å~°Î ... 335 ^˘~° `«Å∞K«∞‰õΩO>Ë ^≥|ƒÅ‰õΩ H˘^Œ"å J#fl@∞¡, Z^Œ∞\˜ "åix `«Ñ¨CѨ\ÏìÅ#∞HÀ"åÖË QÍx ™êH∆ͺňHq∞ H˘^Œ= ... 356 ##∞fl <Õ#∞ `åHõ@∞ì ÃÑ@∞ìHÀÖË#∞ ... 380 =∞OK«∞Ö’ xѨCHõ}˜HõÅ∞ WzÛ#@∞¡ ... 412 ‰õÄe Ѩx`À PÖ’K«<å ã¨O㨯~°} ... 438 K«^Œ"Õ¿ãÎ =∞uáÈ~ÚO^Œ#fl K«O^ŒO ... 472 XHõ rq`« HÍÅO PÅ㨺OQÍ Hõ∆=∂Ѩ} HÀ~°∞`«∞<åfl, ^ŒÜ«∞`«Å∞K«∞ ... 506 Ѩi=∞àÏÅ∞ "≥∂ã¨∞H˘zÛ# QÍe ... 526 q^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ HõOѨ٠=∞#‰õΩ WOѨ٠H͉õÄ_»^Œ∞ ... 544

Wk ã¨fi~°æ=∂ ! =∞i #~°HõO WOÔH\Ï¡ LO@∞O^À...? ... 567

Zyi áÈ=\ÏxH˜ áÈ~å@O ... 596

`˘e =∂@

fiHõ "Õà◊Ö’¡ ѨÙã¨ÎHÍÅ∞ K«k"Õ JÅ"å@∞ <åk. JÖÏ K«kq# XHõ ѨÙã¨ÎHõO Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑ ~°K«# '"≥·Öò¤ ™êfi<£û—.

"≥·Öò¤ ™êfi<£û XHõ #=Å HÍ^Œ∞, rq`« K«i„`« HÍ^Œ∞, ^Õâ◊ K«i„`« HÍ^Œ∞, ~å[H©Ü«∞ K«^Œ~°OQÆO HÍ^Œ∞ – HÍx "å@xfl\˜h Ui, ‰õÄiÛ, ™ê#|\˜ì, xQÆ∞æ `ÕeÛ# ѨÙã¨ÎHõO Wk.

~°K«~Ú„u, `«# `«e¡, J=∞‡=∞‡ – =¸_»∞ `«~åÅ =x`«Å rq`«O Wu=$`«ÎOQÍ KÕã¨∞H˘x, JO^Œ∞Ö’ K≥·<å ™ê=∂lHõ, ~å[H©Ü«∞, Pi÷Hõ, ™êO㨯 $uHõ áÈHõ_»Å‰õΩ J^ŒÌO Ѩ\Ïì~°∞.

Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑ J=∞‡=∞‡ K≥·<åÖ’ 'Ѷ¨Óº_»Öò =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ѨÙ\˜ì, LOѨÙ_»∞ Hõ`≥ÎÅ ã¨O㨯 $uÖ’ ÃÑiyOk. P"≥∞ =∞Oz ™êǨÏã≤, ã¨=∞~°∞÷~åÅ∞. „¿Ñ=∂#∞~åQÍÅ#∞ `«#"åiH˜ H˘Å¡¡Å∞QÍ Ñ¨Oz WzÛ# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊.

Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑ `«e¡ JO^ŒQÆ`≥Î, K«^Œ∞=Ù, ã¨O™ê¯~°=Ú#fl nèâße. `«e¡ #∞O_ç ^è≥·~åºhfl, ™ê=∞~åúºhfl ѨÙ}˜H˜ ѨÙK«∞Û‰õΩ#flk. `«b¡, ‰õÄ`«∞à◊√§ W^ŒÌ~°∂ K≥·<å g∞^Œ [áê#∞, ™ÈqÜ«∞Öò Ü«¸xÜ«∞<£ ^Œ∞~å„Hõ=∞}, KåOQ∑–ÔH·–¿+H± P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’ H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑ ѨiáêÅ#, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ìʼnõÄ H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑ "åiH© =∞^茺 [iy# JO`«~°∞º^ŒúO, Jhfl `«@∞ìH˘x xeKå~°∞.

Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑ `«e¡ ÔQiÖÏ¡ b_»ifl „¿Ñq∞Oz ÃÑo¡ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#flk. ÉèÏ~庖Éèí~°Î e^ŒÌ~°∂ =∂"À P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’ ã‘xÜ«∞~°∞ PѶ‘ã¨~°∞¡QÍ J‰õΩOiî`« nHõ∆`À ѨxKÕã≤, =ÚO^≥#fl_»∂ Hõh, qh Z~°∞QÆx ™ê=∂lHõ qѨ¡"åxH˜ ÉÏ@Å∞ "Õâß~°∞.

Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑ K≥·<å Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì Zb\ò ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ ѨÙ\˜ì '=_ç¤Oz# qã¨Îi— J#fl ™ê"≥∞`«QÍ rq`«O „áê~°OaèOKå~°∞. z#fl`«#OÖ’ =∂"À#∞ '^Õ=Ù_»∞ K«„Hõ=iΗQÍ H˘eKå~°∞. HÍx ™êO㨯 $uHõ qѨ¡=O ¿Ñ~°∞`À =∂"À P"≥∞ `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å#∞ Jaèâ◊Oã≤Oz, Ñ‘_çOz, ÖË|~ü HͺOѨÙʼnõΩ ѨOÑ≤ "åi rq`åÅ#∞ <åâ◊#O KÕâß_»∞. `«O„_ç ~å[H©Ü«∞ =uÎ_»∞Å =Å# Ñ≤zÛ"å_»~Ú, z=~°‰õΩ „áê}ÏÅ∞ =kÖÏ_»∞. =∂"À #~°|eHÀi q∞eÜ«∞#¡ =∞Okx J+¨ìHõëêìÅ áêÅ∞ KÕâß_»∞, K«Oáê_»∞.

~°K«~Ú„u Ü«ÚOQ∑KåOQ∑ ã¨fiÜ«∞OQÍ ™êO㨯 $uHõ qѨ¡= x~°O‰õΩâ◊`åfixH˜ Z~° J=Ù`å~°∞. Ç≤Ï=∂ÅÜ«∂Å JOK«∞ʼnõΩ =º=™êÜ«∞ ‰õÄbQÍ "≥àϧ~°∞. Ô~_£QÍ~°∞¤QÍ, ÉË~üѶ¨Ù\ò _®Hõì~°∞QÍ, ZÅ¢H©ì+≤Ü«∞<£QÍ Z<Àfl J=`å~åÖˇuΠѨx KÕâß~°∞. `«e¡, `«O„_ç, J=∞‡=∞‡ #∞O_ç ZO`À <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.

K≥·<å „ˆQ\ò "åÖò "≥#∞Hõ L#fl J=∂Ü«∞Hõ`«fiO, ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO, ~å[ „áê™ê^•Å∞, *ˇ·à◊√§, x~°O‰õΩâ◊`«fiO, áêâ◊qHõ`«, D~嬺 ^ÕfiëêÅ∞, q<åâ◊#O – Jxfl\˜h "Õ∞à◊qOz ZO`À JO^ŒOQÍ D ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl Ü«ÚOQ∑KåOQ∑ =∞eKå~°∞. W^˘Hõ „ѨѨOK«OQÍ, Jxfl ~°OQÆ∞Å HõÅ~ÚHõQÍ `Àã¨∞ÎOk.

Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑ WOw¡+¨µ ÉèÏ+¨#Éèíºã≤Oz |Ü«∞@ „ѨѨOK«O K«∂_®Åx HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ã¨fiÜ«∞OHõ$+≤`À `«# HõÅÅ∞ ™êHÍ~°O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. "≥∞i\ò g∞^Œ ™ê¯Å~ü +≤Ñπ á⁄Ok, W~°∞‰õΩ rq`åxH˜ ã¨fiã≤÷ ѨeH˜ „a@<£ "≥à◊§QÆeQÍ~°∞. JHõ¯_Õ ã≤÷~° Ѩ_®¤~°∞. JÖÏ ã¨OÔHà◊√§ `≥OK«∞‰õΩx ¿ãfiK«Ûù "≥·Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ Ѩܫ∞xOKå~°∞.

D ѨÙã¨ÎHõOÖ’x „ѨHõ$u =~°‚#Å∂, ÉèÏ+¨, ÉèÏ= =ºH©ÎHõ~°} #<åflHõ@∞ì‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. ÅHõ∆Å =∞Ok WOw¡+¨µ áê~î°‰õΩÅ∞ D ~°K«##∞ K«kq P^ŒiOKå~°∞. =∞# `≥Å∞QÆ∞ áê~î°‰õΩʼnõΩ D ѨÙã¨ÎHÍxfl JkOKåÅx J#∞"å^•xH˜ ѨÓ#∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞.

'J_»qQÍz# "≥<≥flÅ— Jx <å=∞Hõ~°}O KÕâß#∞. `≥Å∞QÆ∞ "åi P^Œ~°}‰õΩ <ÀK«∞‰õΩO@∞O^Œx <å Pâ◊.

D ѨÙã¨ÎHõO <å KÕ`« K«kqOz, ##∞fl J#∞"å^•xH˜ ѨÙiH˘eÊ# „j J@∂¡i Jâ’H±QÍiH˜ <å „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ Hõ$`«[˝`«Å∞ `≥Å∞ѨىõΩO@∞<åfl#∞.

H˘xfl Ѩ^•Å q=~°}Ö’ ZO`À ã¨Ç¨ÏHõiOz, J#∞"å^•xfl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOz# #iâ‹\˜ì W#flÜ«∞ºQÍiH˜, „ѨÓѶπ s_çOQ∑ KÕ™êÎ#x =ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛ# Wã¨<åHõ =Ú~°m^èŒ~ü QÍiH˜ <å ^èŒ#º"å^•Å∞ `≥Å∞ѨىõΩO@∞<åfl#∞.

D ~°K«# `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ¿ã`«QÍqOz# "≥xQÆà◊§ HÀ=∞Å, JOÉË^Œ¯~ü FÃÑ<£ Ü«¸x=iû\©, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^Œ∞Ö’ WOw¡+¨µ âßY #∞O_ç 1995Ö’ i>ˇÿ~ü JÜ«∂º~°∞. PO„^èŒ Ü«¸x=iû\©Ö’ WOw¡+¨µ áÈãπì „QÍ_»∞ºÜÕ∞+¨<£ J#O`«~°O (1958) QÆ∞O@∂~°∞ Ãã~ÚO\ò *’ÃãѶπû a.W_ç. HõàÏâßÅÖ’, ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£Ö’x =∂_»áê\˜ ǨÏ#∞=∞O`«~å=Ù ã¨∂¯Å∞Ö’, J#fi~ü LÖò LÅ∞O HõàÏâßÅÖ’, WOw¡+π \©Kü KÕâß~°∞. Ç≤ÏOnÖ’ ‰õÄ_® áÈãπì „QÍ_»∞ºÜÕ∞+¨<£ KÕâß~°∞. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ 5 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ L<åfl~°∞. ZO.Z<£.~åÜü∞ ~°K«# `≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ Ñ≤e¡ P`«‡Hõ^äŒQÍ, `«ã‘¡=∂ #„ã‘<£ #=Å ëÈ^£#∞ K≥Å∞¡‰õΩ K≥Å∞¡QÍ J#∞=kOKå~°∞. P"≥∞ q"åǨÏO P=ÙÅ QÀáêÅ Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎ, P=ÙÅ ™êO|t=~å=ÙÅ P^èŒfi~åº# Ãã‰õΩºÅ~üQÍ 1964Ö’ `≥<åeÖ’ [iyOk. x"åã¨O : ÃÇ·Ï^Œ~åÉÏ^£, WO_çÜ«∂.

zxfl J<Õ =Ú^Œ∞Ì ¿Ñ~°∞`À z#flѨÊ\˜ #∞O_ç PáêºÜ«∞OQÍ Ñ≤Å∞K«∞‰õΩ<Õ <å ‰õΩ=∂Ô~Î #g# ¿ÇÏ=∞O`ü (J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ Ñ≤Å¡Å Ãã·„H˜Ü«∂„\˜ãπì) J#∞Hõ∆}O =∂#= qÅ∞=ŠѨi=∞àÏÅ∞ "≥^Œ[Å∞¡`«∞O_»QÍ, =Úiã≤áÈ`«∂ D `≥Å∞QÆ∞ ¿ã`« JOH˜`«O.

=∂`å`«, [#~°Öò +¨Øº r –ÃÇÏOQ∑ pèѶπ PѶπ áÈbãπ "å~ü–ÖÏ~ü¤ QÆ=~°fl"≥∞O@∞, ÃÑH˜OQ∑Ö’, 1922–1924

(Z_»=∞"≥·Ñ¨Ù) J=∞‡, J=∞‡=∞‡, _®II +≤Ü«∂ (J=∞‡ ã¨=u `«O„_ç) lO*’, 1939. =∞^茺 xÅ|_ç L#fl"å~°∞ _≥–QÆ∂º~Ú, _®II +≤Ü«∂ Ô~O_»= ‰õΩ=∂~°∞_»∞. (‰õΩ_ç"≥·Ñ¨Ù z=~°) _≥QÆ∂º~Ú ‰õΩ=∂~°∞_»∞.

J=∞‡ Hõl<£ Ǩ˙º, J=∞‡‰õΩ "≥#∞Hõ\˜ É’Üü∞ „Ѷ¨O_£, ™êO㨯$uHõ qѨ¡=OÖ’ K«OѨ|_®¤_»∞.

_®II +≤Ü«∂ =∂ J=∞‡ =∞OK«∂HÀ ã¨∂¯Ö’¡

=∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ K≥Öˇ¡Å∞ ÖÏ<£, =∞ik 'ÖÏÜ«∞bì— "åà◊§ ‰õΩ=∂~°∞x`À, 1946, lO*’. J`«#∞ H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑ WO>ˇe[<£ûÖ’ KÕi# H˘`«ÎÖ’.

lO*’ Ѩ@ì} ˆQ@∞ QÆ∞O_® #_»∞ã¨∞Î#fl Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑ·# H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑ x<å^•Å∞ ~åã≤ L<åfl~Ú. lO*’ 1948.

JHÀì|~°∞ 1948, Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ lO*’ g∞^Œ ^ŒO_≥uÎ#ѨC_»∞ e|ˆ~+¨<£ |∂@¡g∞^Œ, =∞# ^Õâßxfl ~°H˜∆OK«O_ç (Z_»=∞"≥·Ñ¨Ù#)

J=∞‡, <å#fl XHõѨÊ\˜ H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑ =ÚYº Ѩ@ì}O <å<£lOQ∑Ö’. ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞ 1949, =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂ #∞O_ç ã≤K«∞P<£ „Ѩܫ∂}OÖ’. W^ŒÌ~°∂ Hõ=¸ºxã¨∞ì Ü«¸xá¶êOÖ’ L<åfl~°∞. 1953Ö’ "Õ∞=Ú K≥OQ∑_»∂ KÕi#ѨC_»∞ J=∞‡, <å#fl, J=∞‡=∞‡ +≤Ü«∂"À– ǨOQ∑`À, <Õ#∞, <å‰õΩ áêezÛ# #~°∞û. 1958Ö’ J=∞‡ Wa<£ =^Œe áÈ`«∞#flѨC_»∞ g_À¯Å∞ áêsì. ("≥#Hõ Z_»=∞) <å#fl z#fl K≥Öˇ¡Å∞, J=∞‡ (=ÚO^Œ∞) – <å#fl=∞‡, <Õ#∞, J=∞‡=∞‡, +≤Ü«∂"À ǨOQ∑, l<£–q∞OQ∑, Ü«Ú<£–WOQ∑ J`«Î.

