❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❘♦❝❤❛ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧
P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❉❋❚ ❡
❡s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ✈✐❜r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❘♦❝❤❛ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧
P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❉❋❚ ❡
❡s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ✈✐❜r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡✲ r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ P❡❞r♦ ❆②❛❧❛
▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛
❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦ P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✐♥✲ ✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❉❋❚ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ✈✐❜r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❘♦❝❤❛ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✼ ❞❡ ❏✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❡♠ ❋♦rt❛❧❡③❛✱ ❈❡❛rá✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❞♦✉t♦r❡s✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ P❡❞r♦ ❆②❛❧❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ■✈❛♥❛ ❩❛♥❡❧❧❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙✐❧✈❡t❡ ❈♦r❛❞✐ ●✉❡r✐♥✐
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ♠❡✉s s✐♥❝❡r♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ t♦❞❛s ❡st❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿
✕ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✕ ❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡❥❛♥❞r♦ P❡❞r♦ ❆②❛❧❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝r❡❞✐t♦✉✳ ❊s♣❡r♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡❝❡♣❝✐♦♥á✲❧♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛ q✉❡ s❡❣✉✐rá ♥♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦❀
✕ ❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▲✉③✿ ❉r✳ ❏♦s✉é ▼❡♥❞❡s ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❉r✳ ■❧❞❡ ●✉❡❞❡s✱ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❚❛rs♦ ❡ ❉r✳ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ●♦♠❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡✱ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✳
✕ ❆♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉❘✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❱❡❣❛✱ ❞❛ ❈❛♠✐s✐ó♥ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣í❛ ❆tó♠✐❝❛ ✭❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✮ ❡ à ❉r❛✳ ❉♦r❛ ●✳ ❚♦♠❜❛r✐✱ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ●❛❞♦r ❙✳❆✳ ✭❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❛♠♦str❛s❀
✕ ❆♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ❛q✉✐ ♥❡ss❡ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐ ❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈✐ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✷✵✵✷✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡✐ ♥❛ ❋ís✐❝❛✱ ❛té ❤♦❥❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ❆♥❛ ❚❡r❡③❛✱ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❏♦sé ❏✉♥✐♦r✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ●✐rã♦✱ ●❡♦r❣❡ ✭❜✉s❤✮✱ ❆❝rís✐♦✱ ➱❞❡r✱ ❊✉③❡♥✐❧✱ ❙❛r❛ ❍♦♥♦r❛t♦✱ ❙❛r❛ ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ❙ér❣✐♦ ●♦♠❡s✱ ❆♣✐❛♥♦✱ ❘♦♥❡r✱ ❈❧❡♥✐❧t♦♥✱ ❇❛rt♦❧♦♠❡✉✱ ■✈❛♥ ✭❜r♦t❤❡r✮✱ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞❡r ❆r❧❡②✱ ●❧❛②❞s♦♥✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ▼❛t♦s✱ ❙❛✉❧♦✱ ❆❜r❛ã♦✱ ❍✉❞s♦♥✱ ❏❛♥❞✉② ❡ ❍❡r♠í♥✐♦✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ▲❡❛♥❞r♦✱ ◆✉♥♦✱ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ▼ár❝✐♦ ✭♥❡②✮✱ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ◆❡✈❡s✱ ❏❡✛❡rs♦♥✱ ❊r♥❡s♦♥ ❡ P❛❜❧♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s t❡♥❤♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛ ❡ q✉❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡s✱ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
✕ ❆♦ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠ P❛s❝❤♦❛❧ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✱ ♥❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦❀
✕ ❆ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛r✱ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♦✉ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr♦ ❧✉❣❛r❀
♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦❀
✕ ❆♦ ❞❡♣t♦✳ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❡ à ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ tã♦ ❜❡♠ ❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦❀
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ✭♦✉ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✮ ❞❡ ❛❞♦t❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛rr❛♥❥♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s✱ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡✱ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡♥s♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♥❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ só❧✐❞♦✱ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝r✐st❛✐s✳ ❊st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s❡✉ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❜✐♦❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❢♦❝❛♠♦s ♥♦ss♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ✐♥❣r❡✲ ❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ Pr♦✈✐❣✐❧❘ ✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r
sã♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✷✲❬✭❞✐❢❡♥✐❧♠❡t✐❧✮s✉❧✜♥✐❧❪❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❛ ❡ ❈15❍15◆❖2❙✱ é ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦
❆❜str❛❝t
P♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐s♠✱ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡ ✭♦r ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❡s✮ t♦ ❛❞♦♣t s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ❛rr❛♥❣❡♠❡♥ts✱ ❜❡❝❛♠❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❞❡❝❛❞❡s✱ ❛ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♥ ✐ts ♦✇♥✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ st✉❞②✐♥❣ ♣♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐❝ s②st❡♠s✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❝✐t❡ t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✲ ✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♣❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♦♥ s♦❧✐❞✲st❛t❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✱ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♥✉❝❧❡❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝r②st❛❧ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ❜❡❝❛♠❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡✐r ✐♠♣❛❝ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ ❜✐♦❛✈❛✐❧❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✐♥ ♣❤❛r♠❛❝❡✉t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❞✉str②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ st✉❞② t❤❡ ♣♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤❛r♠❛❝❡✉t✐❝❛❧ s✉❜st❛♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣❤❛r♠❛❝❡✉t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t ✭❆P■✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ Pr♦✈✐❣✐❧❘✳ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧
♥❛♠❡ ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❛r❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✱ ✷✲❬✭❞✐♣❤❡♥②❧♠❡t❤②❧✮s✉❧✜♥②❧❪❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❈15❍15◆❖2❙✱ ✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♥❛r❝♦❧❡♣s②✱ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❡ ❞❛②✲
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✶✺
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺
✶✳✷ ◗✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✶✳✸✳✶ ❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✶✳✸✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛s ✭❙✮✲✭✰✮ ❡ ✭❘✮✲✭✲✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶
✷ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣✳ ✸✾
✷✳✶ ◆♦çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✷✳✷ ❖ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❍♦❤❡♥❜❡r❣ ❡ ❑♦❤♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✶
✷✳✸ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛✲❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✷✳✹ ❆s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❑♦❤♥✲❙❤❛♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✷✳✺ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛✲❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽
✷✳✻ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❞❡ ♦r❜✐t❛✐s ❛tô♠✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾
✷✳✼ ❇❛s❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✶
✷✳✽ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❞❛s ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✈✐❜r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✸ ❊st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♣✳ ✺✻
✸✳✶✳✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞♦ ✭❘✮✲✭✲✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✸✳✷ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s t♦rçõ❡s ✜①❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆ ✭❘❆✱ ❘❆✶ ❡ ❘❆✸✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✸✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✸
✸✳✸ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❛s t♦rçõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ♥♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♣✳ ✻✹
✸✳✸✳✶ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❛ t♦rçã♦ τF2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✸✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✸✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ❘❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✸✳✸✳✷ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❛ t♦rçã♦ τAM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✸✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
✸✳✸✳✷✳✷ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ❘❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
✸✳✸✳✸ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❛ t♦rçã♦ τSM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✸✳✸✳✸✳✶ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✸✳✸✳✸✳✷ ❱❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ❘❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✸✳✹✳✵✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❉❋▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✸✳✹✳✵✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❆▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✸✳✹✳✵✳✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❙▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✈✐❜r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣✳ ✼✽
✹✳✶ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✽
✹✳✷ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❘❛♠❛♥ ❞♦ ❘❆✱ ❘❇ ❡ ❘❆✸ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✾
✹✳✸ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ■♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❘❆✱ ❘❇ ❡ ❘❆✸ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
✹✳✹ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s ❘❛♠❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✼
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ♣✳ ✾✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ◗✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✷ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✸ ❉✐❢r❛t♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦s✲❳ ❞♦s ♣♦❧✐♠♦r❢♦s ■✱ ■■■✱ ■❱ ❡ ❱ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
✭✷✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✹ ❋♦r♠❛ ■✱ ♠♦♥♦❝❧í♥✐❝❛✱ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✺ ❙✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝❛
❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✻ ❊♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✼ P♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✳ Pr♦❥❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦
❜✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✽ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✳ Pr♦❥❡çã♦ ❛♦
❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❜✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✾ ❖ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✭✵✶✶✮ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ■ ❡ ■■■✱ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❛✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ é ❛
❛③✉❧ ❡ ❛ ■■■ é ❛ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✶✵ ❋♦r♠❛ ■■■✱ ♦rt♦rrô♠❜✐❝❛✱ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✭❘✮✲✭✲✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ é ❛
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❧❛r❛♥❥❛ ❡ ♦ ✭❙✮✲✭✰✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ é ❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❛③✉❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✶✶ ❊♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾
✶✷ ❙✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦ ✭❘✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✭❙✮ ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♦r✐❣❡♠✱
❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♦rt♦rrô♠❜✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✶✸ Pr♦❥❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❜ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛s
♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✶✹ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ❞í♠❡r♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■ ❞♦
✶✺ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝r✐st❛❧ ✭❙✮✲✭✰✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✶✻ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝r✐st❛❧ ✭❘✮✲✭✲✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✶✼ ❈é❧✉❧❛ ✉♥✐tár✐❛ ❞♦s ❝r✐st❛✐s ❞♦s ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♣✳ ✸✹
✶✽ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞♦s ❝r✐st❛✐s ❞♦s ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦
✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆ ✭❧❛r❛♥❥❛✮ ❡ ❇ ✭❛③✉❧✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✶✾ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞♦s ❝r✐st❛✐s ❞♦s ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦
✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆ ✭❧❛r❛♥❥❛✮ ❡ ❇ ✭❛③✉❧✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻
✷✵ P♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✭❧✐♥❤❛s ♣r❡t❛s ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛s✮ ❞♦ ❝r✐st❛❧ ✭❙✮✲✭✰✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✈✐st❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻
✷✶ ➪❝✐❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✷✷ ❙✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ■ ❡ ■■■ ❞♦ ✭±✮
♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✷✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✹
✷✹ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✷✺ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❆ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ s✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❘❆ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛
❜❛s❡ ✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽
✷✻ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❇ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ s✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❘❇ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛
❜❛s❡ ✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✷✼ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝r✐st❛❧ ✭❙✮✲✭✰✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡
✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✷✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❘❆ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✭✈❡r❞❡✮ ❡ ♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✭❧❛r❛♥❥❛✮ ♥❛
❜❛s❡ ✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮ ❝♦♠ ❛s t♦rçõ❡s ✜①❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✷✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❘❆ ❡①✲
♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❘❆ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮ ❝♦♠ ❛s t♦rçõ❡s ✜①❛s ♣✳ ✻✷
✸✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❘❇ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✭✈❡r❞❡✮ ❡ ♦ ❘❇ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡
✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮ ❝♦♠ ❛s t♦rçõ❡s ✜①❛s ✭❧❛r❛♥❥❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✸
✸✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❆ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦τF2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✸✷ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❇ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
✸✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❆ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦τAM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
✸✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❛ t♦rçã♦τAM ❞♦ ❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✸✺ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❇ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦τAM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✸✻ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ τAM ❞♦ ❘❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✸✼ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❆ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦τSM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✸✽ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❛ t♦rçã♦ τSM ❞♦ ❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✸✾ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❛ t♦rçã♦
τSM ❞♦ ❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✹✵ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❇ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❡ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦
τSM ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✹✶ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❆ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛♥é✐s✳✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✹✷ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❋✶ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✹✸ ■♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❋✶ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
✹✹ P♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❆▼ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❘❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✻
✹✺ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❘❛♠❛♥ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✵ ❛ ✹✹✵ ❝♠−1 ❞♦ ❘❆✱ ❘❇ ❡ ❘❆✸ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ❛s t♦rçõ❡s ✜①❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✶
✹✻ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❘❛♠❛♥ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✹✻✵ ❛ ✼✼✺ ❝♠−1 ❡ ✶✶✺✵ ❛ ✶✷✸✵ ❝♠−1 ❞♦