J=∞‡=∞‡`À <Õ#∞ (i|ƒ#¡`À, Ô~O_Õà◊§ =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’), l<£ q∞OQ∑. J=∞‡ +≤Ü«∂"À ¿ÇÏ`À, ѨHõ¯# +≤Ü«∂"À ǨOQ∑ 1954 z=~À¡, K≥OQ∑_»∂Ö’.

=∞OK«∂iÜ«∂ #∞O_ç ã≤K«∞P<£ =∂ <å#fl „Ѩܫ∂}OÖ’. 1949 z=~À¡.

J=∞‡ ã‘ÊKü Wã¨∞Î#flk. K≥OQ∑_»∂ 1958 Pˆ~à◊§ =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’ J=∞‡, +≤Ü«∂"À ǨOQ∑, l<£ q∞OQ∑, +≤Ü«∂"À ¿ÇÏ, <Õ#∞, á¶⁄\’ ǨÏ_®=Ù_çQÍ fã≤#k, J=∞‡ `«Å^Œ∞=ÙfiHÀÖË^Œ∞. <å#fl <å#=∞‡‰õΩ K«∂Ѩ\ÏxH˜ á¶⁄\’#∞ Wa<£ fã¨∞ÔHà◊√`«∞<åfl~°∞.

JHõ¯, +≤Ü«∂"À ǨOQ∑ (Z_»=∞), +≤Ü«∂"À ¿ÇÏ ("≥#∞Hõ) <Õ#∞, l<£ q∞OQ∑ (‰õΩ_ç"≥·Ñ¨Ù#) D á¶È\’ fã≤# H˘`«ÎÖ’<Õ Hõ~°∞=Ù =zÛOk. <å#fl Hõ~°∞=Ù „áêO`åÖ’¡ Ѩ#∞Ö’¡ LO_Õ"å~°∞.

#=O|~°∞ 1966 clOQ∑Ö’ (\˜<åq∞<£ ¿ã¯ fi~ü) ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞, Z~Ú~ü á¶È~üû PѶ‘ã¨~°∞¡, =∂‰õΩ „>ˇ~ÚxOQ∑ WKÕÛ ¢ã‘Î. <Õ#∞ (Ô~O_»=^•xfl – Z_»=∞ #∞O_ç, KÕuH˜ P~ü‡ ÉϺO_£† Öˇx<£ *ÏÔH\ò (J=∞‡k) JO^Œi KÕ`«∞Ö’¡ e\˜Öò Ô~_£ |∞H± L#flk. ѨÙã¨ÎHõO JÖψQ Ѩ@∞ìHÀ"åe.

=∂ <å#fl á¶⁄\’. ™êO㨯 $uHõ qѨ¡"åxH˜ =ÚO^Œ∞ – 1966 <å#fl q∞~Ú HͺOѨÙÖ’ 1971 `«=Ú‡_»∞ l<£ q∞OQ∑ J=∞‡ `«#∞ <å\˜# "≥ÚHõ¯*Á#fl KÕ#∞ =ÚO^Œ∞, |Ѷ¨Ö’ É’Üü∞ á¶ê¡\òÖÏO_£ HͺOѨ٠– 1971.

J=∞‡=∞‡ `«=Ú‡_»∞ Ü«¸–e<£, `«# ‰õΩ@∞OÉO`À 10 ã¨OIIÅ∞ Ñ¨Öˇ¡Ö’ "≥e"Õã≤# rq`«O `«~°∞"å`«, ™⁄O`« WO\˜ =ÚO^Œ∞. Ѩ^Õà◊§ `«~°∞"å`« J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ ѨOÑ≤# á¶⁄\’. J=∞‡=∞‡ K«xáÈ~Ú JѨÊ\˜H˜ Pˆ~à◊§~ÚO^Œx "åiH˜ `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞.

[#=i 1969, K≥OQ∑_»∂Ö’ – =∞=∞‡efl Ç≤Ï=∂ÅÜ«∂Å JOK«∞ʼnõΩ `«iq∞`Õ, "Õ∞=Ú |Ü«∞Å∞^Õˆ~=ÚO^Œ∞ J=∞‡=∞‡, J`«Î Ü«ÚOQ∑–WOQ∑`À – (ÃÑ· =~°∞ã)¨ JHõ¯, <Õ#∞, `«=Ú‡à◊√§, J=∞‡=∞‡`À z#fl`«=Ú‡_»∞.

"≥∞+≤#s á¶êºHõìsÅ∞, ZÖˇ¢H©ì+≤Ü«∞#¡ \©=Ú`À (=ÚO^Œ∞ =~°∞㨠=∞^茺֒) <Õ#∞, K≥·<å ÉèÏ+¨Ö’ ~åã≤ L#flk. 'Ü«ÚOQ∑ KåOQ∑ Ü«¸x=iû\©H˜ "≥à◊√`«∞#fl ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ g_À¯Å∞, 27 ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞ 1973 – ZÅ¢H©ì+≤Ü«∞<£ '=~ü¯\©"£∞—

Ps‡ „>ˇ~ÚxOQ∑ – ã≤K«∞P<£ Ü«¸x=iû\© q^•ºi÷QÍ L#flѨC_»∞ ("≥#∞Hõ =~°∞㨠‰õΩ_ç #∞O_ç Ô~O_»=^•xfl) Ѷ≤+π–"å@~ü \ϺOH± (JO>Ë Ps‡H˜, „Ѩ[ʼnõΩ QÆÅ ã¨O|O^èŒO Jx `≥Å∞ѨÙ`«∞Ok) WOw¡+¨µ HÍ¡ãπ–1, á¶êi<£ ÖÏOˆQfi*ò _çáê~üì"≥∞O\ò ã≤K«∞ P<£ Ü«¸x=iû\©, 27 #=O|~°∞ 1974.

HÍ¡ã¨∞ HÍ„"Õ∞_£û, Ѷ≤eÑ‘Ê<À <åq‰õΩx`À, ~°≠Ï<£ lÜ«∂OQ∑, JHÀì|~°∞ 1975. <Õ#∞ 1978 K≥·<å g_çáÈHõ =ÚO^Œ∞ <Õ#∞ =∂\Ï¡_çOk q^Õj <åq‰õΩÅ`À =∂„`«"Õ∞

HÍ¡ã¨∞ "åi`À (=ÚO^Œ∞ =~°∞ã¨, Z_»=∞ #∞O_ç, =¸_»∞) ã≤K«∞P<£ Ü«¸x=iû\© ˆQ@∞, K≥OQ∑_»∂, 1975.

<å#fl â◊=Ü«∂„`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞, J=∞‡#∞ Ѩ@∞ìH˘x (‰õΩ_ç"≥·Ñ¨Ù#) l<£–q∞OQ∑`À. (Z_»=∞) K≥OQ∑–~¸ (ÃãÊH±û) +≤Ü«∂"À–á¶êOQ∑, +≤Ü«∂"À–¿ÇÏ (Z~Ú~üá¶È~üû

<å#fl "≥∞"≥∂iÜ«∞Öò ã¨sfiã¨∞Ö’ – (‰õΩ@∞O|O`À, ‰õΩ_ç"≥·Ñ¨Ù# <åÅ∞QÆ∞) XHõ PѶ‘ã¨~°∞ áêsì ã‘ÊKü K«^Œ∞=Ù`«∞<åfl_»∞. (K≥OQ∑_»∂, 21 U„Ñ≤Öò, 1975) P ã‘ÊKü KåÖÏ qâı+¨"≥∞ÿOk. <å#fl áÈ~Ú<å, Jk <å#fl QÆ∞iOz áêsì qâı¡+¨} – =∂ JO^Œi Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î#∞ x~°‚~Úã¨∞ÎOk. <å#fl ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞Å∞, `À\˜ L^ÀºQÆ∞Å∞, â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ∂ JO^Œ~°∂ Hõeã≤ (Ѷ¨Ùº#~°Öò Hõq∞\©) U~åÊ@∞ KÕã≤# "≥∞"≥∂iÜ«∞Öò ã¨sfiãπ – 500 =∞Ok Ǩ[~°Ü«∂º~°∞. ѨHõ¯# ÃÑ\˜ì# s^ä£Å Ãã·A ‰õÄ_® Hõq∞\© ~°∂Å∞ „ѨHÍ~°O x~°‚~ÚOzO^Õ.

™ê^è•~°} q∞e@s JkèHÍiH˜ LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥Î

(1909–1933)

=∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ 15 Uà◊§ „áêÜ«∞OÖ’<Õ ™ê^è•~°} áÈbã¨∞ JkèHÍiH˜ LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎQÍ "≥o§Ok. JѨC_»∞ K≥·<å „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO |ÅÇ‘Ï#OQÍ LO_Õk. Jk 1924. K≥·<å JÅ¡HõÖ’¡ÅOQÍ L#flk. =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ x"åã¨=ÚO_Õ =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂`Àáê@∞ J<ÕHõ „áêO`åÅÖ’ z#fl z#fl q∞Å@s PѶ‘ã¨~°¡ ѨiáêÅ# LO_Õk. =∂=Ú`åÎ`« J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎQÍ Ñ¨O¿Ñ U~åÊ@∞ KÕâß~°∞. J`«<˘Hõ áÈbã¨∞ L^Àºy. =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂H˜ <≥·~°∞u k‰õΩ¯QÍ L#fl W+≤Ü«∂<£Ö’ LO_Õ"å~°∞. Jk ÃÑH˜OQ∑‰õΩ 250 "≥∞ÿà◊§ ^Œ∂~°OÖ’ Dâß#º k‰õΩ¯Ö’ L#flk.

K≥·<åÖ’x KåÖÏ Ñ¨@ì}ÏÅ =∂kiQÍ W+≤Ü«∂<£ HÀ@ÖÏQÍ Hõ@ì|_çOk. \ÏOQ∑ =Oj‰õΩÅ (Z._ç.618–907) <å\˜ #∞O_ô P Ѩ@ì}O K«∞@∂ì 30 J_»∞QÆ∞Å Z`«∞Î, 12 J_»∞QÆ∞Å "≥_»Å∞ÊQÆÅ QÀ_» L#flk. JO`«~°æ`«OQÍ 16 z#fl HÀ@Å∞ L<åfl~Ú. <åÅ∞QÆ∞ "≥·Ñ¨ÙÖÏ ˆQ@∞¡ xi‡OKå~°∞. K«∞@∂ì Ö’`«∞QÍ HõO^ŒHõO L#flk.

1

ÃÑ^ŒÌ QÆO@ ã¨÷OÉèíO L#flk. „Ѩ=∂^Œ ã¨∂zHõQÍ, =~°^ŒÅ∞, Jyfl „Ѩ=∂^•ÅѨC_»∞ QÆO@ "≥∂yOKÕ"å~°∞.

=∂ =Ú`«Î=fi Ü«∂OQ∑–~°∞–ëê<£ 1894Ö’ ѨÙ\˜ìOk. JѨÊ\˜ K≥·<å K«„Hõ=iÎ ÃÑH˜OQ∑ #∞O_ç áêeOKÕ"å_»∞. 1644Ö’ =∞OK«∞ ~å[‰õΩ@∞O|O K≥·<å#∞ ÔQÅ∞K«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. Ü«∂OQ∑Å∞ Ǩ<£ K≥·hÜ«ÚÅ∞. J=HÍâßÅ∞ "≥`«∞‰õΩ¯O@∂ K≥·<å QÀ_» (China wall_{) L`«Î~°Ñ¨Ù "≥·Ñ¨Ù ™êQÍ~°∞.}

=∂ =Ú`åÎ`« UÔH·Hõ ã¨O`å#O, ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ JkèHõ „áê=ÚYº`« =Ç≤ÏOKå_»∞. H˘_»∞ˆH XHõ =Oâßxfl =$kú KÕÜ«∞QÆÅ_»∞ J<Õk K≥·hÜ«ÚÅ #=∞‡HõO. =∂ =Ú`åÎ`« =∞Oz |_çÖ’ K«^Œ∞=Ù‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. ѨsHõ∆Å∞ áêã¨~Ú "Õ∞O_»i<£ (PѶ‘ã¨~°∞) HÍ"åÅ<Õ^Õ PÜ«∞# ^èպܫ∞O. JѨÊ\’¡ K≥·<å JÉσ~ÚÅ ^èպܫ∞O J^Õ. PѶ‘ã¨~°∞ Ǩϟ^•, _»|∞ƒ ã¨O`«iOz ÃÑ_»∞`«∞Ok. P Ô~O_Õ "åix ^Œ∞~åQÆ`åÅ #∞O_ç, |Å=O`«∞Å #∞O_ç ~°H˜∆OK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`åÜ«∞x "åi #=∞‡HõO. JHõ¯_» <åºÜ«∞ =º=ã¨÷ Ѩ\˜+¨ìOQÍ ÖËHõáÈ=\Ï# Ç≤ÏO㨠„Ѩ|Å∞`«∞O_Õk. Ü«∂OQ∑ `«O„_ç `«# H˘_»∞‰õΩ#∞ ‰õΩ@∞O| "åºáê~°OÖ’H˜ kOK«ÖË^Œ∞. ZO`À Hõ+¨ìѨ_ç H˘_»∞‰õΩx K«kqOKå_»∞. ÃѶÖòì (|@ì) `«Ü«∂s "åºáê~°O J`«xk. P_»"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_® QÆ∞_ç¤ náêÅ "≥Å∞QÆ∞Ö’ J~°÷~å„u ^•Hõ ‰õΩ@∞ìѨx ™êyOz _»|∞ƒ ‰õÄ_»Éˇ>Ëì"å~°∞. W^ŒO`å J`«xfl K«kqOKÕ xq∞`«ÎO KÕ¿ã"å~°∞. pHõ\˜Ö’ ‰õΩ@∞ìѨx KÕã≤# P ‰õΩ@∞O| ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ ^Œ$+≤ìx áÈQ˘@∞ì‰õΩ#fl ã¨O^Œ~åƒùÅ∞<åfl~Ú. "åiH˜ Ѩiq∞uH˜ q∞Oz# QÆO@Å∞ ѨxKÕã≤# =¸ÅOQÍ "Õà◊√§ "åzáÈÜ«∂~Ú.

=∂ =Ú`åÎ`« Ü«∂OQ∑H˜ 14= U@ `«#HõO>Ë Pˆ~à◊√§ ÃÑ^•Ìq_»`À q"åǨÏO [iyOk. ÉèÏ~°º Éèí~°Î Jaè=$kúH˜ `À_»Ê@O P"≥∞ Hõ~°Î=ºOQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ"å~°∞.