❘❆✱ ❘❇ ❡ ❘❆✸ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s t♦rçõ❡s ✜①❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✷
✹✼ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❘❛♠❛♥ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ✶✷✺✵ ❛ ✶✹✵✵ ❝♠−1 ✭❛♥t❡s ❞❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞♦
❣rá✜❝♦✮ ❡ ✶✼✺✵ ❛ ✶✽✵✵ ❝♠−1✭❛♣ós ❛ q✉❡❜r❛✮ ❞♦ ❘❆✱ ❘❇ ❡ ❘❆✸ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s
❝♦♠ ❛s t♦rçõ❡s ✜①❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸
✹✽ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❘❛♠❛♥ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✸✵✼✺ ❛ ✸✷✺✵ ❝♠−1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✹
✹✾ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✹✺✵ ❛ ✽✶✵ ❝♠−1 ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❘❆✱
❘❇ ❡ ❘❆✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✻
✺✵ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✵ ❛ ✶✽✺✵ ❝♠−1 ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❘❆✱
❘❇ ❡ ❘❆✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✼
✺✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s ❘❛♠❛♥ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■ ❡ ♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ●❧♦ssár✐♦ ❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ t❡r♠♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✼
✷ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ t♦rçã♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ✭±✮
♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✹
✸ ❋♦r♠❛s ♦rt♦rrô♠❜✐❝❛s ✭♣r❡✈✐st❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✮ ❡ ♠♦♥♦❝❧í♥✐❝❛ ❞♦ ✭±✮
♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾
✹ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ t♦rçã♦✱ ❡♠ ❣r❛✉s✱ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❆ ❡ ❇ ❞♦ ❝r✐st❛❧ ✭❙✮✲✭✰✮
♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✺ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❞♦s ❝r✐st❛✐s ❞♦s ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ✭❘✮✲✭✲✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ❡
✭❙✮✲✭✰✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❘❆✱ ♦ ❘❆✶✱ ♦ ❘❆✸ ❡ ♦ ❘❆ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡
✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✼
✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❘❇ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❘❇ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡
✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✽ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❙❆✱ ♦ ❙❆✶✱ ♦ ❙❆✸ ❡ ♦ ❙❆ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡
✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✾ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❙❇ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❙❇ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡
✻✲✸✶✰✰●✭❞✱♣✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✶✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❘❇ ❡①✲
✶✺
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛
❆ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦r ✈✐❛ ♦r❛❧ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s só❧✐❞❛s é✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡✱ s❡❣✉r❛ ❡ ❜❛r❛t❛✱ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s✉❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ t❡r✲ ❛♣ê✉t✐❝❛ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❢ár♠❛❝♦ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ só❧✐❞♦✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ só❧✐❞♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦s át♦♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞❡ss❡s át♦♠♦s✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛s ❢♦rç❛s ✐♥t❡r♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❡ ❡ss❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♥♦s ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s✱ ❛s ❢♦rç❛s ✐♥tr❛♠♦❧❡❝✲ ✉❧❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥❞✉③✐r ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝r✐st❛❧ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡rá ❞♦ s❡✉ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛ só❧✐❞❛✳
❊ss❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝♦ ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦✱ tê♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ só❧✐❞❛ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞r♦❣❛s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢♦r♠✉✲ ❧❛çã♦✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❣✉❧❛tór✐♦s✱ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ ❢ár♠❛❝♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ✭♣❛t❡♥t❡s✮✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ s♦❧✉❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞✐ss♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❢❡✲ t❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞r♦❣❛✳ ➱ s❛❜✐❞♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ✭❆P■✱ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣❤❛r♠❛❝❡✉t✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t✮ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞r♦❣❛s✳
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛ ✶✻
❆ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r ❝♦♠ ❛rr❛♥❥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦✐ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✱ ❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦tr♦♣✐s♠♦✳ ❖ ❣r❛✜t❡✱ ♦ ❞✐❛♠❛♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ❢✉❧❡r❡♥♦ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧♦tr♦♣✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦✱ ♦ ❢ós❢♦r♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✭❡stá✈❡❧✮ ❡ ♦ ❜r❛♥❝♦ ✭✐♥stá✈❡❧✮ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❢ós❢♦r♦✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧♦tr♦♣✐s♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛♥❤♦ ✭❙♥✮✱ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✿ ✉♠❛ ❜r❛♥❝❛✱ ❝ú❜✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡♥s❛✱ q✉❡ é ❡stá✈❡❧ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✸
◦❈ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❝✐♥③❛✱ t❡tr❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡♥s❛✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s sã♦ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛
❜r❛♥❝❛✱ ♠❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s ❛ ❜❛✐①❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡ss❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡✲ ❣r❛r ❛♦ ♠✉❞❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ t❡tr❛❣♦♥❛❧✱ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡♥s❛✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✧♣❡st❡ ❞♦ ❡st❛♥❤♦✧✳ ❆ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡ç❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛♥❤♦ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡ ♦ ❢r❛❝❛ss♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❘♦❜❡rt ❙❝♦tt ❛♦ ♣ó❧♦ s✉❧ sã♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❛s ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ✧♣❡st❡ ❞♦ ❡st❛♥❤♦✧✭✷✮✳
❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❞❡♥♦t❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡①✐st✐r ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❢❛s❡s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛rr❛♥❥♦s ❡✴♦✉ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛✳ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ rí❣✐❞❛s ❡①✐❜❡♠ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s✉r❣❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❛❞♦t❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s✳ ❊①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ t❡r♠♦✱ ♦ ♣s❡✉❞♦♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞✉t♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❯♠ ❝r✐st❛❧ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❞✉t♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ q✉í♠✐❝♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ s♦❧✈❛t♦s ❡ ❤✐❞r❛t♦s✳ ❯♠ s♦❧✈❛t♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ só❧✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s✱ ❡♠ ❛❞✐çã♦ às ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❧✈❡♥t❡ é ❛ á❣✉❛✱ ❡❧❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r❛t♦✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠ ❣❧♦ssár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✳
❆ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ é ❡①✐❜✐❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ só❧✐❞♦✳ ◆❛ ❢✉sã♦✱ ✈❛♣♦r✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ❞✐ss♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛s ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠✳ ❖ ♠♦t✐✈♦ é q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ ❛s ✐♥✲ t❡r❛çõ❡s ✐ô♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ ✈❛♥ ❞❡r ❲❛❛❧s q✉❡ ♠❛♥tê♠ ❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❝r✐st❛✐s sã♦ q✉❡❜r❛❞❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❡♥❡r❣✐❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉sã♦✱ ✈❛♣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞✐ss♦❧✉çã♦✳ P♦r✲ t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ t❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s q✉❡ ♦ t♦r♥❛♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ s✐✳
✶✳✶ ❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛ ✶✼
é ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ q✉✐❧♦❣r❛♠❛s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ é ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛té ❛❣♦r❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛ ❢♦✐ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ✭✹✱ ✺✮✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❧❛t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝♦s✳ ❚❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s tê♠ ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦ ❡s♣♦r❛❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❛ ▼❡r❝❦ ✭✶✷a ❡❞✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮ ♣♦r ♣♦❧✐♠♦r❢♦s✱ ❤✐❞r❛t♦s ❡ s♦❧✈❛t♦s r❡✈❡❧♦✉ q✉❡✱ ❞♦s
✶✵✸✸✵ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✱ ✶✹✵ ✭✶✱✹✪✮ sã♦ ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝♦s✱ ✺✹✵ ✭✺✪✮ sã♦ ❤✐❞r❛t♦s ❡ ✺✺ ✭✵✱✺✪✮ sã♦ s♦❧✈❛t♦s ✭✻✮✳ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡ ❈r②st❛❧❧♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❉❛t❛ ❈❡♥tr❡ ✭❈❈❉❈✮ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻✱ ✶✷✸✾✷ ❞❛s ✸✻✻✽✻✻ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡ ❙tr✉❝✲ t✉r❛❧ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✭❈❙❉✮ sã♦ ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❡stã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s ❡ ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✳
❆ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✉ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡✲ ♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝♦♣✐st❛ ❲❛❧t❡r ▼❝❈r♦♥❡ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✾✱ ❡♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ P❤❛r♠❛❝❡✉t✐❝❛❧ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ P♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ✭✼✮✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥♦s ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✽✱ ❞♦ ✐♥✐❜✐t♦r ◆♦r✈♦✐r✱ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛ ❞♦ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦ r✐t♦♥❛✈✐r✱ ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ✭✽✮✳ ❆ ♥♦✈❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛ é ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡❧ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♠❡♥♦s s♦❧ú✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❡ ❝r✐st❛❧✐③♦✉ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝á♣s✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❣❡❧✱ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆ ❋♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❉r✉❣ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋❉❆✮✱ ❛❣ê♥❝✐❛ r❡❣✉❧❛tór✐❛ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s q✉❡ ✜s❝❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✵✱ ✉♠ ❣✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛✜r♠❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✿ ✧❆❧❣✉♠❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❞r♦❣❛s ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ♥❛s s✉❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✳ ❖
P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦
✲ ❍❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡①✐st✐r ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛rr❛♥❥♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡✴♦✉ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s
P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
✲ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛rr❛♥❥♦s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s rí❣✐❞❛s P♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
✲ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s q✉❡ ❛❞♦t❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s
Ps❡✉❞♦♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦
✲ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❝r✐st❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s s♦❧✈❡♥t❡s ♦✉ s♦❧✈❛t♦s✳
✶✳✷ ◗✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✽
♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r s♦❧✈❛t♦s ❡ ❤✐❞r❛t♦s ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣s❡✉✲ ❞♦♣♦❧✐♠♦r❢♦s✮ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❛♠♦r❢❛s✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❡ss❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ss❡s ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳ ◆♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦r ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ❛ ❜✐♦❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ só❧✐❞❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ❞❡✈❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ s❡r ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✧✳ ❊ss❡ ❛❧❡rt❛✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ✭❝♦♠♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ◆♦r✈♦✐r✮ ❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛ss❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝♦ ❛t✐✈♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✳
❯♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛rá ❛♦s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛ t❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tã♦ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r❢♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦ ♦✉ ✐♠♣❡❞✐r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛✐s✱ ♣♦ss✐✲ ❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦s ♣♦❧✐♠♦r❢♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝r✐st❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭✾✮✳
❊♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝✐t❛r ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♠♣❛❝♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ♥❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ só❧✐❞♦✱ ♠❡✲ ❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐st❛✐s✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❜✐♦❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✲ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝❛✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ só❧✐❞♦✱ é ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦✳
❊ss❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❢❛r♠❛❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ só❧✐❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ❞❡ ♠♦✲ t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ✭❆P■✮ ❞♦ ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦✈✐❣✐❧❘✳
✶✳✷ ◗✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
➱ út✐❧✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r♠♦s✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ t❡r♠♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❢❛r♠❛❝ê✉t✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡ ♥♦ r❡st♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✿
• ◗✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❆s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s q✉✐r❛✐s sã♦ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♥ã♦ s✉♣❡r♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ s✉❛s
✶✳✷ ◗✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✾
❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s♦❜r❡♣♦st❛ ♥❛ ♠ã♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✮✳
• ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ q✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ át♦♠♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ❝✉❥♦ ❛rr❛♥❥♦
❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♥ã♦ é s✉♣❡r♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❡s♣❡❧❤♦✱ ✈❡❥❛ ♦ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳
• ■s♦♠❡r✐s♠♦✿ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s q✉í♠✐✲
❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❡ ♣❡s♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ P♦r s❡r ♣♦✉❝♦ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ✐♥♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❞❛s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ♦r❣â♥✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ s❡✉ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐s♦♠❡r✐❛✿ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡r❡✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ✐s♦♠❡r✐❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ♣♦✐s é ❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ ✐s♦♠❡r✐❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ó♣t✐❝❛ ❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✭❝✐s✲tr❛♥s✮✿
■s♦♠❡r✐❛ ó♣t✐❝❛✿ ❙❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s tê♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ó♣t✐❝❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ✭❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛✮✱ ❛ ✐s♦♠❡r✐❛ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ó♣t✐❝❛✳ ❖s ✐sô♠❡r♦s ó♣t✐❝♦s sã♦ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s s✐♠étr✐✲ ❝❛s ✉♠❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♦✉tr❛ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠ã♦ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❡ ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❣✐r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ♣♦❧❛r✐③❛❞❛ ♥✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦✳ ❆s s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s✈✐❛♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❛ ❧✉③ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡①tró❣✐r❛s ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ s✐♥❛❧ ✰✮ ❡ ❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s✈✐❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❧❡✈ó❣✐r❛s ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ s✐♥❛❧ ✲✮✳ ❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ó♣✲ t✐❝❛ é ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ✐sô♠❡r♦s ó♣t✐❝♦s✱ ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ♦✉ ❛♥tí♣♦❞❛s ó♣t✐❝♦s✳