=∂ =Ú`«Î=fi rq`«O ÅHõ∆ÖÏk K≥·<å P_»"åi rq`«O ÖÏO\˜^Õ. P"≥∞ `Àà◊§ Ѩi„â◊=∞ ‰õΩ@∞O|O '=Ó— #∞O_ç =zÛOk. P"≥∞ "Õ∞^ä•=ÙÅ, JkèHÍ~°O QÆÅ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ K≥Ok#k HÍ^Œ∞. P"≥∞‰õΩ „Ѩ`ÕºHõOQÍ ¿Ñ~°∞ ÖË^Œ∞. WO\’¡ Ô~O_»= ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞ QÆ#∞Hõ 'Ô~O_»= <≥O|~°∞ J=∂‡~Ú— Jx Ñ≤eKÕ"å~°∞. `«O„_ç P"≥∞ Ѩã≤`«#OÖ’ K«xáÈQÍ Ñ≤#`«O„_ç ÃÑOKå_»∞. PHÍÅOÖ’ „¿Ñ=∞ q"åǨÅ∞ ã≤QÆ∞æ KÕ@∞ J#∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ =∞K«Û `≥™êÎÜ«∞<Õ"å~°∞. Ô~O_»∞ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏÅ =∞^茺 J=QÍǨÏ#`À ÃÑo§à◊√§ [iˆQq. q"åǨ#O`«~°O ÉèÏ~°º, Éèí~°Î =∞^茺 ã¨Yº`«, „¿Ñ=∞ J^Œ$+¨ìOQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ"å~°∞. 14 Uà◊§ =∂ =Ú`åÎ`« WOHÍ Ñ¨ã≤"å_»∞QÍ<Õ LO_»\Ï# ÉèÏ~°º QÆkÖ’H˜ áÈ=\ÏxH˜ "≥#∞HÍ_®_»∞. `«e¡ ^ŒQÆæ~° x„^ŒáÈ`«∞#fl J`«xfl ÉèÏ~°º ^ŒQÆæ~° `≥zÛ =kÖÏ~°∞. `«##∞ `å#∞ ã¨OÉÏoOK«∞HÀÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å a_»¤Å `«O„_ç JÜ«∂º_»x J`«x ÉèÏ~°º JO@∞O_Õk. "åi ÃÑO_ç¡ J~Ú# ã¨O=`«û~åxˆH =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ ѨÙ\˜ìOk. (1909 "Õã¨qÖ’) P"≥∞ `«# `«e¡HõO>Ë "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·# ã≤÷uÖ’ LO_»\Ï# P"≥∞‰õΩ Ü«Ú–á¶êOQ∑ Jx <å=∞Hõ~°}O KÕâß~°∞. 'Ü«Ú— JO>Ë Ñ¨K«Û~å~Ú (Jade_{) Jx. P `«~°OÖ’}

ѨÙ\˜ì# "å~°O^ŒiH© P ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ>Ëì"å~°∞. á¶êOQ∑ JO>Ë 'ã¨∞QÆO^èŒ Ñ¨Ù+¨ÊO— Jx J~°÷O. P"≥∞ ѨÙ>Ëì <å\˜H˜ K≥·<å Ѩiã≤÷u xÅHõ_»QÍ ÖË^Œ∞. 260 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ∞ ѨiáêeOz# =∞OK«∞ ~åK«iHõO gy áÈ`«∂ L#flk.1894–95Ö’ [áê<£ "å~°∞ K≥·<å "åiÃÑ· ^ŒO_≥uÎ =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂#∞ ÔQÅ∞K«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. 1900Ö’ K≥ň~y# É’Hõû~ü *ÏfÜ«∞ qѨ¡"åxfl Zxq∞k ^ÕâßÅ q^Õj Ãã·#ºO Hõeã≤ J}z"Õâß~°∞. [áê<£, ~°ëêº =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂Ö’ Ü«Ú^ŒúO KÕÜ«∞QÍ (1904–05) [áê<£ q[Ü«∞O ™êkèOz =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂Ö’ |Ü«∞@ #∞Oz =zÛ# Ju ÃÑ^ŒÌ â◊H˜ÎQÍ xezOk.

1911Ö’ 5 ã¨O=`«û~åÅ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ûQÆÅ K«„Hõ=iÎ 'ѨÓ~Ú—x F_çOz QÆ}`«O„`åxfl, ã¨<£–Z\ò–¿ã<£ `å`å¯eHõ JkèѨuQÍ U~°Ê~°Kå~°∞.

P H˘`«Î ѨiáêÅ# ã¨fiÅÊ HÍÅOÖ’<Õ gyáÈ~Ú ^Õâ◊O ѨÅ∞ =Ú‰õ¯Å∞QÍ q_çáÈ~ÚOk. =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂ =ÚYºOQÍ ^≥|ƒu#flk. [áê<£"å~°∞ `«=∞ PkèѨ`«ºO H˘#™êyOz ѨÅ∞ „áêO`åÅ#∞ P„Hõq∞OK«™êQÍ~°∞. ^ÕjÜ«ÚÅ â◊H˜ÎÜ«Ú‰õΩÎÅ∞ L_çyáÈ~Ú JkèHÍ~°O áÈ™êyOk. hu xÜ«∞=∂ʼnõΩ uÖ’^ŒHÍÅ∞ =^Œe _»|∞ƒ#fl"å~°∞ ÅOKåezÛ ÃÑ^ŒÌ áÈã¨∞ìÅ∞ ã¨OáêkOKå~°∞. =∂ =Ú`åÎ`« |OQÍ~°O, "≥O_ç =O\˜ qÅ∞"≥·# |Ǩï=∞`«∞Å∞ WK«∞ÛHÀÖËx"å_»∞ Hõ#∞Hõ W+≤Ü«∂<£Ö’ z#fl áÈbã¨∞ L^ÀºQÍxfl q∞Oz ÃÑ·ÔH^ŒQÆÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»∞. PÜ«∞# `«# ‰õΩ=∂Ô~Î#∞ J_»¤O ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx ÃÑ·H˜ Z^ŒQÍÅx áê¡#∞¡ "Õâß_»∞.

=∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ JO^ŒQÆ`≥Î. "≥∞i¿ã K«~°‡O, #Å¡x ‰õΩ~°∞Å∞, ÃÑ·H˜ <≥=∞‡k JxÑ≤Oz<å Ö’Ö’# ZO`À á⁄Oy á⁄~°ÖË L`åûǨÏO Hõey LO_Õk. 5 J_»∞QÆ∞Å 3 JOQÆ∞àÏÅ Z`«∞Î, K«Hõ¯x Éèí∞*ÏÅ`À K«∂Ѩ~°∞Å#∞ PHõi¬OKÕk.

P"≥∞ áê^•Å∞ |OkèOѨ|_ç LO_Õq. K≥·<å ¢ã‘ÎH˜ zxfl áê^•Å∞ PHõ~°¬}. "å\˜<Õ =¸_»OQÆ∞àÏÅ eb¡Ñ¨ÓÅO\Ï~°∞. #_»∞ã¨∞ÎO>Ë QÍeH˜ Ô~ѨÔ~ѨÖÏ_Õ fQÆÖÏ LO_Õk. JÖÏO\˜ #_»Hõ =∞QÆ"åiÖ’ HÀiHõ [xOѨKÕã¨∞ÎO^ŒO\Ï~°∞ K≥·hÜ«ÚÅ∞.

P"≥∞ áê^•Å∞ P"≥∞‰õΩ =¸_Õà◊§ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ #∞O_ç Hõ\˜ì ÃÑ>Ëì"å~°@. P"≥∞ `«e¡ áê^•Å∞ ‰õÄ_® JÖÏ<Õ LO_Õ=@. á⁄_»"å\˜ `≥Å¡\˜ |@ì`À, ÉÁ@# "ÕÅ∞ =ke q∞QÆ`å "Õà◊§#∞ Ö’xH˜ =∞_çz K«∞>Ëì"å~°∞. áê^ŒO g∞^Œ |~°∞"≥·# ~å~Ú ÃÑ\˜ì <˘ˆH¯"å~°∞. =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ ÉÏ^èŒ`À J~°∞ã¨∞ÎO>Ë <À\˜Ö’ |@ì‰õΩH˜¯ T~°∞HÀɡ>Ëì"å~°@. ÉÏ^èŒ`À =¸~°ÛùáÈÜÕ∞^Œ@.

ÃÑ· „Hõ`«∞=Ù KåÖÏ Uà◊√§ #_çzOk. "Õà◊√§ qiy<å ~å„uO|=à◊√§ =∞O^Œáê\˜ |@ì`À áê^•Å∞ |OkèOz LOKÕ"å~°∞. =ke`Õ áê^•Å∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`åÜ«∞x ÉèíÜ«∞O. JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# áê^•Å∞ ÖˉõΩO>Ë Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î P"≥∞‰õΩ ÉÏQÍ LO_»^Œ<Õk "åà◊§=∞‡. P"≥∞ ‰õÄ_® a_»¤`Àáê@∞ U_çÛ<å, a_»¤ =∞OzˆH JÖÏ KÕÜ«∂eû=ã¨∞Î#fl^Œx P"≥∞#∞ ã¨=Ú^•~ÚOKÕk.

P_»Ñ≤Å¡ ÃÑo§ `«~°∞"å`« Éèí~°Î WO\˜H˜ ~åQÍ<Õ J`«ÎQÍ~°∞ HÀ_»e áê^•Å∞ =ÚO^Œ∞ ѨsH˜∆ã¨∞ÎOk. áê^•Å∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ"≥·`Õ P"≥∞‰õΩ Dã¨_çOѨ٠Z^Œ∞~°=Ù`«∞Ok. ã¨=∂[OÖ’ Q“~°=O `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok.

Jã¨Å∞ áê^•Å∞ |OkèOKÕ Ñ¨^Œúu "Õ~Ú ã¨O=`«û~åÅ „H˜`«O K«„Hõ=iÎQÍi LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥Î XHÍ"≥∞ „áê~°OaèOzO^Œ@. =∞QÆ"å~°∞ z~°∞áê^•Å`À P_»∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. ~å„u Hõ@∞ì qÑ≤Ê<å ã≤Å∞¯ |∂@∞¡ "Õã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞, =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»@O <å‰õΩ QÆ∞~°∞Î. ëêÑ≤OQ∑ #∞Oz ~åQÍ<Õ Hõ@∞¡ qÑ≤Ê áê^•Å#∞ "Õ_ç hà◊§Ö’ LOz LѨâ◊=∞#O á⁄O^Õk. Z=ÚHõÅ∞ qiy# ÉÏ^èŒ, QÀà◊√§ â◊s~°OÖ’H˜ K˘K«∞Û‰õΩáÈ~Ú ÉÏ^èŒ ÉèíiOK«~åxkQÍ LO_Õk.

Jã¨Å∞ áê^•Å∞ |OkèOKÕ PKå~°O =∞~°∞ÔQ· áÈÜÕ∞@ѨC_Õ =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ áê^•Å∞ Hõ@ì@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ~ÚOk. 1917Ö’ P"≥∞ K≥Öˇ¡Å∞ ѨÙ>Ëì<å\˜H˜ P Ѩ^Œúu =∂<Õâß~°∞. P"≥∞H˜ P #~°HõO `«Ñ≤ÊOk.

=∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ W+≤Ü«∂<£Ö’ ÃÑiˆQ ~ÀAÖ’¡ zxfl áê^•Å∞ WOHÍ JO^ŒO J<Õ ^Œ$+≤ì H˘#™êyOk. =∂ =Ú`åÎ`« P"≥∞#∞ ÃÇ·ÏHÍ¡ã¨∞ ¢ã‘ÎQÍQÍh, ¿Ñ~°∞ á⁄Ok# ~å[#~°ÎH˜QÍ QÍh K«∂_®Å<Õ PHÍOHõ∆ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. JÖÏ LO_®ÅO>Ë K«^Œ∞=Ù

J=ã¨~°O. P"≥∞#∞ P_»Ñ≤Å¡Å |_çH˜ ѨOÑ≤OKå_»∞. P"≥∞ K≥·hãπ Kè≥ãπ, =∂ Ü≥∂OQ∑ 'QÀ— P@Å∞ P_Õk. „_®~ÚOQ∑, ZO„ÉÏ~Ú_»s KÕ¿ãk. P"≥∞ "Õ∞O_»i<£ ÉÏ`«∞Å _ç*ˇ·#∞ W+¨ìOQÍ ‰õΩ>Ëìk. P ÉÏ`«∞Å∞ ZѨC_»∂ hà◊§Ö’ [O@QÍ D^Œ∞`«∂ „¿Ñ=∞‰õΩ ã¨OˆH`åÅ∞QÍ LO_Õq. 'H˜fi<£— J<Õ ã¨Ow`« "å~Ú^ŒºO <Õ~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl^•"≥∞. =∂+¨ì~°∞ =zÛ <ÕiÊOKÕ"å_»∞.

P"≥∞‰õΩ 15 Uà◊√§ =ã¨∞ÎO>Ë P"≥∞ `«O„_ç `˘O^Œ~°Ñ¨_»™êQÍ_»∞ P"≥∞ |OQÍ~°∞ Éèíq+¨º`«∞Î QÆ∞iOz. 1924Ö’ [#~°Öò +¨Øº–l–ÃÇÏOQ∑ "≥∞„\’áÈe@<£ áÈbã¨∞ =º=ã¨÷Ö’ W<£ûÃÑHõì~ü [#~°ÖòQÍ W+≤Ü«∂<£ =KåÛ_»∞.

+¨Øº–l–ÃÇÏOQ∑ ÃÑH˜OQ∑H˜ `«∂~°∞Ê f~å# Å∞ÖÏOQ∑Ö’ [x‡OKå_»∞. `«O„_ç |_çѨO`«∞Å∞. J`«#∞ JO^ŒQÍ_»∞. K«∂Ѩ~°∞Å<åHõ@∞ìH˘<Õ"å_»∞. J`«#∞ K«Hõ¯x KÕu„"å`« (Caligraphy_{) xѨÙ}∞_»∞. Jk "≥∞zÛ XHõ Ãã·<åºkèѨu–[#~°Öò"åOQ∑ J`«_çx}

`«# ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞‰õΩ_»∞QÍ xÜ«∞q∞OKå_»∞. J`«#∞ `«# Ѩx`«#O x~°∂Ñ≤OK«∞H˘x `«fi~°QÍ Ñ¨^À#flu á⁄O^•_»∞. =∞OQÀeÜ«∂ JO`«~åƒùQÆOÖ’ K≥ň~y# q„^ÀǨÏK«~°ºx JiHõ\˜ì [#~°Öò "åOQ∑ =∞#fl#Å`Àáê@∞ ÃÑ· Ѩ^Œq á⁄Ok ZO`À ^èŒ#O, Pã≤Î ã¨OáêkOKå_»∞. `«# H˘~°‰õΩ Å∞ÖÏOQ∑Ö’ 81 QÆ^Œ∞Å =∞Ǩ ™œ^è•xfl xi‡OK«∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞ „Ѩ*Ï Ñ¨#∞Å (Public Works_{) „ѨuxkèQÍ.}

[#~°Öò +¨Øº ÃÑH˜OQ∑ J^茺‰õ∆Ω_»∞ bx Ѩ^ŒgK«∞º`«∞}˜‚ KÕã≤ JkèHÍ~åxfl ǨÏã¨ÎQÆ`«O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. ™ê^è•~°} ZxflHõÅ ¿Ñ~°∞`À ÉÏQÍ ÅOKåÅ∞ QÆ∞Ñ≤Ê \Ï"À‰õΩ<£x J^茺‰õ∆ΩxQÍ Z#∞fl‰õΩ<Õ U~åÊ@∞ KÕâß_»∞. Q˘Ñ¨Ê"åi LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎÅ∞ 17=∞Okx „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ã¨ÅǨ^•~°∞Å∞QÍ xÜ«∞q∞OѨKÕâß_»∞. P L^ŒO`«O`À ZxflHõÅÖ’

ZO`«QÀÖò=∂Öò KÕÜ«∞=KÀÛ `ÕeO^Œx, K≥·<åÖ’ „Ѩ*Ï™êfi=∞ºO ѨxKÕÜ«∞^Œx ÉèÏqOKå~°∞.

`«^Œ∞Ѩi "Õã¨qÖ’ [#~°Öò +¨Øº W+≤Ü«∂<£ ã¨O^Œi≈OKå_»∞. J`«xHõHõ¯_» ^è•#ºÑ¨Ù y_»¤OQÆ∞Å∞, ÃÑ^ŒÌ ÃÑ^ŒÌ ëêѨÙÅ∞ L<åfl~Ú. W+≤Ü«∂<£Ö’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ É∫^Œú QÆ∞_ç L#flk. JO`å K≥Hõ¯`À =O^Œ J_»∞QÆ∞Å Z`«∞ÎQÍ Hõ@ì|_çOk P QÆ∞_ç. JHõ¯_çH˜ [#~°Öò +¨Øº ~åHõ ã¨O^Œ~°ƒùOQÍ Ü«∂OQ∑ `«# JO^Œ"≥∞ÿ# ‰õÄ`«∞ifl JHõ¯_» „Ѩ"Õâ◊ÃÑ\Ïì_»∞. P"≥∞ |∞^Œ∞úx q„QÆǨÏO =ÚO^Œ∞ "≥∂Hõie¡ „áêi÷ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ U~åÊ@∞ [iyOk. P"≥∞ JO^ŒO, z#fl áê^•Å∞ [#~°Öòx PHõi¬OKå~Ú.

`«~°∞"å`« Ü«∂OQ∑ KåÖÏ Y~°∞ÛHÀiÛ käÜÕ∞@~üÖ’ <å@HõO U~åÊ@∞ KÕã≤ [#~°Öò +¨Øºx =ÚMº JukäQÍ PǨfixOKå~°∞. JHõ¯_» <å@HõO =Úyã≤# `«~°∞"å`« K≥·<å P@–ÖÏO`«~°∞¡–á⁄_»∞Ѩ٠Hõ^äŒÅ∞ P_»`å~°∞. ¿ÑѨ~°∞`À KÕã≤# ÖÏO`«~°¡g∞^Œ J<ÕHõ á⁄_»∞ѨÙHõ^äŒÅ∞ ~åã≤ LO\Ï~Ú. Jq qÑ≤Ê#"å~°∞ q*Ë`«Å∞. =∞QÆ"åiÖ’ [#~°Öò +¨Øº, P_»"åiÖ’ =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ q*Ë`«Å∞. P"≥∞ H˜fi<£ "å~Ú^ŒºO`À áê@Å∞ qxÑ≤OzOk. [#~°Öò +¨ØºH˜ Jk=~°ˆH q"åǨÏO J~Ú#O^Œ∞# =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ „Ѩ`ÕºHõ ™ê÷#O QÆÅ LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎQÍ ã‘fiHõiOKå_»∞. Ü«∂OQ∑H˜ J`«#∞ `«# ‰õÄ`«∞ifl ÃÑO_ç¡ KÕã¨∞HÀ"åÅ<Õ HÀiHõ L<åfl ™êǨÏã≤Oz J_»QÆÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»∞.

=∂ J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ D q+¨Ü«∞O `«e¡ ^•fi~å `≥eã≤#ѨC_®"≥∞ U_çÛOk. LOѨÙ_»∞ Hõ`≥ÎQÍ áÈ=@O `«#‰õΩ ã¨∞`å~°=¸ W+¨ìO ÖË^Œ∞. P~ÀAÖ’¡ `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å =∂@‰õΩ Z^Œ∞~°∞ K≥ѨÊ@O J<Õk TǨÏHõO^Œx ã¨OQÆu. q„^ÀǨÏO`À ã¨=∂#O. JO^Œ∞Hõx `«Å=OK«∞‰õΩx "≥∞^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® ‰õÄ~°∞Û#flk. P"≥∞‰õΩ `«e¡ #K«ÛK≥Ñ≤ÊOk. Wk P"≥∞‰õΩ =∞Oz J=HÍâ◊O Jx, JO^ŒQÍ_»∞, ¿Ñ~°∞, „Ѩu+¨ì, JkèHÍ~°O L#fl"å_»∞

^˘~°Hõ@O J^Œ$+¨ìO J#flk. 15 Uà◊§ =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’ LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥Î JO>Ë J~°÷OHÍx =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ [#~°Öò +¨Øº „¿Ñ=∞ áê„`«∞~åÅ∞QÍ ã¨O`À+¨OQÍ rq`«O QÆ_»á⁄K«Ûx PtOzOk.

xâ◊ÛÜ«∞`åO|∂ÖÏÅѨC_»∞ +¨Øº ÉÏQÍ _»|∞ƒ, |Ǩï=∞`«∞Å∞ P"≥∞‰õΩ WKåÛ_»∞. Jk K«∂z P"≥∞ `«O„_ç `åxHõ qÖÏã¨OQÍ rqOK«=K«Ûh, LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎÅ#∞ `≥K«∞ÛHÀ =K«Ûh =Úiã≤áÈÜ«∂_»∞.

JO^ŒOQÍ JÅOHõiOz# "Õ∞<åÖ’, "Õ∞à◊`åàÏÅ`À Tˆ~QÆ∞`«∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ `«# H˘`«Î WO\˜H˜ "≥o§Ok. +¨Øº WzÛ# |Ǩï=∞`«∞Åhfl |à◊§g∞^Œ, |∞@ìÅÖ’ P"≥∞ "≥O@ áÈ`«∞O>Ë [#O ZQÆ|_ç K«∂_»@O P"≥∞ K«∂z ã¨O`À+≤OzOk. "å~°O ~ÀAÅ∞ +¨Øº P"≥∞`À QÆ_çáê_»∞. J`«x áê^•Å∞ =`«∞Î`«∂, ã¨Ow`«O qxÑ≤ã¨∂Î QÆ_çÑ≤O^•"≥∞. XHõ ~ÀA# `å#∞ "≥_»∞`«∞#fl@∞¡ K≥áêÊ_»∞ [#~°Öò +¨Øº. P"≥∞ ZHõ¯_çHõx J_»QÆ@O =∞Ozk HÍ^Œx, J`«x uiy ~åHõ HÀã¨O K«∂_»@"Õ∞ ÉèÏ=ºO Jx J#∞H˘#flk. Pˆ~à◊§‰õΩ P Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂Ѩ٠Ѷ¨eOzOk.

[#~°Öò +¨Øº ÃÑH˜OQ∑ ˆQi[<£H˜ _≥ѨӺ\© Hõ=∂O_»~üQÍ Ñ¨^À#flu á⁄O^•_»∞. J#uHÍÅOÖ’<Õ (1924) Ô~O_»∞ Ãã·xHõ =~åæÅ =∞^茺 Ü«Ú^ŒúO "≥Ú^ŒÅ~ÚOk. +¨Øº ÃÑH˜OQ∑ =^ŒeáÈ=Åã≤ ~å=@OÖ’ \˜ Ü«∂Ol<£Ö’ L#fl ™⁄O`« WO\˜H˜ KÕ~°∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. W+≤Ü«∂<£ "≥·Ñ¨Ù ã≤áê~ÚÅ∞ áÈ~å_»∞`«∂ ~åQÍ =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ "åi ÉèíÜ«∂xH˜, `«# JO^ŒO"åi HõO@Ѩ_»‰õΩO_® JO^ŒqHÍiQÍ Hõ#Ѩ_®Åx =ÚMÏxH˜ #Å¡~°OQÆ∞ áê=Ú‰õΩ#flk. áÈ~å@O W+≤Ü«∂<£ ^•\˜ áÈQÍ<Õ P Ѩ@ì}O "å~°O^Œ~°∂ TÑ≤i Ñ‘Å∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.

J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ `«# WO\’¡ >ˇÿ=Ú QÆ_»=#@¡xÑ≤OKÕk. H˘iˆH K«eH˜, =∞O_Õ ZO_»‰õΩ J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ LO_ÕÖÏ Hõ>Ëì"å~°∞ JHõ¯_» Wà◊√§. Ãã·ciÜ«∂ "≥·Ñ¨Ù #∞Oz gKÕ qѨs`«"≥∞ÿ# QÍe, `«^•fi~å ˆ~ˆQ ^Œ∞=Ú‡ #∞O_ç ~°H˜∆OK«∞HÀ\ÏxH˜ '=∂ãπ¯Å∞— "Õã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. +¨Øº HÀã¨O Z^Œ∞~°∞ K«∂ѨÙÅ∞, HÍÅO xezáÈ~Ú#@∞¡QÍ JxÑ≤Oz kQÆ∞Å∞Ѩ_Õk. J`«xH˜ LOѨÙHõ`≥ÎÅ∞ K≥·<å JO`å LO_Õ LO\Ï~°∞. `«#`À<Õ LO_Õ J=HÍâ◊O ÖË^Œh `≥Å∞ã¨∞. J~Ú<å W^ŒÌ~°∂ Hõeã≤ LO>Ë ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^Œ<Õ PtOKÕk. `«# "≥·Éè’QÆO `«# TiÖ’ "ÕÔ~=fiiH© ÖË^ŒxÑ≤OzOk.

[#~°Öò +¨Øº Å∞ ÖÏOQ∑Ö’ H˘<åflà◊√§, \˜Ü«∂O l<£Ö’ H˘<åflà◊√§ LO@∂ qÖÏã¨OQÍ rq`«O QÆ_»∞ѨÙ`«∞<åfl_»∞. KåÖÏ =~°‰õÄ K≥·<å JO`å KåOQ∑ ÔH· ¿+H± ÃÑ`«Î#O H˜O^Œ L#fl H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑ ¿ã#Å P^èŒfi~°ºOÖ’ #_»∞ã¨∞Î#flk. "å~°∞ ~å[^è•xx ÃÑH˜OQ∑ #∞O_ç <å<£lOQ∑H˜ =∂~åÛ~°∞. JѨC_»∞ „áê|źOÖ’ L#fl [ѨhÜ«ÚÅ∞ =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂ ~åA#∞ K«OѨQÍ, J`«x H˘_»∞‰õΩ H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑`À [`«Hõ\˜ì =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂#∞ q∞QÆ`å K≥·<å`À Hõe¿Ñâß_»∞. J~Ú<å H˘q∞<£\ÏOQ∑ "åiH˜ =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂ g∞^Œ Ѩ@∞ì zHõ¯ÖË^Œ∞.

J=∞‡=∞‡ WÅ∞¡ KåÖÏ ÃÑ^ŒÌk. KåÖÏ=∞Ok Ѩx"åà◊√§ LO_Õ"å~°∞. P"≥∞ XO@iQÍ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ áȉõÄ_»^Œ<Õ ~°∂Å∞ LO_Õk. `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å#∞ K«∂ã≤ ~å=K«∞Û. +¨Øºx "≥∂ã¨yOKåÅx „Ѩܫ∞ufl¿ãÎ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# tHõ∆‰õΩ QÆ∞i HÍ=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx +¨Øº P"≥∞‰õΩ Ѩ~ÀHõ∆OQÍ K≥áêÊ_»∞. Ѩx"åà◊√§ P"≥∞ g∞^Œ QÆ∂_è»Kå~°∞Å∞QÍ ‰õÄ_® ѨxKÕ¿ã"å~°∞. _»|∞ƒ ѨÙ+¨¯ÅOQÍ Ñ¨OÑ≤OKÕ"å_»∞. ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞ʼnõΩ áêsìÅ∞ WK«∞ÛHÀ=K«∞Û. #Å¡=∞O^Œ∞ HÍ"åÅO>Ë JÅ"å@∞ KÕã¨∞HÀ=∞<åfl_»∞ +¨Øº. HÍx P"≥∞ x~åHõiOzOk.

KåÖÏ=∞Ok LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎÅ∞ XO\i`«<åxfl ÉèíiOK«\ÏxH˜ #Å¡=∞O^Œ∞‰õΩ JÅ"å@∞Ѩ_Õ"å~°∞.

J=∞‡=∞‡ #=ÅÅ∞, Hõ^äŒÅ∞ qiqQÍ K«k"Õk. ѨÓÅ "≥ÚHõ¯Å∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩ<Õk. HÍňH∆áêxH˜ Ñ≤e¡x ‰õÄ_® ÃÑOzOk. É’<åû~Ú "≥ÚHõ¯Å∞ ÃÑOK«@OÖ’ xѨÙ}∞~åÅ∞. `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å#∞ K«∂_»\ÏxH˜ "≥o§#ѨC_»∞ `«# XO@i`«<åxfl QÆ∞iOz K≥ѨCHÀÉ’~Ú<å `«O„_ç "åiOKÕ"å_»∞. ¢ã‘ÎH˜ Éèí~°ÎѨ@¡ q^èÕÜ«∞`ÕQÍx, J`«xH˜ =ºuˆ~Hõ`« LO_»~å^Œ<åfl_»∞. XHõ K≥·<å ™ê"≥∞`« L@OH˜OKÕ"å_»∞ –– ''h‰õΩ HÀ_çÑ≤Å¡`À ÃÑo§ [iy`Õ, ^•xH˜ q^èÕÜ«∞`« Hõey LO_»∞, ‰õΩHõ¯ Ñ≤Å¡`À ÃÑo§ J~Ú`Õ ^•xH˜ q^èÕÜ«Ú~åÅ∞QÍ LO_»∞—— Jx.

ZO`À q~°Ç¨ÏO `«~°∞"å`« 6 Uà◊§H˜ +¨Øº uiy =KåÛ_»∞. `å#<åflà◊¥§ TÇ≤ÏOz#@∞¡QÍ P"≥∞ J`«xfl „¿Ñ"≥∂„^ÕHõO`À ÃÑ#"Õã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. J<åflà◊¥§ ZHõ¯_çH˜ "≥àϧ_»x J_»QÆÖË^Œ∞, J`«#∞ K≥ѨÊÖË^Œ∞. Éèí~°ÎѨ@¡ Hõ~°Î=ºO L#fl>Ë¡ P"≥∞ „Ѩ=iÎOzOk. J`«_çH˜ 50 Uà◊√§ LO\Ï~Ú. "≥#Hõ\˜ QÍOcè~°ºO J`«xÖ’ WѨC_»∞ ÖË^Œ∞. H˘<åflà◊§ `«~°"å`« =∞~°Å J`«_»∞ P"≥∞#∞ =^Œe "≥o§áÈÜ«∂_»∞. Å∞ÖÏOQ∑Ö’ `«#`À =zÛ LO_»=∞<åfl_»∞. |Ü«∞Å∞^Õˆ~=ÚO^Œ∞ P"≥∞ KåHõK«HõºOQÍ ã¨=∂^è•#q∞zÛOk. J`«_»∞ ZO`À ^ŒÜ«∞`À P"≥∞#∞ `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞Å ^ŒQÆæ~°Ö’ LO_»xKåÛ_»∞. `«e¡ =¸_»=™êi „Ѩã¨qOzOk. PtOz#@∞¡QÍ JÉσ~Ú Ñ¨Ù\Ïì_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ JO`«‰õΩ=ÚO^Œ∞ XHõ K≥Öˇ¡Å∞#flk. `«e¡ P~ÀQƺO P>Ëì ÉÏQÍ ÖË#O^Œ∞# `å#∞ W+≤Ü«∂<£ =^Œe áÈÖË<Õ"≥∂ Jx [#~°Öò`À K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. J`«_»∞ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi "Õàı§=ÚO^Œ∞ P"≥∞‰õΩ Z<Àfl qÅ∞"≥·# PÉèí~°}ÏÅ∞ |Ǩ˙HõiOKå_»∞. #QÆÖ`À ¢ã‘ΠǨÏ$^ŒÜ«∂xfl K«∂~°Q˘#QÆÅ=∞<Õk =∞QÆ"åi Jaè„áêÜ«∞O. J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® #QÆÅ∞ Éèíq+¨º`ü rq`åxH˜ W#∂ûºÔ~<£ûÖÏ LO_Õq.

`«~°∞"å`« H˘kÌ HÍÖÏxˆH `å#∞ QÆ~°ƒù=u#x J=∞‡=∞‡ „QÆÇ≤ÏOzOk. 1931Ö’ J=∞‡=∞‡ =∂ J=∞‡‰õΩ [#‡xzÛOk. [#~°Öò +¨ØºH˜ ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞ ѨÙ@∞ìHõ `≥Å∞ѨÙ`«∂ *Ï|∞ ~åã≤Ok. ã¨=∂^è•#OQÍ +¨Øº a_»¤‰õΩ 'ÉÏ"ÀH˜fi<£— Jx ¿Ñ~°∞ ÃÑ@ì=∞x, ÉËcx fã¨∞H˘x gÖˇ·#ѨC_»∞ `«# ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ Å∞ÖÏOQ∑ ~°=∞‡x ~åâß_»∞.

1932 "Õã¨qÖ’ J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ XHõ >ˇe„QÍO =zÛOk. [#~°ÖòH˜ ÉÏQÍ [|∞ƒQÍ L#fl^Œx, a_»¤#∞ "≥O@ɡ@∞ìH˘x P"≥∞ "≥O@<Õ J`«x ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ ~å"åÅx P `«Ou ™ê~åOâ◊O. D™êi „Ѩܫ∂}O `«Ñ¨Ê^Œx „QÆÇ≤ÏOzOk. 200 "≥∞ÿà◊§ ^Œ∂~å# L#fl Å∞ÖÏOQ∑‰õΩ a_»¤#∞ fã¨∞H˘x, ™êÜ«∞Ѩ_»\ÏxH˜ K≥Öˇ¡Å∞ Ü«Ú–ÖÏ<£ (ÖÏ<£)#∞ "≥O@`À_»∞H˘x |Ü«∞Å∞^ÕiOk. Ѩã≤a_»¤, ™ê=∂#∞, Hõ\˜ì"ÕÜ«∞|_ç# HÍà◊¥§ Jxfl W|ƒO^Œ∞Å∂ JkèQÆq∞Oz Kտ㠄Ѩܫ∂}O Hõ+¨ì`«~°"≥∞ÿOk.

[áê<£"å~°∞ „áê|źO ÃÑOK«∞H˘x =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂#∞ [~ÚOKå~°∞. ^•xH˜ =∞OK«∂HÀ (Manchu Country_{) Jx <å=∞Hõ~°}O KÕâß~°∞. Ñ≤Å¡"å_»∞QÍ K≥·<å‰õΩ}

PYi K«„Hõ=iÎQÍ L#fl 'ѨӖD—x =∞OK«∂HÀ‰õΩ K«„Hõ=iÎQÍ 1934Ö’ xÜ«∞q∞OKå~°∞. D ~å[H©Ü«∂Å∞ J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ `≥eÜ«∞=Ù. |Ü«∞\˜ „ѨѨOK«O`À P"≥∞‰õΩ ã¨O|O^è•Å∞ ÖË=Ù.

J=∞‡=∞‡ ^•i á⁄_»=Ù<å, `å#∞ "≥àı§ KÀ\’¡ `«# Ѩiã≤÷u ZÖÏ LO@∞O^À#x ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_»∂Î L#flk. „ѨHõ$u JO^•ÖËg∞ P"≥∞ ^Œ$+≤ìx PHõi¬OK«ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú. [#~°Öò WÅ∞¡ ~å[„áê™ê^ŒOÖÏ L#flk. Ö’xH˜ áÈ`«∞O_»QÍ XHõ <ÒHõ~°∞ =zÛ áêѨ#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩáÈQÍ, =∞~À P"≥∞ J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ +¨Øº ÉèÏ~°º QÆkH˜ fã¨∞‰õΩáÈ~ÚOk.

PKå~°O „ѨHÍ~°O J=∞‡=∞‡ P"≥∞‰õΩ ™êëêìOQÆ „Ѩ}Ï=∞O KÕã≤Ok. J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ P"≥∞ ‰õÄ~ÀÛ=∞#flk. WHõ g∞^Œ@ J=∞‡=∞‡ a_»¤ +¨Øº ÉèÏ~°º a_»¤ÖÏ K≥ÖÏ=∞}˜ J=Ù`«∞Ok. P"≥∞ JÖψQ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx P"≥∞ K≥Ñ≤ÊOk.

J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ QÆ∞O_≥ *Ïi#O`« Ѩ#~ÚOk. Ju Hõ+¨ìO g∞^Œ ^Œ∞:YO PѨÙHÀQÆeyOk. JHõ¯_ç #∞O_ç P"≥∞#∞ [#~°Öò W+¨ìã¨d ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ fã¨∞ÔHàϧ~°∞. P"≥∞ JO^ŒOQÍ L#flk. WO\˜ =º=Ǩ~åÅhfl #_çÑ≤OKÕ^•"≥∞. J=∞‡=∞‡Ñ¨@¡ P"≥∞ L^•~°OQÍ LO_Õ@@∞¡ HõxÑ≤OzOk. J~Ú<å `«# *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÖ’ `å#∞O_®Åx J=∞‡=∞‡ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞ ‰õΩ#flk. P"Õ∞ [#~°Öò =^ŒÌ‰õΩ fã¨∞ÔHo§Ok. [#~°Öò 'ˆHOQ∑— (Z`≥·Î# =∞OK«O – K≥·<å JO`«\Ï "å_»∞`å~°∞ JÖÏO\˜q) g∞^Œ Ѩ_»∞H˘x L<åfl_»∞. =∞OK«O H˜O^Œ =∞O_Õ ‰õΩOѨ\˜ ^•fi~å JHõ¯_» K«ex áê~°„^ÀÅ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. ÉÏ"ÀH˜fi<£#∞ (=∂ J=∞‡#∞) [#~°Öò‰õΩ K«∂Ñ≤OzOk. JuHõ+¨ìO g∞^Œ Hõà◊√§ `≥~°z, a_»¤#∞ K«∂z 'h ÖÏQÍ JO^ŒOQÍ L#flk áêѨ— JO@∂ Hõà◊√§ =¸ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡ `«# a_»¤#∞ QÆ∞O_≥ʼnõΩ ǨÏ`«∞ΉõΩ#flk. WO`«Ö’ +¨Øº ÉèÏ~°º =zÛOk. `«##∞ ~°∂=ÚÖ’<Õ LO_®Åh, Ñ≤e¿ãÎ<Õ HÍh [#~°Öò ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ ~å‰õÄ_»^Œh K≥Ñ≤Ê Ñ¨OÑ≤Oz "Õã≤Ok.

[#~°Öò W+¨ìã¨d Ѩx"åà◊§‰õΩ J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ ÉÏQÍ K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=∞x P~°¤~°∞ "Õã≤Ok. JO^Œ∞=¸ÅOQÍ J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ JHõ¯_» P>Ëì W|ƒOk HõÅQÆÖË^Œ∞. W+¨ìã¨dH˜ =∂ J=∞‡HõO>Ë H˘OK≥O ÃÑ^ŒÌ ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞ L#flk. "åo§^ŒÌ~°∂ ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞ÅÜ«∂º~°∞.

XHõ <≥Å QÆ_çKåHõ J=∞‡=∞‡ +¨Øº ÉèÏ~°º ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ "≥o§ `å#∞ WO\˜H˜ "≥o§, `«# ™ê=∂#∞ `≥K«∞ÛHÀ"åe, JÖψQ `«e¡^ŒO„_»∞ʼnõΩ K≥Ñ≤Ê ~å=\ÏxH˜ a_»¤#∞ "≥O@ fã¨∞‰õΩx "≥_»`å#x J_çyOk. P"≥∞ x~åHõiOzOk. [#~°Öò ~°HõÎO ѨOK«∞‰õΩx ѨÙ\˜ì# a_»¤ WO\˜ #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@‰õΩ áÈ~å^Œ#flk.

J=∞‡=∞‡ XHõ Ѩ^äŒHõO „ѨHÍ~°O XO@iQÍ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õi, Ô~·Å∞ ¿ãì+¨#∞Ö’ W^ŒÌ~°∞ QÆ∞„~°Ñ¨Ù ™êfis "åà◊§`À ÉË~°O ‰õΩ^Œ∞~°∞Û‰õΩ#flk. XHõ`«#∞ QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~˘Ûx, "≥#Hõ P"≥∞#∞ ‰õÄ~ÀÛÃÑ\˜ì #_çáê_»∞. =∞~À =ºH˜Î `«# QÆ∞„~åxfl #_çáê_»∞. pHõ\˜ Ѩ_ç# `«~°∞"å`« +¨Øº Éèí=#O =^ŒÌ‰õΩ KÕ~å~°∞. Ѩ^äŒHõO „ѨHÍ~°O qlÅ∞ "ÕÜ«∞QÍ =∂ z#fl=∞‡=∞‡ (ÖÏ<£) =∂ J=∞‡<≥`«∞ΉõΩx ˆQ@∞ `≥~°z |Ü«∞@‰õΩ =zÛOk. D U~åÊ@∞‰õΩ, ˆQ@∞ `≥~°=\ÏxH˜ ™êÜ«∞Ѩ_çOk ¿ãflǨÏOQÍ L#fl LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`ÕÎ. ˆQ@∞ qiz áêiáÈ~Ú#@∞¡ Q˘_»¤e`À ѨQÆÅQ˘\Ïì~°∞.

ÉËcx gѨىõΩ Hõ@∞ìH˘x ™êfis KÕâß_»∞ XHõ`«#∞. W^ŒÌ~°∞ JHͯ K≥Öˇ¡à◊√§ =∞~À QÆ∞„~°O g∞^Œ KåOw¡ Ô~·Å∞ ¿ãì+¨<£H˜ KÕ~å~°∞. QÆ∞„~åÅ "åà◊§H˜ ÉÏQÍ _»|∞ƒ =Ú@ìK≥Ñ≤ÊOk. Ô~·Å∞Ö’ W+≤Ü«∂<£ "≥·Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ „Ѩܫ∂}O ™êyOKå~°∞.

u#flQÍ a_»¤x WO\˜H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ áÈÖË^Œ∞ J=∞‡=∞‡. XHõ ¿ãflÇ≤Ï`«∞~åe WO\’¡ LOzOk. +¨Øº ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxH˜ `≥eÜ«∞*Ë™êΈ~"≥∂ J<Õ ÉèíÜ«∞O`À. +¨Øº ‰õΩ@∞O|O D LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥Îx "≥uˆH „â◊=∞Ѩ_»ÖË^Œ∞. HÍh a_»¤HÀã¨O ~“_ôÅ#∞ ѨOÑ≤ ÖÏÔH¯à◊`åˆ~"≥∂ Jx ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_çOk. [#~°Öò +¨Øº K«xáÈÜÕ∞ ã≤÷uÖ’ LO_»_»O`À JÖÏ\˜ „Ѩܫ∞`«flO Z=~°∂ KÕÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. 1933 tt~°OÖ’ [#~°Öò K«xáÈ~Ú#@∞¡, P"≥∞ Å∞ÖÏOQ∑ ~å"åÅO@∂ >ˇe„QÍO JOkOk.

[#~°Öò +¨Øº „|u‰õΩO_»QÍ<Õ K«Hõ¯x „Ѩ^Õâßxfl `«# ã¨=∂kèHÀã¨O ZOÑ≤Hõ KÕâß_»∞. J`«x â◊=¿Ñ\˜Hõ (JÅOHõiOѨ|_çOk) =∞~À Ô~O_»∞ â◊= ¿Ñ\˜HõÅ∞ â◊=Ü«∂„`«QÍ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~å~Ú. XHõ^•xÖ’ J`«x`À 'ã¨fã¨Ç¨ÏQÆ=∞#O— KÕÜ«∞\ÏxH˜ q+¨O `åy K«xáÈ~Ú# LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥Î â◊=O, =∞~À ^•xÖ’ Ô~O_Õà◊§ „H˜`«O >ˇÿá¶ê~Ú_£`À

K«xáÈ~Ú<å"≥∞ Z=ÚHõÅ∞ (`«qfi fâß~°∞) L<åfl~Ú. =¸_»∞ â◊=¿Ñ\˜HõÅ∞ XˆH „Ѩ^Õâ◊OÖ’ ѨÓ_®Û~°∞. +¨ØºH˜ H˘_»∞‰õΩ ÖË_»∞ QÆ#∞Hõ, ÉèÏ~°º "Õ∞#Å∞¡_çx ^Œ`«Î`« fã¨∞‰õΩx, J`«x ^•fi~å Hõ~°‡HÍO_»Å∞ [iÑ≤OzOk. J`«#∞ â◊=¿Ñ\˜Hõ ^ŒQÆæ~° "≥∂Hõie¡, '"Õ∞‰õΩÅhfl áÈ"åe— Jx J~°∞™êÎ_»∞. "Õ∞‰õΩÅ∞ â◊"åxH˜ QÆ∞K«∞Û‰õΩO\ÏÜ«∞x "åi #=∞‡HõO.

=∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ Å∞ÖÏOQ∑ "≥à◊§ÖË^Œ∞. `«#‰õΩ „Ѩu<≥ÖÏ =KÕÛ _»|∞ƒ PyáÈ~ÚOk. +¨Øº ÉèÏ~°º #∞O_ç =∂ =Ú`åÎ`« "åà◊§‰õΩ XHõ ÖËY JOkOk. [#~°Öò +¨Øº HÀiHõ "Õ∞~°‰õΩ =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ WHõ ¿ãfiKåÛùrq. JÖÏ `«# 24= U@ P"≥∞‰õΩ ¿ãfiK«Ûù ÅaèOzOk. P"≥∞ ã¨O`ÀëêxH˜ ǨÏ^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ ÖˉõΩO_® áÈÜ«∂~Ú.

J=∞‡=∞‡ XHõ =∞OK«∂ _®Hõìifl q"åǨÏ=∂_çOk

(1933–1938)

+¨Øº ÉèÏ~°º L`«Î~°O „ѨHÍ~°O J=∞‡=∞‡ WÅ∞¡ MÏm KÕã≤ `«# J=∂‡ <å#flÅ ^ŒQÆæ~°H˜ áÈ"åe. P"≥∞ `«O„_ç J~Ú+¨ìOQÍ<Õ P"≥∞#∞ fã¨∞ÔHàϧ_»∞. JѨÊ\˜Hõ`«#∞ HÍã¨Î JkèHÍ~°O, H˘O`« _»|∞ƒ, Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞ ã¨OáêkOz Ǩϟ^•#∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. #Å¡=∞O^Œ∞ Ñ‘ÅÛ@O JÅ"å@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. P ~ÀAÖ’¡ LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎÅ#∞ |Ǩï=∂#OQÍ Ñ¨OѨ@O PKå~°O. XHõ JkèHÍi W`«xH˜ JÖÏO\˜ |Ǩï=∂#O ѨOÑ≤OKå_»∞. ^•x`À `«$Ñ≤ÎѨ_»Hõ, P"≥∞ K≥Öˇ¡ex ‰õÄ_® W`«#∞ J\˜ìÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. ZO`«=∞Ok LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥ÎÅ∞ (W+¨ìã¨Y∞Å∞) LO>Ë JO`« Ǩϟ^• ÃÑiy#@¡x K≥·hÜ«ÚÅ ÉèÏ=# P ~ÀAÖ’¡.

J=∞‡=∞‡ `«O„_ç W+¨ìã¨Y∞Å =∞`«∞ÎÖ’ ÉèÏ~°º#∞ U=yOK«∞HÀ=_»O, P"≥∞#∞ ÉÏkèOK«_»O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\Ïì_»∞. 10 Uà◊§ `«~°∞"å`« =zÛ# J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ Ѩiã≤÷u `å~°∞=∂~°∞QÍ HõxÑ≤OzOk. J=∞‡=∞‡ uiy =zÛ#O^Œ∞‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® J`«xH˜ QÆ∞„~°∞QÍ L#flk. P"≥∞ Éèí~°Î áÈ=@O P"≥∞ <Õ~°OQÍ K«∂_»™êQÍ_»∞.

''=∂=¸Å∞ hàı§

ZO`À fÜ«∞QÍ JxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú——

q^èŒ=~åà◊§ Ѩiã≤÷u JѨC_»ÖψQ LOk. "åà◊§ Éèí~°ÎÅ∞ =∞~°}OK«@O "åi=ÖË¡ J<Õ QÆ∞_ç¤ #=∞‡HõO LO_Õk.

J=∞‡=∞‡ <å#fl LOK«∞‰õΩ#fl"åà◊√§ P"≥∞ `«e¡x z#fl K«∂Ѩ٠K«∂_»™êQÍ~°∞. P"≥∞‰õΩ H˘_»∞‰õΩ ѨÙ\ÏìHõ "åi "ÕkèOѨÙeOHÍ ÃÑiQÍ~Ú. `«O„_ç Pã≤Î H˘_»∞H˜¯ K≥O^Œ∞`«∞Ok. Jk "åi ^Œ∞QÆú. "åi =∂@Å∞, KÕ`«Å`À P"≥∞ rq`«O ^Œ∞~°ƒù~°O KÕÜ«∞™êQÍ~°∞. P"≥∞ ã¨∞xfl`« ã¨fiÉèÏq. HÍx J=∞‡=∞‡ QÆ\˜ì =∞x+≤. QÆ`« Ѩ^Õà◊§Ö’ P"≥∞ ÉÏQÍ ~å@∞ `ÕeOk. `«O„_ç ‰õÄ_® ^Œ_çKÕ"å_®"≥∞‰õΩ. P"≥∞ `«O„_çx J^Œ∞ѨÙÖ’ ÃÑ\˜ì W+¨ìã¨Y∞Å P@ Hõ\˜ìOK« x~°‚~ÚOzOk.

JÖÏO\˜ "å`å=~°}OÖ’ =∂ J=∞‡ Ѩã≤`«#O (2–4 Uà◊§ =∞^茺) QÆ_çzOk. J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ ÃÑO_®¡@_®xH˜ J<ÕHõ=∞Ok =ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛ<å "å~°O`å ¿Ñ^Œ"åà◊√§ QÆ#∞Hõ Ü«∂OQ∑ ã¨∞=ÚYOQÍ ÖË_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ `«# a_»¤#∞ „ѨâßO`«"≥∞ÿ# "å`å=~°}OÖ’ ÃÑOz ÃÑ^ŒÌ KÕÜ«∂Åx L#flk. `«O„_ç „Ñ¨=~°Î# =Å# P"≥∞ H˘O`«HÍÅO =∂#ã≤HõOQÍ ^≥|ƒu#flk.

_®II +≤Ü«∂ P"≥∞‰õΩ "≥·^ŒºO KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ =KåÛ_»∞. PÜ«∞# WO\’¡<Õ H˘<åflà◊√§ J=∞‡#∞ J=∞‡=∞‡ LOzOk. PÜ«∞#`À `«# Ѩiã≤÷u q=iOK«\ÏxH˜ J=∞‡=∞‡ "≥#HÍ_»ÖË^Œ∞. _®Hõì~°∞ P"≥∞ ™œO^Œ~åºxH˜ =ÚQÆ∞ú_»Ü«∂º_»∞. PÜ«∞# 65 Uà◊§ JO^ŒQÍ_»∞, ™œ=Úº_»∞. ã¨=∞HÍb# "≥·^ŒºOÖ’ =∞Oz ¿Ñ~°∞ QÆ_çOKå_»∞. =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞, ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞. JO^ŒiH© ÃÑo§à◊§Ü«∂º~Ú. ÉèÏ~°º =∞~°}˜OzOk. 8 =∞Ok =∞#= ã¨O`å#O. ÃÑ^ŒÌ"å_»∞ ‰õΩ@∞O|O, =º=™êÜ«∞O K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"å_»∞. Ô~O_»= "å_»∞ `«O„_ç "≥·^Œº =$uÎÖ’ ™êÜ«∞Ѩ_»∞`«∞<åfl_»∞. =¸_»= "å_»∞ =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ ã¨∂¯Å∞ „Ѷ¨O_£#∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx \©K«~üQÍ L<åfl_»∞.

_®II +≤Ü«∂ =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ ÃÑO_®¡_»`å#x =ÚO^Œ∞H˘KåÛ_»∞. ÉÏ"ÀH˜fi<£#∞ ™⁄O`« a_»¤QÍ ÃÑOK«∞`å#<åfl_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ #KåÛ_»∞. P#O^•„â◊√=ÙÅ`À `«# ã¨=∞‡`«O `≥eÜ«∞*Ëã≤Ok. `«O„_ç Ü«∂OQ∑‰õΩ W+¨ì"Õ∞. Hõ@flO WK«∞ÛHÀÖË#<åfl_»∞. _®Hõì~°∞ +≤Ü«∂ Hõ@flO ã¨=∞¿ãº HÍ^Œ<åfl_»∞. P"≥∞#∞ ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ á⁄O^Œ@"Õ∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ Hõ@fl=∞<åfl_»∞. _®II +≤Ü«∂ `«# H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ#∞ Ñ≤ez `«# Jaè„áêÜ«∞O K≥Ñ≤Ê#ѨC_»∞ "å~°O`å =ºuˆ~H˜OKå~°∞. `«=∞HõO>Ë z#flk, XHõѨÊ\˜ LOѨÙ_»∞Hõ`≥Î "åà◊§H˜ ã¨=u `«e¡QÍ =¿ãÎ, JO`« `«‰õΩ¯= ã≤÷u #∞O_ç =zÛ <å"≥∞‰õΩ q^èÕÜ«ÚÅ∞QÍ LO_»ÖË=∞<åfl~°∞. ‰õΩ@∞O| Q“~°=O =∞O@QÆÅ∞ã¨∞ÎO^Œx, H˘_»∞‰õΩÅ∞, |O^èŒ∞=ÙÅ∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê K«∂âß~°∞. _®II +≤Ü«∂ `«# x~°‚Ü«∞O =∂~°^Œ<åfl_»∞.

_®II +≤Ü«∂ =∞OK«∂ ‰õΩ@∞Oc‰õΩ_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡"åà◊√§ 'Ǩ<£ K≥·hÜ«ÚÅ∞—. _®II +≤Ü«∂ ‰õΩ@∞O| _®Hõì~°∞¡ K«„Hõ=iÎH˜ "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ∞QÍ LO_ç =∞#fl#Å∞ á⁄Ok#"å~°∞. Ü«∂OQ∑ ‰õÄ`«∞ifl KÕã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ‰õΩ@∞O|O Ѩ~°∞=Ù áÈ`«∞O^Œ<åfl~°∞ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞, ÃÑ^ŒÌÅ∞.

_®II +≤Ü«∂ HÀ_»à◊√§ ‰õÄ_® =ºuˆ~Hõ`« K«∂áê~°∞. XHõ ã¨=∂"Õâ◊OÖ’ ÃÑ^ŒÌ H˘_»∞‰õΩ ɡkiOѨÙQÍ Ñ≤+¨ìÖò`À HÍÅ∞Û‰õΩO\Ï#<åfl_»∞. á⁄~°áê@∞QÍ QÆ∞O_»∞ `«ye K«xáÈÜ«∂_»∞. `«# =Å¡ H˘_»∞‰õΩ „áê}O áÈ~ÚO^Œx +≤Ü«∂ ‰õÄ_® ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_®¤_»∞. HÍx ÃÑo§ x~°‚Ü«∞O =∂~°∞ÛHÀÖË^Œ∞.

+≤Ü«∂ Ô~O_»= ‰õΩ=∂~°∞_»∞, PYiH˜ =¸_»= "å_»∞ ‰õÄ_® `«O„_çx ÃÑo§ KÕã¨∞HÀx^•Ì=∞<åfl~°∞. ÃÑ^ŒÌ"å_»∞, J`«x ÉèÏ~°º "≥Ú^Œ\˜ #∞O_ç =ºuˆ~H˜OKå~°∞. _®II+≤Ü«∂ H˘_»∞‰õΩ Hõ~°‡HÍO_»Å=QÍ<Õ ÃÑO_ç¡ =ÚǨ˙~°ÎO ÃÑ\˜ìOKå_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡ ‰õÄ_® ÃÑO_ç¡ „Hõ`«∞=Ù‰õΩ Ô~_ô J~ÚºOk. =∞OK«∂ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O „ѨHÍ~°O P"≥∞#∞

"Õ∞à◊`åàÏÅ`À, ÃÑ^ŒÌ "åǨÏ#OÖ’ ÃÑO_ç¡H˜ fã¨∞H˘x áÈÜ«∂~°∞. P"≥∞ `«=Ú‡_»∞ 5 Uà◊§ Ü«¸–e<£ P"≥∞#∞ gѨÙ# "≥∂ã≤#@∞¡QÍ WO\˜ |Ü«∞@ =Oy P"≥∞#∞ |Ü«∞Å∞^Õ~°nâß_»∞. Jk "åi PKå~°O. ÃÑO_ç¡ Ñ¨OkiH˜ ~åQÍ<Õ JÖψQ XOy P"≥∞#∞ kOz#@∞¡ KÕâß_»∞. +≤Ü«∂ =∞OK«∂ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∞O „ѨHÍ~°O ^Œ∞ã¨∞ÎÅ∞ ^èŒiOKå_»∞. XHõ |Å¡ g∞^Œ Z„~°x ã≤Å∞¯ |@ì g∞^Œ ã¨fi~°æO, Éèí∂q∞, K«„Hõ=iÎ, ѨÓsfi‰õΩÅ∞, \©K«~°∞‰õΩ QÆ∞~°∞ÎQÍ PHÍ~åÅ∞ LOKå~°∞. "å\˜H˜ #=∞㨯iOz +≤Ü«∂ =O@iQÍ<Õ ÃÑO_ç¡ Ç¨Å∞Ö’H˜ „Ѩ"ÕtOKå~°∞. J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ `À\˜ ÃÑo§ ‰õÄ`«∞à◊§`À ‰õÄ~ÀÛɡ\Ïì~°∞. +≤Ü«∂ P"≥∞ `«Åg∞^Œ L#fl =Úã¨∞QÆ∞ `˘ÅyOKå_»∞. 5 Ѩ~åºÜ«∂Å∞ P"≥∞ =Oy #=∞™ê¯~°O KÕã≤Ok. „Ѩu™ês ‰õΩ_ç KÕ~Ú `«Åg∞^Œ‰õΩ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩOk. ™êëêìOQÆ Ñ¨_»gÅ∞ÖËHõáÈ~ÚOk. |~°∞=ÙQÍ L#fl #QÆÅ∞, „_≥ã¨∞û JO^Œ∞‰õΩ J#∞=ÙQÍ ÖËHõáÈ=_»"Õ∞ JO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O. W^ŒÌ~°=∂‡~ÚÅ∞ ™⁄~°HÍÜ«∞ PHÍ~°OÖ’ L#fl Ô~O_»∞ "ÕAÅ∞ (vases<sub>) "åi^ŒÌiH© JOkOz "≥àϧ~°∞. #∂`«# ^ŒOѨ`«∞Å∞ Jq XHõi^˘HõiH˜</sub>

WK«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. +≤Ü«∂ Ju^äŒ∞Å#∞, |O^èŒ∞=ÙÅ#∞ HõÅ=\ÏxH˜ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ "≥àϧ_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ XHõ ˆHOQ∑g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~ÀÛɡ\Ïì~°∞. Z^Œ∞~°∞QÍ Z„~°x JHõ∆~åÅ`À '_»|∞Öò–ǨÑ‘<≥ãπ— Jx ~åã¨∞#fl J@ì LOk. P ‰õÄ~ÀÛ=\Ïxfl 'ã≤\˜ìOQ∑ W<£ ǨÑ≤<≥ãπ— JO\Ï~°∞. JÖÏ KåÖÏ QÆO@Å∞ ‰õÄ~°∞Û#fl `«~°∞"å`« +≤Ü«∂ ^ŒQÆæ~° |O^èŒ∞=Ù Ö’xH˘zÛ =¸_»∞™ê~°∞¡ P"≥∞ ^Œ∞ѨÊ\˜ Ѩ\˜ì ÖÏQÍ_»∞. JO`«\˜`À P ‰õÄ~˘Û<Õ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∞O =Úyã≤O^Œx J~°÷O. J=∞‡=∞‡ ÃÑO_ç¡|@ìÅ∞ =∂~°∞Û‰õΩx Z„~°x +¨~°∂ì, ÃÑ·[=∂ "Õã¨∞‰õΩOk.

1935Ö’ 26 Uà◊§ J=∞‡=∞‡ (Ü«Ú–á¶êOQ∑) <åÅ∞ˆQà◊§ =∂ J=∞‡ ÉÏ"ÀH©fi<£ Jxflq^è•ÖÏ ™œHõ~°ºOQÍ L#fl +≤Ü«∂ WO\˜H˜ KÕ~å~°∞. _®Hõì~°∞k ÃÑ^ŒÌ WÅ∞¡. ã¨~°˚s

~°∂=Ú, =∞O^Œ∞Å ëêѨ٠Jhfl ѨHõ¯<Õ L<åfl~Ú. ÖÏÉòÖ’ K≥·<åÖ’ JѨC_»∞ "å_»HõOÖ’ L#fl =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕ~ÚOz, ëêѨÙÖ’ J"Õ∞‡"å~°∞.

+≤Ü«∂ WÅ∞¡ J<ÕHõ QÆ^Œ∞Å`À, HÀ~°∞ìÜ«∂~°∞¤`À, Ѩx"åà◊§`À, HÍfi~°ì~°¡`À, Ѷ¨Å =$H∆ÍÅ`À ã¨∞qâßÅOQÍ LO_Õk. PÜ«∞#‰õΩ ~°Hõ~°HÍŠѨ‰õ∆ΩÅO>Ë W+¨ìO. Ѩ‰õ∆ΩÅ `À@ LO_Õk. U HÍÅOÖ’<≥·<å ~ÀE +≤Ü«∂ P `À@Ö’ L^ŒÜ«∂<Õfl 'zQÍOQ∑— J<Õ "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã"å_»∞. ^•xfl '\ÏÜü∞z— Jx ‰õÄ_® JO\Ï~°∞.

J=∞‡=∞‡ Ü«¸–á¶êOQ∑, +≤Ü«∂#∞ ZO`À „¿Ñ=∞`À K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩ<Õk. H˘_»∞‰õΩ QÆ∞iOz ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl ÃÑ·H˜ <À~°∞ q¿ÑÊ"å_»∞ HÍ^Œ∞. K≥·<å =∞QÆ"åi Ѩ^Œúu Jk. Ü«¸–á¶êOQ∑ ‰õÄ_® KåÖÏ ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_Õk. ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’x "å~°O`å Ö’# J~Ú+¨ìOQÍ L<åfl, ÃÑ·H˜ P"≥∞ JO>Ë Q“~°=O #\˜OKÕ"å~°∞. P"≥∞ ZѨC_»∂ z~°∞#=Ùfi`À<Õ "å~°O^Œih Hõe¿ãk.

=∞OK«∂ ã¨O„Ѩ^•Ü«∂Åhfl Ü«¸–á¶êOQ∑ áê\˜OKÕk. Éèí~°Î`À Hõeã≤ Éè’[#O KÕÜ«∞‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. Z=~À XHõ HÀ_»Å∞ ѨHõ¯# xÅ|_ç =_ç¤OKÕk P"≥∞‰õΩ. P"≥∞ K«∂ѨÙÅ∞ ÉωõΩÖÏ¡ LO_Õq. Éè’[#O `å#∞ „ѨâßO`«OQÍ, `«$Ñ≤ÎQÍ u#ÖËHõáÈÜÕ∞k. ѨO_»QÆѨÉσÅѨC_»∞ L^ŒÜ«∂<Õfl ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ „Ѩu =ºH©Î P"≥∞‰õΩ â◊√ÉèÏHÍOHõ∆Å∞ `≥Åáêe. „Ѩu XHõ¯~°∞ =zÛ#ѨC_»∞ P"≥∞ ÖËz xÅ|_Õk. +≤Ü«∂ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ÉèÏ~°º‰õΩ =∞~åº^Œ K«∂Ѩ\ÏxH˜ ‰õΩsÛ MÏm KÕã≤#@∞¡ J~°÷O.

+≤Ü«∂, WO\˜H˘zÛ# H˘`«ÎÖ’ XHõ<å_»∞ ÉÏ"ÀH˜fi<£ ˆHOQ∑g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~°∞Û#flk. +≤Ü«∂ P"≥∞#∞ H˜OkH˜ ÖÏy XHõ ^≥|ƒ "Õâß_»∞. J^Õ "≥Ú^Œ\˜, PYi™êi J`«<å"≥∞#∞ H˘@ì@O. J`«<å ‰õΩsÛx Ѩq„`«OQÍ ÉèÏqOKÕ"å~°∞.

Ü«¸–á¶êOQ∑‰õΩ +≤Ü«∂ WO\’¡ H˘O`« ¿ãfiK«Ûù ÅaèOzOk. ÉÏ"ÀH˜fi<£#∞ +≤Ü«∂ `«# ™⁄O`« ‰õÄ`«∞~°∞QÍ „¿Ñ=∞QÍ K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. P"≥∞‰õΩ `«# ¿Ñ~°∞ '+≤Ü«∂— WKåÛ_»∞. P"≥∞ ¿Ñ~°∞#∞ '_ՖǨOQ∑— Jx =∂~åÛ_»∞. ǨOQ∑ JO>Ë 'J_»q ǨÏO㨗 Jx, '_Õ— JO>Ë '=∞Oz— – 'qÅ∞"≥·#— Jx J~°÷O. P `«~°O ¿Ñ~°∞ ‰õÄ_®.

J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ ÉÏǨ@OQÍ kèHõ¯iOK«ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å =∂ J=∞‡#∞ =∂„`«O ÉÏQÍ W|ƒOk ÃÑ>Ëì"å~°∞. ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ q∞QÆ`å Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ qã≤yOKÕ"å~°∞. P"≥∞ XO\˜ g∞^Œ z#fl z#fl QÍÜ«∂ÖË ^•xH˜ x^Œ~°≈#O. +≤Ü«∂H˜ P q+¨Ü«∞O K≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞ HÍ^Œ∞. J`«xH©, J`«x ‰õΩ@∞Oc‰õΩÅH© =∞^茺 qÉèË^•Å∞ =™êÎÜ«∞<Õ P q+¨Ü«∞O PÜ«∞#∞flO_ç ^•KÕk J=∞‡=∞‡. =∂ J=∞‡ `å`«QÍiO\˜H˜ "≥o§áÈ`å#x U_ÕÛk. '=∞xO\˜H˜— áÈ^•O J<Õk, [#~°Öò +¨Øº "åiH˜zÛ# WÅ∞¡ QÆ∞~°∞Î KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∂. JHõ¯_» Ѩx"åà◊§O`å P"≥∞#∞ Ü«Ú=~å}˜ÖÏ K«∂¿ã"å~°∞. J#uHÍÅOÖ’<Õ `«# HÀiHõ <≥~°"Õ~°^Œx „QÆÇ≤ÏOzOk =∂ J=∞‡.

=∂ J=∞‡‰õΩ `À_»∞ P"≥∞ ÃÑOѨÙ_»∞ [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞, Ñ≤@ìÅ∞, XHõ QÆ∞_»¡QÆ∂|, XHõ =∂@Å∞ <ÕiÛ# "≥∞ÿ<å, XHõ QÆ^ŒÌ, `≥Å¡ ZÅ∞HõÅ∞, Q˘Å¡ÉèÏ=∞Å∞, „H˜ÔH\òû (g\˜x QÍ¡ã¨∞ ã‘™êÅÖ’ ÃÑ>Ëìk) P"≥∞‰õΩ <Õ™êÎÅ∞. J=∞‡‰õΩ J=∞‡=∞‡, _®II +≤Ü«∂ HÍHõ PÜ«∞# |O_ç"å_»∞ (coachman_{) ^ŒQÆæ~°Ü«∂º_»∞. |O_ç"åx ¿Ñ~°∞ 'aQ∑ FÖò¤ b—.}

aQ∑ FÖò¤ b Ѩx J=∞‡#∞ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ fã¨∞‰õΩ"≥o§ uѨÊ@O, P"≥∞ [O`«∞=ÙÅ áÈ+¨} KÕÜ«∞@O. J=∞‡‰õΩ ¿ã¯\˜OQ∑ <Õ~åÊ_»∞ b. =ã¨O`«HÍÅOÖ’ ã¨=∂^èŒ∞Å g∞^Œ =∞OK«∞ `˘ÅyOz â◊√„ÉèíѨ~°z K«∞@∂ì ѨÓÅ "≥ÚHõ¯Å∞ <å>Ë"å~°∞. J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ Jq K«∂Ѩ@O. "Õã¨qÖ’ ‰õΩO^Õà◊§#∞ "Õ\Ï_»@O, ѨÙ@ìQ˘_»∞QÆ∞Å<Õ~°@O, KÕѨÅ∞ Ѩ@ì@O =O\˜q <ÕiÊOKÕ"å_»∞.

=∞OK«∞Ѩ_Õ ~ÀAÖ’¡ J=∞‡#∞ "≥K«ÛQÍ ˆHOQ∑ g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~ÀÛɡ\˜ì Z<Àfl Hõ^äŒÅ∞ K≥¿ÑÊ"å_»∞ b. P Hõ^äŒÅÖ’ ~°OQÆ∞~°OQÆ∞ŠѨÓÅ∞, áê_Õ Ñ≤@ìÅ∞, Z`≥·Î# K≥@∞ì, y<£ ÃãOQ∑ ^Œ∞OѨÅ∞, XHõ>Ëq∞\˜ z#flÑ≤Å¡#∞ PHõ@∞ì‰õΩ<Õq J<ÕHõ ^Œ$âߺÅ∞ Hõà◊§‰õΩ Hõ\˜ì#@∞¡ JÖË¡"å_»∞ b.

=∞OK«∂iÜ«∂‰õΩ L`«Î~°Ñ¨Ù H˘O_»ÅÖ’ ѨÙÅ∞Å∞ u~°∞QÍ_»∞`åÜ«∞h, =∞#∞+¨µÅ *’eH˜ áÈÜÕ∞q HÍ=x K≥¿ÑÊ"å_»∞. ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O@∞¡ ÉèíÜ«∞OHõ~°OQÍ LO_Õ=x, J=O>Ë *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ LO_®Åx K≥¿ÑÊ"å_»∞. Jq Z^Œ∞~°∞Ѩ_ç`Õ Hõ^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® xÅ|_®e Jk `«Å=OKÕ^•Hõ. JÖÏ =Oz#ѨC_»∞ ^•x <≥uÎg∞^Œ A@∞ì Hõà◊§g∞^Œ Ѩ_»∞`«∞Ok. WHõ JѨC_»∞ ^•xH˜ HõxÑ≤OK«^Œ∞. `À_ÕÅ∞ Z^Œ∞Ô~·`Õ áêiáȉõÄ_»^Œ∞. xÅHõ_»QÍ xÅ|_ç ÉèíÜ«∞Ѩ_»#@∞¡ ^•x Hõà◊§à’§H˜ K«∂_®e. Ju <≥=∞‡kQÍ "≥#H˜¯ "≥#H˜¯ #_çz áÈ"åe. b K≥Ñ≤Ê# D ã¨ÅǨ L`«Î~À`«Î~å XHõ™êi =∂ J=∞‡ „áê}O HÍáê_»\ÏxH˜ ѨxH˜=zÛOk.

XHõ™êi =∂ J=∞‡ (5 Uà◊§ =Ü«∞ã¨∞) `À@Ö’ ÃÑOѨÙ_»∞ [O`«∞=ÙÅ`À =∂\Ï¡_»∞`«∂ LO>Ë, +≤Ü«∂ ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ K«∞@∂ì KÕi, P"≥∞#∞ U_çÑ≤ã¨∂Î, H˘_»∞`«∂, `À@"≥#HõQÍ L#fl áê_»∞|_ç# ÉÏqÖ’H˜ <≥\Ïì~°∞. JO^Œ∞Ö’ L#fl ~å~Ú, ~°Ñ¨Ê, K≥`«Î K«^•~°O g∞^Œ "≥o§ Ѩ_çOk. P"≥∞ J~°∞ѨÙÅ∞ qx aQ∑ FÖò¤ b Ѩ~°∞ÔQ`«∞ÎH˘KåÛ_»∞. Ѩiã≤÷ux QÆ=∞xOz ÃÑ^ŒÌ xK≥Û# P^è•~°OQÍ Ö’xH˜ ky J=∞‡#∞ *Ï„QÆ`«ÎQÍ ÃÑ·H˜ KÕ~åÛ_»∞. J=∞‡=∞‡ Z`«∞ÎH˘x _®II +≤Ü«∂‰õΩ K«∂Ñ≤OK«QÍ, `«∞O\˜ Z=ÚHõ qiy#@∞¡ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. =à◊§O`å QÍÜ«∂Å`À ã¨Ê $Ç¨Ï ÖˉõΩO_® J~ÚáÈ~ÚO^•"≥∞. P „á¶êHõÛ~°∞ =¸ÅOQÍ rq`åO`«O H˘OK≥O ‰õΩO@=Åã≤ =zÛO^•"≥∞‰õΩ.

P ã¨OѶ¨∞@# ZÖÏ [iyO^Œx +≤Ü«∂ J=∞‡#_çy`Õ '#O|~°∞ P~°∞— (+≤Ü«∂ P~°= =∞#=_»∞) `À™ê_»x K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. P Ñ≤Å¡"å_»O>Ë +≤Ü«∂H˜+¨ìO. JO^Œ∞Hõx =∂ J=∞‡=∞‡ J=∞‡#∞ "åiOzOk. J`«x g∞^Œ Ѷ≤~åº^Œ∞ KÕ¿ãÎ +≤Ü«∂ <˘K«∞Û‰õΩO\Ï_»x. D L^ŒO`«O `«~°∞"å`« +≤Ü«∂ "Õˆ~ ^Œ∂~° „áêO`«OÖ’ Ѩx "≥`«Hõ_®xH˜ "≥àϧ_»∞. J=∞‡#∞, J=∞‡=∞‡#∞ JHõ¯_» #∞O_ç =∂~°ÛHõáÈ`Õ „Ѩ=∂^ŒO á⁄Oz L#fl^Œx PÜ«∞# „QÆÇ≤ÏOKå_»∞. [iy# ã¨OѶ¨∞@#Ö’ P"≥∞‰õΩ „áê}ÏáêÜ«∞O `«$\˜Ö’ `«Ñ≤ÊáÈ~ÚOk.

WÖÏ ^Œ∂~° „Ѩ^Õâ◊O áÈ"åÅ<Õ +≤Ü«∂ x~°‚Ü«∞O `ÕeHõQÍ fã¨∞HÀQÆeyOk HÍ^Œ∞. Z<Àfl `«~åÅ∞QÍ PÜ«∞# ‰õΩ@∞O|O JqÉèíHõÎOQÍ Hõeã≤ LO@∞#flk, "åiH˜ =∞Oz ¿Ñ~°∞#flk. JÖÏO\˜ ‰õΩ@∞OÉÏxfl peÛ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ "≥àϧÅO>Ë ÉÏ^è•Hõ~°"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ<å +≤Ü«∂ #=Ùfi`«∂, J=∞‡=∞‡`À J<Õ"å_»∞, ÉÏ^茺`«Å∞ `«yæOK«∞HÀ"åÅx ^Œ∂~°OQÍ áÈ"åÅ<Õ x~°‚Ü«∞O fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl#<åfl_»∞.

J=∞‡=∞‡‰õΩ JÖÏ "Õˆ~ "≥à◊§@O ã¨O`À+¨O HõeyOzOk. P ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ `«#^ŒO@∂ rq`«OQÍx, WO\’¡"åà◊√§ `«#`À ã¨∞=ÚYOQÍ LO_»@OQÍh ÖË=Ù. ÃÑ·H˜ =ºHõÎѨ~°K«HõáÈ~Ú<å Éèí~°Î x~°‚Ü«∂xH˜ Ö’Ö’# P#O^ŒÑ¨_çOk.

_®II +≤Ü«∂ `«# Pã≤Îx ‰õΩ@∞Oc‰õΩʼnõΩ ѨOKå_»∞. ÃÑ^ŒÌ HÀ_»eH˜ Éèí∂=ÚÅ∞, Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞H˜¯ =∞O^Œ∞ÅëêѨÙ, =¸_»="åxH˜ WÅ∞¡ ѨOz WKåÛ_»∞. aQ∑ FÖò¤ bH˜, W`«~° Ѩx"åà◊§O^ŒiH© Jhfl ã¨=∞‰õÄ~åÛ_»∞. `«# "≥O@ K«„Hõ=~°∞ÎÅ∞ `«# ѨÓsfi‰õΩʼnõΩ WzÛ# |Ǩï=∞`«∞ÖË fã¨∞ÔHàϧ_»∞. ÉèÏ~°º#_çQÍ_»∞ ¿Ñ^ŒiHõO ÉèíiOK«QÆÅ"å Jx. P"≥∞ `«#‰õΩ Éèí~°Î, a_»¤ =ÚYºO, "åi ã¨=∞Hõ∆OÖ’ =∂=ÚÅ∞ hà◊√§ ‰õÄ_® uÜ«∞ºQÍ LO\ÏÜ«∞#flk.

1936 _çÃãO|~°∞Ö’ =∞Oz K«eÖ’ +≤Ü«∂, ÉèÏ~°º a_»¤#∞ "≥O@ɡ@∞ìH˘x „Ѩܫ∂}=∞Ü«∂º_»∞. ‰õΩ@∞Oc‰õΩÅO`å ˆQ@∞ ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ =zÛ ™êQÆ#Oáê~°∞. XHõ¯ Ô~O_»= H˘_»∞‰õΩ =∂„`«O Hõà◊§hà◊√§ ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. +≤Ü«∂, J=∞‡=∞‡ ÃÑO_ç¡#OwHõiOzO^Œ`«<Õ. aQ∑ FÖò¤ b QÆ∞„~°O |O_çÖ’ "åix Ô~·Å∞ ¿ãì+¨<£ ^ŒQÆæ~° kOáê_»∞. J`«xfl =^ŒÅ@O J=∞‡‰õΩ Hõ+¨ìOQÍ L#flk. HÍx Ô~·Å∞ ZHͯHõ L`åûǨÏOQÍ QÆO`«∞Å∞ "Õã≤Ok. TÇ¨Ï `≥e™êHõ J^Õ "≥Ú^Œ\˜ Ô~·Å∞ „Ѩܫ∂}O P"≥∞‰õΩ.

lO*’ #QÆ~°O ÅHõ∆ [<åÉèÏ`À ÃÑ^ŒÌ #QÆ~°O. W+≤Ü«∂<£ ÖÏQÍ K«∞@∂ì QÀ_»Å =∞^茺 LO_Õ Ñ¨@ì}O. =∞OK«∂HÀÖ’ L#fl `˘q∞‡k „áêq<£ÃããπÖ’ XHõ^•xH˜ =ÚYºÑ¨@ì}O, ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂ áÈ`«∞#flk. „ˆQ\ò"åÖò "≥·Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ L#fl =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂Ö’ Jk ÉèÏQÆO. JHõ¯_» |@ìÅ q∞Å∞¡Å∞, #∂<≥â◊√kú Hõ~å‡QÍ~åÅ∞<åfl~Ú. Ô~·Å∞ ~À_»∞¤ [OHõ∆<£ LO_»@"Õ∞ HÍHõ, Z~Ú~üáÈ~°∞ì ‰õÄ_® JHõ¯_» L#flk.

lO*’x 1932 "≥Ú^Œ\˜ ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ [ѨhÜ«ÚÅ∞ P„Hõq∞OKå~°∞. JHõ¯_» #∞O_ç =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂#∞ [~ÚOK«@O `ÕeHõ~ÚOk "åiH˜. Jk J"≥∞iH͉õΩ, [áê<£‰õΩ `«QÍ^•‰õΩ ÃãO@~°~ÚOk. 10 ã¨OIIÅ `«~°∞"å`« ÃÑ~ü¡ Ǩ~°ƒ~ü g∞^Œ ÉÏO|∞ ^•_çH˜ <åOk J~ÚOk.

[áê#∞"å~°∞ =∞OK«∂iÜ«∂ g∞^Œ ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞ 1931Ö’ ^•_ç KÕ¿ãÎ JHõ¯_ç =∂~°¬Öò KåOQ∑–Ǩ˙º–eÜ«∂OQ∑ `«# =ÚYº Ѩ@ì}O =∞OÔH<£ =^Œe Ô~O_»∞ ÅHõ∆Å Ãã·#ºO`À lO*’ áêiáÈÜ«∂_»∞. [áê#∞"å~°∞ ÉÏO|∞Å∞ qã≤i lO*’x =â◊Ѩ~°K«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. Ѩ@ì}Ïxfl J`«ÖωõΩ`«ÅO KÕâß~°∞.

JÖÏO\˜ lO*’ Ѩ@ì}OÖ’ _®II+≤Ü«∂, `«# 66 Uà◊§ =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’ H˘`«Î rq`åxfl „áê~°OaèOK«É’`«∞<åfl_»∞. #k X_»∞¤# XHõ z#fl =∞\˜ìÅ∞¡ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. =~å¬HÍÅO |∞~°^Œ, "Õã¨qÖ’ ^À=∞Å∞, =~°^ŒÅ ɡ_»^Œ LO_Õk. qѨs`«"≥∞ÿ# K«eÖ’

=ÚQÆ∞æ~°∂ ˆHOQ∑ g∞^Œ Ѩ_»∞HÀ=Åã≤ =KÕÛk. XHõ =¸Å z#fl ã¨ì"£ Ѩ>Ëì ã¨÷ÅO LO_Õk. P =∞\˜ì QÆ∞_çÃãÖ’ HõÔ~O@∞ ÖË^Œ∞, hà◊√§ Z‰õΩ¯= ÖË=Ù. Z^Œ∞~°∞QÍ XHõ QÆ∞_ç LO_Õk. Éèí‰õΩÎÅ∞ `«=∞ QÆ∞„~åÅ#∞ +≤Ü«∂ QÆ∞_çÃãH˜ Z^Œ∞~°∞QÍ Hõ>Ëì¿ã"å~°∞. "Õã¨q HÍÅO _®II +≤Ü«∂ =∂ J=∞‡#∞ +≤HÍ~°∞ fã¨∞ÔHàı§"å_»∞. „áêp# ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’x Hõq`«Å∞ K«kq qxÑ≤OKÕ"å_»∞. ÉèÏ~åºÉèí~°ÎÅ∞ Hõeã≤ #_»Hõ ™êyOKÕ PKå~°O ÖË^Œ∞. J=∞‡=∞‡ JO^Œ∞ˆH "åi "≥O@ "≥àı§k HÍ^Œ∞. P"≥∞‰õΩ Hõ>Ëìã≤# HÍà◊§`À #_»Hõ ‰õÄ_® JO`« ™œYºOQÍ LO_Õk HÍ^Œ∞.

W+≤Ü«∂<£Ö’ LO_»QÍ _®II +≤Ü«∂ á⁄ÅOÖ’ #∞O_ç PǨ~°^è•<åºÅ∞ ѨÙ+¨¯ÅOQÍ ÅaèOKÕq. D H˘`«Î „Ѩ^Õâ◊OÖ’ PǨ~°O ÉÏQÍ H˘~°`«QÍ LO_Õk. ^Œ∞OѨÅ∞, QÀ^èŒ∞=∞Å∞, =_»∞¡ ÉÏQÍ Ñ¨O_ç<å Z‰õΩ¯= ÉèÏQÆO [áê#∞ Ãã·#ºO fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õk. [áê<£H˜ ѨOÑ≤OKÕ"å~°∞ ‰õÄ_®. "≥ÚHõ¯ *Á#flÅ∞, ^Œ∞OѨÅ∞ KåÖÏ `«‰õΩ¯= Ѩi=∂}OÖ’ Ö’HõÖò "åà◊§‰õΩ ÅÉèíº=∞ÜÕ∞ºq. r`åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® `«‰õΩ¯= HÍ=@O H˘#ÖËHõáÈ=\ÏxH˜ HÍ~°}O.

=∂ J=∞‡‰õΩ P z#flѨÊ\˜k XHõ¯>Ë *Ï˝Ñ¨HõO. qѨs`«"≥∞ÿ# K«e. Jhfl =∞OK«O g∞^Œ ‰õÄ~°∞Û<Õ KÕ¿ã"åà◊√§. ¿Ñ^ŒiHõOÖ’ ‰õÄ_® P#O^•xfl á⁄O^ŒQÆeˆQk J=∞‡=∞‡. „¿Ñq∞OKÕ Éèí~°Î, `«# a_»¤ ^ŒQÆæ~°∞O_»@O, =∞OK«∂ PKå~åÅ∞ áê\˜OK«#=ã¨~°O ÖËHõáÈ=@O P"≥∞‰õΩ Ǩ~ÚQÍ JxÑ≤OKÕk. ™êÜ«∞O„`åÅ∞ _®II +≤Ü«∂`À ¿ÑHÍ@ P_»∞`«∂ QÆ_ç¿Ñk. PÜ«∞# F_çáÈ`Õ J=∞‡=∞‡ =¸_»∞ ^≥|ƒÅ∞ H˘\Ïìe, P"≥∞ F_çáÈ`Õ PÜ«∞# =¸_»∞ =Ú^Œ∞ÌeKÕÛ"å_»∞. Jn P@Ö’ ѨO^≥O.

W~°∞QÆ∞á⁄~°∞QÆ∞ P_»"åà◊§`À ¿ãflǨÏOQÍ LO_Õk J=∞‡=∞‡. J<Õflà◊√§ W~°∞‰õΩ rq`«O QÆ_çáêHõ D ¿ãfiK«Ûù P"≥∞‰õΩ P#O^•xfl ѨOzOk. _®Hõì~°∞ ÉèÏ~°ºQÍ P"≥∞

JO^Œi =∞#fl#Å∞ á⁄OkOk. fiHõ "Õà◊Ö’¡ P@, áê@Å`À QÆ_ç¿Ñ"å~°∞. ÃÑO_ç¡J~Ú# P_»"åà◊√§ "åà◊§ ã¨O™ê~° rq`«O QÆ∞iOz áê_Õ"å~°∞. ÃÑO_ç¡ J==Åã≤# "åà◊√§ JÖÏO\˜ rq`åxfl QÆ∞iOz „Ѩtflã¨∂Î áê_Õ"å~°∞. KåÖÏ=∞Ok K«^Œ∞=Ù ÖËx"å~°∞, =∂@Ö’¡, áê@Ö’¡ Z<Àfl q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. J=∞‡=∞‡ P_»"åi ã¨=∂"ÕâßʼnõΩ áê@Å∞ ~åã¨∂Î, ã¨Ow`«O ‰õÄ~°∞ã¨∂Î, „_»"£∞û "å~Úã¨∂Î „áêH©ìã¨∞ KÕ¿ãk. _®II +≤Ü«∂ =∂@ÅOkOKÕ"å_»∞. W^ŒÌ~°∂ `≥QÆ #=Ùfi‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. J=∞‡ J=hfl q<åfl J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ HÍ^Œ∞. HÍx „â◊^ŒúQÍ qO@∞O_Õk. u#∞|O_®~åÅ∞ #Å¡|*Ï~°∞Ö’ ÉÏQÍ Ys^Œ∞ ÃÑ\˜ì H˘#=Åã≤ =KÕÛk. J=∞‡=∞‡ [#~°Öò +¨Øº WzÛ# #QÆÅÖ’ H˘xflO\˜x Jq∞‡ _»|∞ƒ "å_»∞`«∞O_Õk. P q+¨Ü«∞O `≥eã≤# +≤Ü«∂ =^ŒÌx "åiOKå_»∞. J`«x =∞~°}O `«~°∞"å`« P"≥∞‰õΩ P #QÆÅ∞ JHõ¯~°‰õΩ =™êÎÜ«∞<Õ"å_»∞. P"≥∞ uh u#HÍ +≤Ü«∂, áêѨ J=ã¨~åňH "≥zÛOKÕk.

_®II +≤Ü«∂ "Õˆ~ "åi ^ŒQÆæ~° r`åxH˜ ѨxKÕÜ«∞™êQÍ_»∞. JѨÊ\’¡ J`«x „ѨuÉèí JO`«QÍ |Ü«∞@Ѩ_»ÖË^Œ∞. <≥=∞‡kQÍ _®Hõì~°∞QÍ J`«x „áêg}ºO QÆ∞iÎOz#"å~°∞ "≥·^ŒºO xq∞`«ÎO PÜ«∞xfl WO\˜H˜ Ñ≤eÑ≤OK«∞HÀ=@O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞. uiy =KÕÛ@ѨC_»∞ "Õ_ç"Õ_ç QÀ^èŒ∞=∞~ÀÖòû á⁄@¡O Hõ\˜ìOz `≥KÕÛ"å_»∞. J=∞‡ P„`«OQÍ ¿ÑÔH@∞ì qÑ≤Ê uO@∞O>Ë J`«x Hõà◊§Ö’¡ P#O^ŒO, `«$Ñ≤Î J=∞‡ ZѨÊ\˜H© =∞iÛáÈÖË^Œ∞. Jq ZO`À ~°∞zQÍ JxÑ≤OKÕ=O@∞Ok J=∞‡.

ǨϟO ql\òûH˜ "≥àı§ _®Hõì~°¡‰õΩ ~ÀQÆ∞Å∞ ã¨O`«$Ñ≤Î K≥Ok`Õ _»|∞ƒ, =∞Oz |Ǩï=∞`«∞Å∞ =Ú@ìK≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞. JÖÏ _®II +≤Ü«∂ Ѩiã≤÷u "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞ Ѩ_»™êyOk.