■s♦♠❡r✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✿ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐s♦♠❡r✐❛ ❝✐s✲tr❛♥s ♦✉ ❩✲❊✱ ❛ ✐s♦♠❡r✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠❛ r✐❣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐s♦♠❡r✐❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡①✐st❛♠ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞✉♣❧❛s ♦✉ ❝❛❞❡✐❛ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛ ♦✉✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦s ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s à ❝❛r❜♦♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ✐sô♠❡r♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐s✭❩✮✱ ❝❛s♦ ♦s ❧✐❣❛♥t❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♦✉ tr❛♥s✭❊✮ ❝❛s♦ ❡❧❡s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❡♠ ❧❛❞♦s ♦♣♦st♦s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ s✐♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❖s ✐sô♠❡r♦s ❝✐s ❡ tr❛♥s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦✱ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❜✉❧✐çã♦ ❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✳
• ❘❛❝❡♠❛t♦✿ ▼✐st✉r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡q✉✐♠♦❧❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡st❡r❡♦✐sô♠❡r♦s ✭✐sô♠❡r♦s
❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✮✳
✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✷✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ◗✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡
❝❤❛✈❡✲❢❡❝❤❛❞✉r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❢❛♠♦s♦ ❡ ♥♦tór✐♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ t❛❧✐❞♦♠✐❞❛✿ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ❛❣❡ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛ ♥á✉s❡❛✱ ♠❛s ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ♠á ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❡t♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✻✵✱ ❛s ❣❡st❛♥t❡s t♦♠❛✈❛♠ ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ r❛❝ê♠✐❝❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s♦✉✱ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✱ ♦ ♥❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜❡❜ês ❝♦♠ ♠❛❧❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ❡①tr❡♠✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♠❡♥♦s trá❣✐❝♦✱ é ♦ ❧✐♠♦♥❡♥♦✳ ◆♦ss♦ ♥❛r✐③ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s✿ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✭❘✮ t❡♠ ❝❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❛♥❥❛ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✭❙✮ t❡♠ ❝❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠ã♦✳ ❱❛❧❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ✈✐✈❛s sã♦ q✉✐r❛✐s✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ q✉✐r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✈✐✈♦s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦s é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s q✉✐r❛✐s✳ ◆❛s ❢❛r♠á❝✐❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ❛ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❞♦s ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝❛ sã♦ ❝❛r♦s ❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡s✳
❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ♥✉♠❛ ❞r♦❣❛ q✉✐r❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①✐❜✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r r❛❝❡♠❛t♦s✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①♣r❡ss❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❛❝❡♠❛t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♥✐❝♦t✐♥❛ ✭✶✵✮✳
✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✷✶
❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❞✉❧t❛ ✭✶✶✮ ❡ ❛❢❡t❛ ❤♦♠❡♥s ❡ ♠✉❧❤❡r❡s ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭✶✷✮✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡s♦r❞❡♠ ♥❡✉r♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❡ss✐✈❛✱ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❞❡❜✐❧✐t❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛tr❛✲ ♣❛❧❤❛r ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡s ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ✭✶✷✮✳ ❖ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ❬Pr♦✈✐❣✐❧✱✭✷✲✭❞✐♣❤❡♥②❧♠❡t❤②❧s✉❧✜♥②❧✮❛❝❡t❛♠✐❞❡❪ ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✮ é ✉♠❛ ❞r♦❣❛ ♣s✐❝♦❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❋♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❉r✉❣ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥✱ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♥❛r❝♦❧❡♣s✐❛ ✭✶✸✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
❖s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♣s✐❝♦❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛♥❢❡t❛♠✐♥❛ ❡ ♦ ♠❡t✐❧❢❡♥✐❞❛t♦ é q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❛❣❡♥t❡s sã♦ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊s✲ t✉❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥❡r✈♦s♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✭❈◆❙✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❡r✈♦✉s s②st❡♠✮✱ é ♠❡♥♦s ✈✐❝✐❛♥t❡✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ tã♦ ♣♦t❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♠❡t❛♥❢❡t❛♠✐♥❛✳ P❡sq✉✐s❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r ♠❡♥♦s ♣♦t❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡s✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ❛❣❡ s❡♠ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❥á ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛♥❢❡t❛♠✐♥❛ ❡ ♠❡t✐❧❢❡♥✐❞❛t♦ ✭✶✹✱ ✶✺✮✳ ❘❡✲ ❝❡♥t❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝❧í♥✐❝♦s✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✷ ❡ ✷✵✵✸✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ à ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♣♦ss❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡s ✭✶✻✕✶✽✮✳
✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✷✷
✶✳✸✳✶ ❖ ♣♦❧✐♠♦r✜s♠♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
❆té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ s❛❜❡✲s❡ ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡t❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛s ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
✭✶✾✮✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ■✱ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛té ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❱■■✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡❧ ❡ ❥á ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■ é ♠❡t❛✲❡stá✈❡❧ ❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝✐♥❝♦ ❢♦r♠❛s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥stá✈❡✐s ❡ s✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛✳
❖s ❞✐❢r❛t♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦s✲❳ ❞❡ ♣ó ✭❳❘P❉✱ ❳✲r❛② ♣♦✇❞❡r ❞✐✛r❛❝t✐♦♥✮ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❞❡ss❛s s❡t❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ♣♦❧✐♠ór✜❝❛s ✭♦s ❞✐❢r❛t♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❛s s❡t❡ ❢♦r♠❛s sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❛t❡♥t❡ ❝✐t❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭✶✾✮✮ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✱ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥♦❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✮✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ tr✐♠❡str❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❡ ■■■ é ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞❛ s♦❜ ♠♦❛❣❡♠ s❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t✐r❛r ♣ós ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥♦s ❞♦ s❡✉ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦✱ q✉❡ é ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ❛♣ós ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ P ✐❣✉❛❧
❛ ✶ ❛t♠ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛T ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ é ♠❛✐s
❡stá✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ ■■■✱ ♠❛s s♦❜ ♠♦❛❣❡♠ s❡❝❛ ❡ss❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■ ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ✭❋■■■ ♠✐❧❧❡❞✱ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✮✳ ❱❡❥❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ■❱ ❡ ❱ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r ▲✐♥♦❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■ ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s q✉❡✱ s♦❜ ♠♦❛❣❡♠ s❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ é ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡❧✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❉✐❢r❛t♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ r❛✐♦s✲❳ ❞♦s ♣♦❧✐♠♦r❢♦s ■✱ ■■■✱ ■❱ ❡ ❱ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✭✷✵✮
✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ✷✸
❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛s ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❞✐❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦s✲❳ ❡♠ ♠♦♥♦❝r✐st❛✐s ❛♣ós ❝r✐st❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♣♦r P❛✉❝❤❡t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✶✮✳ ❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■✱ ❝♦♠♦
é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡❧✱ ❢♦✐ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡ ✐ss♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ✭✷✷✮✱ ♣♦r ❳❘P❉✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡s♠♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r♠♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ✈❛❧❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ Pr✐s✐♥③❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✸✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❡♥❛♥t✐ô♠❡r♦s✱ ✭✰✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ❡ ✭✲✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✱ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ às ❢♦r♠❛s ✭❙✮✲✭✰✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ❡ ✭❘✮✲✭✲✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✳
❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❝r✐st❛❧✐③❛ ❝♦♥❝♦♠✐t❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■■■✱ ♠❛s ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ♣✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r P❛✉❝❤❡t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✷✮ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ P21/a✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡✿ a = 14.502 ➴✱ b = 9.688 ➴✱ c = 20.844 ➴ ❡ β = 110.17◦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■✱ t❡♠♦s ❞✉❛s
♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ♠♦str❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹❛✱ ❡ ♦✐t♦ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✭q✉❛tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ t✐♣♦✮ ♣♦r ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✉♥✐tár✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹❜✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♥♦ ❡✐①♦ ❜✳ P❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹❜✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ❝♦r❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✉♥✐tár✐❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♠♦♥♦❝❧í♥✐❝♦✳ ❆s ❧✐♥❤❛s tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹❛ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛s ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ✈❛❧❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♥♦ ❝r✐st❛❧ ♠♦♥♦❝❧í♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s✳
✭❛✮ ▼♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ✭±✮
♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧✳ ❆s ❧✐♥❤❛s tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛s r❡♣r❡s❡t❛♠ ❛s ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦
✭❜✮ Pr♦❥❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✉♥✐tár✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■ ❞♦ ✭±✮
♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧ ♥♦ ❡✐①♦ ❜
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❋♦r♠❛ ■✱ ♠♦♥♦❝❧í♥✐❝❛✱ ❞♦ ✭±✮ ♠♦❞❛✜♥✐❧
P❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r♠♦s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ■✱ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡❧❛s ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♥♦ ◆❍2 ❡ ✐ss♦ é ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ❛❞✐❛♥t❡✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦✳
